79C3C34C52B45572883A05D425EB0F82

Regulations Governing the Organization and Operational Management of the Institutional Review Board for Human Subject Research

https://law.moj.gov.tw/Eng/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?PCode=L0020179

http://leaux.net/URLS/ConvertAPI Text Files/D515D4D99301588DB322989CEDBABDFD.en.txt

Examining the file media/Synopses/D515D4D99301588DB322989CEDBABDFD.html:

This file was generated: 2020-12-01 07:50:04

Indicators in focus are typically shown highlighted in yellow; Peer Indicators (that share the same Vulnerability association) are shown highlighted in pink; "Outside" Indicators (those that do NOT share the same Vulnerability association) are shown highlighted in green; Trigger Words/Phrases are shown highlighted in gray.

Link to Orphaned Trigger Words (Appendix (Indicator List, Indicator Peers, Trigger Words, Type/Vulnerability/Indicator Overlay)


Applicable Type / Vulnerability / Indicator Overlay for this Input

Vulnerability TypeVulnerabilityIndicator# Matches
HealthDrug Usageinfluence1
SocialOccupationjob1
SocialOccupationoccupation1
SocialProperty Ownershiphome1
Socialeducationeducation2
Socialgendergender1
General/OtherRelationship to Authorityauthority5

Health / Drug Usage

Searching for indicator influence:

(return to top)
p.(None): Article 14 of this Act
p.(None): 5.Protections for the research subjects, including the channel of enquiry and complaint, etc.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 10
p.(None): The aforesaid way of making a decision in an IRB meeting is by majority rule in principle. When a decision is made by means of
p.(None): voting, both positive and negative votes shall be recorded. Board members not attending the meeting shall not vote.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 11
p.(None): The expedited review as prescribed in Article 8 of this Act shall be conducted by at least one board member.
p.(None): For projects under the aforesaid expedited review, the board member may exercise the approval granting power on behalf of the IRB
p.(None): and the result shall be reported to the IRB.
p.(None): If the aforesaid project under review is not approved by the board member, it should undergo the standard review procedure.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 12
p.(None): The minutes of the IRB meeting shall be published.
p.(None): The aforesaid published content shall at least include the date of the meeting, the name of the attending and absent board members,
p.(None): the name of the research project, a summary of the discussion and the resolutions.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 13
p.(None): Pursuant to Paragraph 1, Article 17 of this Act, the IRB shall conduct at least one regular audit on the execution of the approved
p.(None): research project; an immediate audit shall be carried out in case of any one of the following situations:
p.(None): 1.Any matter that may affect the rights, safety or well-being of the research subjects.
p.(None): 2.Occurrence of any severely adverse event or response on the part of the research subjects.
p.(None): 3.Occurrence of important matters or information that may influence the risk and benefit assessment of the project.
p.(None): The aforesaid audit may be conducted in writing or by means of an on-site investigation.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 14
p.(None): The principal investigator of the project shall be informed in writing of the result of the audit conducted by the IRB according to the
p.(None): previous Article, with any changes to the original review decision being stated.
p.(None): If the conditions prescribed in Paragraphs 2 and 3, Article 17 of this Act are found as a result of the IRB’s audit, the research
p.(None): institution and the central competent authority of the relevant industry shall be notified within 14 days after the decision is made.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 15
p.(None): The IRB shall request the principal investigator of the project to submit a report of the execution and results of the research after the
p.(None): project is completed.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 16
p.(None): The IRB shall keep the project review report, audit report, interim report, final report and other relevant information of a research
p.(None): project for three years after the completion of the project, so that they can be retrieved by the central competent authority of the
p.(None): relevant industry at any time.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 17
p.(None): These Regulations shall take effect upon the date of promulgation hereof.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): News Law Convention
p.(None): Searching Justices of the Constitutional Court
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): E-PAPER
p.(None): enter your email address
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Subscribe
...

Social / Occupation

Searching for indicator job:

(return to top)
p.(None): for the exemption from the IRB review as provided in Paragraph 1, Article 5 of this Act or for expedited review or standard review as
p.(None): provided in Article 8 of this Act.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 5
p.(None): The IRB shall set down and publish the standard operational procedures for reviewing a research project, including the extent of
p.(None): authority and the procedures of accessing or extracting and using various types of documents, files and databases and the regular
p.(None): examination and review.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 6
p.(None): When the IRB or a sub-IRB convenes a standard review meeting, the attending members shall include at least one member without a
p.(None): biomedical science background outside the institution.
p.(None): For an IRB or sub-IRB that consists of at least five but less than seven members, a meeting shall not be held unless it is attended by
p.(None): at least two-thirds of the members; for an IRB or sub-IRB that consists of seven or more members, a meeting shall not be held unless
p.(None): it is attended by at least half of the members.
p.(None): A meeting shall not be held if all attending members are of the same gender.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 7
p.(None): An IRB shall comply with the following criteria:
p.(None): 1. The IRB members, the administrative staff and expert advisors shall sign an agreement of confidentiality.
p.(None): 2. The IRB members and the administrative staff shall receive regular education and training.
p.(None): 3. It shall be manned with appropriate administrative staff whose job duties are clearly defined.
p.(None): 4. It shall be equipped with an office for handling administrative matters and an appropriate space for filing.
p.(None): Proofs of education and training as mentioned in Subparagraph 2 above shall be reviewed by the IRB and retained properly.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 8
p.(None): In case of any one of the following situations, IRB members shall recuse themselves from the review:
p.(None): 1.Being the principal investigator, co-investigator or client of the research project or sub-project under review.
p.(None): 2.Being the spouse of the principal investigator of the research project under review or being or having been related to the principal
p.(None): investigator by fourth degree blood relation or third degree affined relationship.
p.(None): 3.Having an employment relationship with the commissioning enterprise of the research project under review.
p.(None): 4.There are specific facts pointing to potential bias.
p.(None): 5.Other situations in which recusal is deemed necessary upon the IRB’s resolution.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 9
p.(None): The review of a research project shall at least include the following:
p.(None): 1.Qualifications of the principal investigator
p.(None): 2.Eligibility criteria for the research subjects and the way of recruitment
p.(None): 3.Content of the project and way and place of execution
p.(None): 4.Items of agreement to be informed, the subjects to be informed, the way and procedure of indicating agreement as provided in
p.(None): Article 14 of this Act
p.(None): 5.Protections for the research subjects, including the channel of enquiry and complaint, etc.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 10
p.(None): The aforesaid way of making a decision in an IRB meeting is by majority rule in principle. When a decision is made by means of
...

Searching for indicator occupation:

(return to top)
p.(None): P
p.(None):
p.(None): Article Content
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Title Regulations for Organization and Operation of Human Research Ethics Review Board CH
p.(None): Amended Date 2018-05-07
p.(None): Category Ministry of Health and Welfare
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Article Content Article No Search Content Search Legislative History
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 1
p.(None): These Regulations are set forth pursuant to Paragraph 3, Article 7 of the Human Subjects Research Act (referred to as “this Act”
p.(None): hereafter).
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 2
p.(None): The research institutions set out in Paragraph 2, Article 3 of this Act may set up at least one Institutional Review Board (hereafter
p.(None): referred to as “IRB”).
p.(None): The aforesaid IRB may set up sub-groups (hereafter referred to as “sub-IRBs”) for operational purposes, and the IRB and sub-IRBs
p.(None): shall all be subject to inspections by the central authority in charge of the sector. The resolutions adopted at meetings of a sub-IRB
p.(None): shall be deemed as resolutions adopted at meetings of the IRB.
p.(None): The research institutions set forth in Paragraph 1 include schools, hospitals, government agencies (or offices), statutory entities and
p.(None): associations.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 3
p.(None): The research institutions shall establish rules on the selection criteria, procedures, term of appointment, duties, meeting procedures,
p.(None): the way of reaching a resolution, operation and other related matters for the IRB members.
p.(None): The name and occupation of the IRB members and their relationship with the research institution shall be disclosed to the public and
p.(None): reported to the central authority in charge of the sector for recording purposes.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 4
p.(None): When reviewing a research project, the IRB shall first of all make a general assessment of the objective of study, nature of study,
p.(None): relevance and degree of invasion of the data, information or specimens to be collected, etc. and then judge whether it fits the criteria
p.(None): for the exemption from the IRB review as provided in Paragraph 1, Article 5 of this Act or for expedited review or standard review as
p.(None): provided in Article 8 of this Act.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 5
p.(None): The IRB shall set down and publish the standard operational procedures for reviewing a research project, including the extent of
p.(None): authority and the procedures of accessing or extracting and using various types of documents, files and databases and the regular
p.(None): examination and review.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 6
p.(None): When the IRB or a sub-IRB convenes a standard review meeting, the attending members shall include at least one member without a
p.(None): biomedical science background outside the institution.
p.(None): For an IRB or sub-IRB that consists of at least five but less than seven members, a meeting shall not be held unless it is attended by
p.(None): at least two-thirds of the members; for an IRB or sub-IRB that consists of seven or more members, a meeting shall not be held unless
p.(None): it is attended by at least half of the members.
p.(None): A meeting shall not be held if all attending members are of the same gender.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 7
...

Social / Property Ownership

Searching for indicator home:

(return to top)
p.(None): Search SEARCH
p.(None):
p.(None): : Location Home > Law > Article Content
p.(None): P
p.(None):
p.(None): Article Content
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Title Regulations for Organization and Operation of Human Research Ethics Review Board CH
p.(None): Amended Date 2018-05-07
p.(None): Category Ministry of Health and Welfare
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Article Content Article No Search Content Search Legislative History
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 1
p.(None): These Regulations are set forth pursuant to Paragraph 3, Article 7 of the Human Subjects Research Act (referred to as “this Act”
p.(None): hereafter).
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 2
p.(None): The research institutions set out in Paragraph 2, Article 3 of this Act may set up at least one Institutional Review Board (hereafter
p.(None): referred to as “IRB”).
p.(None): The aforesaid IRB may set up sub-groups (hereafter referred to as “sub-IRBs”) for operational purposes, and the IRB and sub-IRBs
p.(None): shall all be subject to inspections by the central authority in charge of the sector. The resolutions adopted at meetings of a sub-IRB
p.(None): shall be deemed as resolutions adopted at meetings of the IRB.
p.(None): The research institutions set forth in Paragraph 1 include schools, hospitals, government agencies (or offices), statutory entities and
p.(None): associations.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 3
p.(None): The research institutions shall establish rules on the selection criteria, procedures, term of appointment, duties, meeting procedures,
p.(None): the way of reaching a resolution, operation and other related matters for the IRB members.
...

Social / education

Searching for indicator education:

(return to top)
p.(None): relevance and degree of invasion of the data, information or specimens to be collected, etc. and then judge whether it fits the criteria
p.(None): for the exemption from the IRB review as provided in Paragraph 1, Article 5 of this Act or for expedited review or standard review as
p.(None): provided in Article 8 of this Act.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 5
p.(None): The IRB shall set down and publish the standard operational procedures for reviewing a research project, including the extent of
p.(None): authority and the procedures of accessing or extracting and using various types of documents, files and databases and the regular
p.(None): examination and review.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 6
p.(None): When the IRB or a sub-IRB convenes a standard review meeting, the attending members shall include at least one member without a
p.(None): biomedical science background outside the institution.
p.(None): For an IRB or sub-IRB that consists of at least five but less than seven members, a meeting shall not be held unless it is attended by
p.(None): at least two-thirds of the members; for an IRB or sub-IRB that consists of seven or more members, a meeting shall not be held unless
p.(None): it is attended by at least half of the members.
p.(None): A meeting shall not be held if all attending members are of the same gender.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 7
p.(None): An IRB shall comply with the following criteria:
p.(None): 1. The IRB members, the administrative staff and expert advisors shall sign an agreement of confidentiality.
p.(None): 2. The IRB members and the administrative staff shall receive regular education and training.
p.(None): 3. It shall be manned with appropriate administrative staff whose job duties are clearly defined.
p.(None): 4. It shall be equipped with an office for handling administrative matters and an appropriate space for filing.
p.(None): Proofs of education and training as mentioned in Subparagraph 2 above shall be reviewed by the IRB and retained properly.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 8
p.(None): In case of any one of the following situations, IRB members shall recuse themselves from the review:
p.(None): 1.Being the principal investigator, co-investigator or client of the research project or sub-project under review.
p.(None): 2.Being the spouse of the principal investigator of the research project under review or being or having been related to the principal
p.(None): investigator by fourth degree blood relation or third degree affined relationship.
p.(None): 3.Having an employment relationship with the commissioning enterprise of the research project under review.
p.(None): 4.There are specific facts pointing to potential bias.
p.(None): 5.Other situations in which recusal is deemed necessary upon the IRB’s resolution.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 9
p.(None): The review of a research project shall at least include the following:
p.(None): 1.Qualifications of the principal investigator
p.(None): 2.Eligibility criteria for the research subjects and the way of recruitment
p.(None): 3.Content of the project and way and place of execution
p.(None): 4.Items of agreement to be informed, the subjects to be informed, the way and procedure of indicating agreement as provided in
p.(None): Article 14 of this Act
p.(None): 5.Protections for the research subjects, including the channel of enquiry and complaint, etc.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 10
p.(None): The aforesaid way of making a decision in an IRB meeting is by majority rule in principle. When a decision is made by means of
p.(None): voting, both positive and negative votes shall be recorded. Board members not attending the meeting shall not vote.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 11
p.(None): The expedited review as prescribed in Article 8 of this Act shall be conducted by at least one board member.
...

Social / gender

Searching for indicator gender:

(return to top)
p.(None): reported to the central authority in charge of the sector for recording purposes.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 4
p.(None): When reviewing a research project, the IRB shall first of all make a general assessment of the objective of study, nature of study,
p.(None): relevance and degree of invasion of the data, information or specimens to be collected, etc. and then judge whether it fits the criteria
p.(None): for the exemption from the IRB review as provided in Paragraph 1, Article 5 of this Act or for expedited review or standard review as
p.(None): provided in Article 8 of this Act.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 5
p.(None): The IRB shall set down and publish the standard operational procedures for reviewing a research project, including the extent of
p.(None): authority and the procedures of accessing or extracting and using various types of documents, files and databases and the regular
p.(None): examination and review.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 6
p.(None): When the IRB or a sub-IRB convenes a standard review meeting, the attending members shall include at least one member without a
p.(None): biomedical science background outside the institution.
p.(None): For an IRB or sub-IRB that consists of at least five but less than seven members, a meeting shall not be held unless it is attended by
p.(None): at least two-thirds of the members; for an IRB or sub-IRB that consists of seven or more members, a meeting shall not be held unless
p.(None): it is attended by at least half of the members.
p.(None): A meeting shall not be held if all attending members are of the same gender.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 7
p.(None): An IRB shall comply with the following criteria:
p.(None): 1. The IRB members, the administrative staff and expert advisors shall sign an agreement of confidentiality.
p.(None): 2. The IRB members and the administrative staff shall receive regular education and training.
p.(None): 3. It shall be manned with appropriate administrative staff whose job duties are clearly defined.
p.(None): 4. It shall be equipped with an office for handling administrative matters and an appropriate space for filing.
p.(None): Proofs of education and training as mentioned in Subparagraph 2 above shall be reviewed by the IRB and retained properly.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 8
p.(None): In case of any one of the following situations, IRB members shall recuse themselves from the review:
p.(None): 1.Being the principal investigator, co-investigator or client of the research project or sub-project under review.
p.(None): 2.Being the spouse of the principal investigator of the research project under review or being or having been related to the principal
p.(None): investigator by fourth degree blood relation or third degree affined relationship.
p.(None): 3.Having an employment relationship with the commissioning enterprise of the research project under review.
p.(None): 4.There are specific facts pointing to potential bias.
p.(None): 5.Other situations in which recusal is deemed necessary upon the IRB’s resolution.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 9
p.(None): The review of a research project shall at least include the following:
p.(None): 1.Qualifications of the principal investigator
p.(None): 2.Eligibility criteria for the research subjects and the way of recruitment
...

General/Other / Relationship to Authority

Searching for indicator authority:

(return to top)
p.(None): Search SEARCH
p.(None):
p.(None): : Location Home > Law > Article Content
p.(None): P
p.(None):
p.(None): Article Content
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Title Regulations for Organization and Operation of Human Research Ethics Review Board CH
p.(None): Amended Date 2018-05-07
p.(None): Category Ministry of Health and Welfare
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Article Content Article No Search Content Search Legislative History
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 1
p.(None): These Regulations are set forth pursuant to Paragraph 3, Article 7 of the Human Subjects Research Act (referred to as “this Act”
p.(None): hereafter).
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 2
p.(None): The research institutions set out in Paragraph 2, Article 3 of this Act may set up at least one Institutional Review Board (hereafter
p.(None): referred to as “IRB”).
p.(None): The aforesaid IRB may set up sub-groups (hereafter referred to as “sub-IRBs”) for operational purposes, and the IRB and sub-IRBs
p.(None): shall all be subject to inspections by the central authority in charge of the sector. The resolutions adopted at meetings of a sub-IRB
p.(None): shall be deemed as resolutions adopted at meetings of the IRB.
p.(None): The research institutions set forth in Paragraph 1 include schools, hospitals, government agencies (or offices), statutory entities and
p.(None): associations.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 3
p.(None): The research institutions shall establish rules on the selection criteria, procedures, term of appointment, duties, meeting procedures,
p.(None): the way of reaching a resolution, operation and other related matters for the IRB members.
p.(None): The name and occupation of the IRB members and their relationship with the research institution shall be disclosed to the public and
p.(None): reported to the central authority in charge of the sector for recording purposes.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 4
p.(None): When reviewing a research project, the IRB shall first of all make a general assessment of the objective of study, nature of study,
p.(None): relevance and degree of invasion of the data, information or specimens to be collected, etc. and then judge whether it fits the criteria
p.(None): for the exemption from the IRB review as provided in Paragraph 1, Article 5 of this Act or for expedited review or standard review as
p.(None): provided in Article 8 of this Act.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 5
p.(None): The IRB shall set down and publish the standard operational procedures for reviewing a research project, including the extent of
p.(None): authority and the procedures of accessing or extracting and using various types of documents, files and databases and the regular
p.(None): examination and review.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 6
p.(None): When the IRB or a sub-IRB convenes a standard review meeting, the attending members shall include at least one member without a
p.(None): biomedical science background outside the institution.
p.(None): For an IRB or sub-IRB that consists of at least five but less than seven members, a meeting shall not be held unless it is attended by
p.(None): at least two-thirds of the members; for an IRB or sub-IRB that consists of seven or more members, a meeting shall not be held unless
p.(None): it is attended by at least half of the members.
p.(None): A meeting shall not be held if all attending members are of the same gender.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 7
p.(None): An IRB shall comply with the following criteria:
p.(None): 1. The IRB members, the administrative staff and expert advisors shall sign an agreement of confidentiality.
p.(None): 2. The IRB members and the administrative staff shall receive regular education and training.
p.(None): 3. It shall be manned with appropriate administrative staff whose job duties are clearly defined.
p.(None): 4. It shall be equipped with an office for handling administrative matters and an appropriate space for filing.
p.(None): Proofs of education and training as mentioned in Subparagraph 2 above shall be reviewed by the IRB and retained properly.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 8
p.(None): In case of any one of the following situations, IRB members shall recuse themselves from the review:
...

p.(None): and the result shall be reported to the IRB.
p.(None): If the aforesaid project under review is not approved by the board member, it should undergo the standard review procedure.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 12
p.(None): The minutes of the IRB meeting shall be published.
p.(None): The aforesaid published content shall at least include the date of the meeting, the name of the attending and absent board members,
p.(None): the name of the research project, a summary of the discussion and the resolutions.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 13
p.(None): Pursuant to Paragraph 1, Article 17 of this Act, the IRB shall conduct at least one regular audit on the execution of the approved
p.(None): research project; an immediate audit shall be carried out in case of any one of the following situations:
p.(None): 1.Any matter that may affect the rights, safety or well-being of the research subjects.
p.(None): 2.Occurrence of any severely adverse event or response on the part of the research subjects.
p.(None): 3.Occurrence of important matters or information that may influence the risk and benefit assessment of the project.
p.(None): The aforesaid audit may be conducted in writing or by means of an on-site investigation.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 14
p.(None): The principal investigator of the project shall be informed in writing of the result of the audit conducted by the IRB according to the
p.(None): previous Article, with any changes to the original review decision being stated.
p.(None): If the conditions prescribed in Paragraphs 2 and 3, Article 17 of this Act are found as a result of the IRB’s audit, the research
p.(None): institution and the central competent authority of the relevant industry shall be notified within 14 days after the decision is made.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 15
p.(None): The IRB shall request the principal investigator of the project to submit a report of the execution and results of the research after the
p.(None): project is completed.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 16
p.(None): The IRB shall keep the project review report, audit report, interim report, final report and other relevant information of a research
p.(None): project for three years after the completion of the project, so that they can be retrieved by the central competent authority of the
p.(None): relevant industry at any time.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 17
p.(None): These Regulations shall take effect upon the date of promulgation hereof.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): News Law Convention
p.(None): Searching Justices of the Constitutional Court
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): E-PAPER
p.(None): enter your email address
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Subscribe
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Unsubscribe
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): This website does not provide legal counseling service, please contact with related public offices for more information.
p.(None): In case of any discrepancy between the English version and the Chinese version, the latter shall prevail.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): │ Government Website Open Information Announcement │ Declaration on Privacy Right Protection │ Information Security Policy │ EMail │
p.(None): OPERATING BY THE WORKING GROUP OF THE R.O.C LAWS & REGULATIONS DATABASE, MINISTRY OF JUSTICE.
p.(None): NO. 130, Sec. 1, Chongqing S. Rd., Taipei, 10048, Taiwan(R.O.C.)
p.(None): Service Phone-Call: +886-2-2191-0189
...


Orphaned Trigger Words



Appendix

Indicator List

IndicatorVulnerability
authorityRelationship to Authority
educationeducation
gendergender
homeProperty Ownership
influenceDrug Usage
jobOccupation
occupationOccupation

Indicator Peers (Indicators in Same Vulnerability)

IndicatorPeers
job['occupation']
occupation['job']

Trigger Words

ethics

justice

protection

risk

welfare


Applicable Type / Vulnerability / Indicator Overlay for this Input

Vulnerability TypeVulnerabilityIndicator# Matches
HealthDrug Usageinfluence1
SocialOccupationjob1
SocialOccupationoccupation1
SocialProperty Ownershiphome1
Socialeducationeducation2
Socialgendergender1
General/OtherRelationship to Authorityauthority5