79C3C34C52B45572883A05D425EB0F82
Policy on Research Integrity
http://www.rss.hku.hk/integrity/rcr/policy#Good%20Research%20Practices
http://leaux.net/URLS/ConvertAPI Text Files/BBDFFD3945F160A2A181516A40594655.en.txt
Examining the file media/Synopses/BBDFFD3945F160A2A181516A40594655.html:
This file was generated: 2020-12-01 07:31:48
| Indicators in focus are typically shown highlighted in yellow; |
Peer Indicators (that share the same Vulnerability association) are shown highlighted in pink; |
"Outside" Indicators (those that do NOT share the same Vulnerability association) are shown highlighted in green; |
Trigger Words/Phrases are shown highlighted in gray. |
Link to Orphaned Trigger Words (Appendix (Indicator List, Indicator Peers, Trigger Words, Type/Vulnerability/Indicator Overlay)
Applicable Type / Vulnerability / Indicator Overlay for this Input
Political / Criminal Convictions
Searching for indicator prisoners:
(return to top)
p.(None): (http://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-and-responsibilities/defining-the-role-of-authors-and-contributors.html).
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): It should be noted that research conduct policies evolve with time when there are new benchmarks or challenges. It is therefore important for
p.(None): these policies to be based on not just a few static documents or codes or guidelines, but an evolving and emerging mechanism. There are
p.(None): research integrity conferences such as the World Conferences on Research Integrity and the Asia Pacific Conferences in Research Integrity, at
p.(None): which new benchmarks are discussed and physical cases are reported and analysed; participation by staff members in such conferences is
p.(None): encouraged.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 2.1 Responsible conduct of research
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): All research should be conducted in a responsible manner. The design of the research should be well-considered, and research procedures
p.(None): should be carried out with rigour and care. The most appropriate research methods should be employed, and conclusions should be based on
p.(None): critical and unbiased analysis of factual evidence. Research findings should be reported fully and in an objective manner.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): The design of the research should aim at maximizing the benefits and reducing the risks to participants of the research. There should be an
p.(None): appropriate balance between benefits and risks, and the well-being of the participants involved, especially those from vulnerable groups (such
p.(None): as young children, the mentally disadvantaged, and prisoners), should be protected. Rights of participants to make decisions for themselves
p.(None): should be respected, and researchers should not exert undue influence on participants’ decisions. Researchers should avoid conduct that may
p.(None): directly influence or distort research results. In collecting information, researchers should be sensitive towards differences in ethnic origin,
p.(None): culture, social class, religion, gender, age and sexual orientation, and the information collected should be used only for the purpose of the
p.(None): investigation. Data collection through deception should be avoided, and if it is absolutely necessary for deception to be employed, the
p.(None): researcher must ensure that no more than minimal risk is involved. Participants should be informed of the deception after data collection (i.e.
p.(None): debriefing), and the data may be used only with the participants’ consent re-obtained after the debriefing. The privacy of participants must be
p.(None): protected and all personal information should be treated in a confidential manner. In particular, so far as personal data are concerned, the
p.(None): Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance and the data protection principles in Schedule 1 of that Ordinance should be complied with. If there is any
...
Political / political affiliation
Searching for indicator party:
(return to top)
p.(None): contract. In such cases, a written indication of the location of the original data or key information regarding the limited-access database from
p.(None): which it was extracted must be kept in the department or research unit.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): It should be noted that in general, data on research published in the open literature cannot be used as materials for patent filing.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Under the Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance, researchers must ensure that the personal data of participants are properly protected, and
p.(None): disclosure is not allowed without the consent of the participants concerned. If data of a confidential nature are obtained, for example from
p.(None): individual patient records or by questionnaires, confidentiality of the information must be observed to protect the informants. The methods of
p.(None): data acquisition and the use to which the data will be put must be approved by the appropriate Ethics Committee(s) (e.g. the Human Research
p.(None): Ethics Committee (HREC), the Institutional Review Board of the University of Hong Kong/Hospital Authority Hong Kong West Cluster I(RB), the
p.(None): Committee for the Use of Live Animals in Teaching and Research (CULATR)). The researchers must not use such information for their own
p.(None): personal advantage or that of a third party. In general, research results and methods should be open to scrutiny by colleagues within the
p.(None): University and, through appropriate publication, by the profession at large, provided that the confidentiality of individual participants’ identity is
p.(None): adequately protected, especially in accordance with any laws relating to data protection.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 2.5 Disclosure of conflict of interest
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): In order not to jeopardize the trustworthiness of research results, any relevant or potential conflict of interest - whether personal, financial,
p.(None): academic or political - should be identified and declared. Conflict of interest should be declared in research proposals, publications or other
p.(None): forms of dissemination of findings, etc.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): In reviewing research proposals and editing or reviewing research publications, a reviewer or an editor who has a relevant conflict of interest
p.(None): should abstain from the decision making process. For potential, minor or unavoidable conflict of interest, it must be unambiguously declared.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 2.6 Compliance with relevant regulations
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): All experiments or other forms of research project, where the University has an interest, involving consent of human participants and the use of
p.(None): vertebrate animal subjects must obtain prior approval of the appropriate Ethics Committee(s). Informed consent of human participants should
p.(None): be appropriately documented. Clients or sponsors should be alerted to the ethical and legal obligations of the researcher, and to the possible
p.(None): restrictions this may impose on the research.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Research should be conducted in compliance with applicable laws, safety and health guidelines, which are designed to ensure the safety and
p.(None): welfare of human participants and laboratory animals.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 2.7 Contract research
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Secrecy may be necessary for a limited period in some contract research. However, that necessity must be clearly stated in the contract and
p.(None): fully understood by all parties. Where a research student is involved in working on such a contractand using some of the research data in the
p.(None): student’s thesis project, the researcher concerned must ensure that the party sponsoring the research understands and accepts unequivocally
p.(None): that the student’s thesis will not be restricted from publication, although there may be scope for not releasing certain types of data confidential
p.(None): to the sponsor. Contract agreement should state clearly that, upon agreement by both parties, some relevant materials may be suitable, and
p.(None): hence allowed, for publication in academic journals or books. Consultation with the Graduate School should be undertaken before any
p.(None): restrictive agreement is reached. Researchers conducting contract research must ensure that the policy on Use of the University’s Name and
p.(None): Visual Identity is complied with to avoid commercial exploitation of the University’s name. If the contract involves intellectual property, the
p.(None): University’s Intellectual Property Rights Policy should be adhered to, and the Technology Transfer Office (TTO) should be consulted. In
p.(None): general, graduate students on publicly-funded scholarships who are to be engaged to carry out commercial projects under “contract research”
p.(None): or “outside practice” (especially when the work is outside the core of a student’s academic thesis project) should clearly declare the nature of
p.(None): such projects, and should obtain formal agreement from all parties and authorisation by the appropriate university bodies. Their projects should
p.(None): be adequately funded by the relevant commercial sources to avoid using publicly-funded scholarships to support commercial projects.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 2.8 Reporting irresponsible research practices
p.(None):
p.(None):
...
Searching for indicator political:
(return to top)
p.(None): disclosure is not allowed without the consent of the participants concerned. If data of a confidential nature are obtained, for example from
p.(None): individual patient records or by questionnaires, confidentiality of the information must be observed to protect the informants. The methods of
p.(None): data acquisition and the use to which the data will be put must be approved by the appropriate Ethics Committee(s) (e.g. the Human Research
p.(None): Ethics Committee (HREC), the Institutional Review Board of the University of Hong Kong/Hospital Authority Hong Kong West Cluster I(RB), the
p.(None): Committee for the Use of Live Animals in Teaching and Research (CULATR)). The researchers must not use such information for their own
p.(None): personal advantage or that of a third party. In general, research results and methods should be open to scrutiny by colleagues within the
p.(None): University and, through appropriate publication, by the profession at large, provided that the confidentiality of individual participants’ identity is
p.(None): adequately protected, especially in accordance with any laws relating to data protection.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 2.5 Disclosure of conflict of interest
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): In order not to jeopardize the trustworthiness of research results, any relevant or potential conflict of interest - whether personal, financial,
p.(None): academic or political - should be identified and declared. Conflict of interest should be declared in research proposals, publications or other
p.(None): forms of dissemination of findings, etc.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): In reviewing research proposals and editing or reviewing research publications, a reviewer or an editor who has a relevant conflict of interest
p.(None): should abstain from the decision making process. For potential, minor or unavoidable conflict of interest, it must be unambiguously declared.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 2.6 Compliance with relevant regulations
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): All experiments or other forms of research project, where the University has an interest, involving consent of human participants and the use of
p.(None): vertebrate animal subjects must obtain prior approval of the appropriate Ethics Committee(s). Informed consent of human participants should
p.(None): be appropriately documented. Clients or sponsors should be alerted to the ethical and legal obligations of the researcher, and to the possible
p.(None): restrictions this may impose on the research.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Research should be conducted in compliance with applicable laws, safety and health guidelines, which are designed to ensure the safety and
p.(None): welfare of human participants and laboratory animals.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 2.7 Contract research
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Secrecy may be necessary for a limited period in some contract research. However, that necessity must be clearly stated in the contract and
...
Political / vulnerable
Searching for indicator vulnerable:
(return to top)
p.(None): Research Integrity, May 2013 (https://wcrif.org/documents/354-montreal-statement-english/file );
p.(None):
p.(None): 9. International Committee of Medical Journal Editors’ Recommendations on Best Practice and Ethical Standards
p.(None): (http://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-and-responsibilities/defining-the-role-of-authors-and-contributors.html).
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): It should be noted that research conduct policies evolve with time when there are new benchmarks or challenges. It is therefore important for
p.(None): these policies to be based on not just a few static documents or codes or guidelines, but an evolving and emerging mechanism. There are
p.(None): research integrity conferences such as the World Conferences on Research Integrity and the Asia Pacific Conferences in Research Integrity, at
p.(None): which new benchmarks are discussed and physical cases are reported and analysed; participation by staff members in such conferences is
p.(None): encouraged.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 2.1 Responsible conduct of research
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): All research should be conducted in a responsible manner. The design of the research should be well-considered, and research procedures
p.(None): should be carried out with rigour and care. The most appropriate research methods should be employed, and conclusions should be based on
p.(None): critical and unbiased analysis of factual evidence. Research findings should be reported fully and in an objective manner.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): The design of the research should aim at maximizing the benefits and reducing the risks to participants of the research. There should be an
p.(None): appropriate balance between benefits and risks, and the well-being of the participants involved, especially those from vulnerable groups (such
p.(None): as young children, the mentally disadvantaged, and prisoners), should be protected. Rights of participants to make decisions for themselves
p.(None): should be respected, and researchers should not exert undue influence on participants’ decisions. Researchers should avoid conduct that may
p.(None): directly influence or distort research results. In collecting information, researchers should be sensitive towards differences in ethnic origin,
p.(None): culture, social class, religion, gender, age and sexual orientation, and the information collected should be used only for the purpose of the
p.(None): investigation. Data collection through deception should be avoided, and if it is absolutely necessary for deception to be employed, the
p.(None): researcher must ensure that no more than minimal risk is involved. Participants should be informed of the deception after data collection (i.e.
p.(None): debriefing), and the data may be used only with the participants’ consent re-obtained after the debriefing. The privacy of participants must be
p.(None): protected and all personal information should be treated in a confidential manner. In particular, so far as personal data are concerned, the
...
p.(None): members and students to assist routine monitoring of their research work.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 3. Research Misconduct
p.(None):
p.(None): Research misconduct is one or more unethical practices that deviate from those commonly accepted within the academic community for
p.(None): proposing, conducting, or reporting research. It can appear in many forms, and may lead to disciplinary action. The following list only intends
p.(None): to highlight major kinds of research misconduct and is not exhaustive.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 3.1 Plagiarism and self-plagiarism
p.(None):
p.(None): Plagiarism is the use of another person’s work (including but not limited to any materials, creations, ideas and data) as if one’s own without
p.(None): due acknowledgement, whether or not such work has been published and regardless of the intent to deceive;
p.(None):
p.(None): Self-plagiarism is the reuse of one’s own work without acknowledging that such work has been submitted elsewhere.
p.(None):
p.(None): References to what could constitute plagiarism can be found in the University website on plagiarism.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 3.2 Abuse of data – this includes
p.(None):
p.(None): Fabrication of data – making up data and/or results where no or different data have been obtained, and publishing them as if they were real
p.(None): or true or representative;
p.(None):
p.(None): Falsification of data – manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes, or changing or omitting data or results such that the
p.(None): research is not accurately represented in the research record;
p.(None):
p.(None): Unethical collection of data – collecting data through exploitation of vulnerable or disadvantaged groups, or unnecessarily infringing upon the
p.(None): privacy of participants; the data collection process harmful to participants, or putting them at more risk than necessary;
p.(None):
p.(None): Unauthorised use of data – infringing on the data ownership rights of others, or using data involving human participants without their
p.(None): informed consent;
p.(None):
p.(None): Publication or use of irreproducible data – report of data that came out from experiments that are irreproducible or experiments that have not
p.(None): been optimised, unless clearly stated in the report (e.g., as pilot data).
p.(None):
p.(None): 3.3 Improper ascription of authorship
p.(None):
p.(None): The over-riding principle for authorship of a research output is the intellectual contribution to the research process and not merely
p.(None): administrative involvement. Author and co-authors should have significant and/or substantial participation in conceiving, executing or
p.(None): interpreting at least part of the research reported. The research team should agree on which individuals should be named as co-authors,
p.(None): and the order in which their names appear in publications. The corresponding author(s) are ultimately responsible for the order in the
p.(None): authorship.
p.(None):
p.(None): One particularly serious offence is when senior staff (such as heads of department or supervisors) coerce colleagues or students into
p.(None): allowing the former to take the credit of the research in question as their own, either wholly or partly, and not acknowledging or giving proper
p.(None): credit to the latter. This is a failure of leadership and of moral responsibility.
p.(None):
...
Health / Drug Usage
Searching for indicator influence:
(return to top)
p.(None): research integrity conferences such as the World Conferences on Research Integrity and the Asia Pacific Conferences in Research Integrity, at
p.(None): which new benchmarks are discussed and physical cases are reported and analysed; participation by staff members in such conferences is
p.(None): encouraged.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 2.1 Responsible conduct of research
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): All research should be conducted in a responsible manner. The design of the research should be well-considered, and research procedures
p.(None): should be carried out with rigour and care. The most appropriate research methods should be employed, and conclusions should be based on
p.(None): critical and unbiased analysis of factual evidence. Research findings should be reported fully and in an objective manner.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): The design of the research should aim at maximizing the benefits and reducing the risks to participants of the research. There should be an
p.(None): appropriate balance between benefits and risks, and the well-being of the participants involved, especially those from vulnerable groups (such
p.(None): as young children, the mentally disadvantaged, and prisoners), should be protected. Rights of participants to make decisions for themselves
p.(None): should be respected, and researchers should not exert undue influence on participants’ decisions. Researchers should avoid conduct that may
p.(None): directly influence or distort research results. In collecting information, researchers should be sensitive towards differences in ethnic origin,
p.(None): culture, social class, religion, gender, age and sexual orientation, and the information collected should be used only for the purpose of the
p.(None): investigation. Data collection through deception should be avoided, and if it is absolutely necessary for deception to be employed, the
p.(None): researcher must ensure that no more than minimal risk is involved. Participants should be informed of the deception after data collection (i.e.
p.(None): debriefing), and the data may be used only with the participants’ consent re-obtained after the debriefing. The privacy of participants must be
p.(None): protected and all personal information should be treated in a confidential manner. In particular, so far as personal data are concerned, the
p.(None): Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance and the data protection principles in Schedule 1 of that Ordinance should be complied with. If there is any
p.(None): doubt about issues regarding personal data, assistance and advice should be sought from the University’s Data Protection Officer.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 2.2 Publication-related conduct
p.(None):
p.(None):
...
Health / Mentally Disabled
Searching for indicator mentally:
(return to top)
p.(None): 9. International Committee of Medical Journal Editors’ Recommendations on Best Practice and Ethical Standards
p.(None): (http://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-and-responsibilities/defining-the-role-of-authors-and-contributors.html).
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): It should be noted that research conduct policies evolve with time when there are new benchmarks or challenges. It is therefore important for
p.(None): these policies to be based on not just a few static documents or codes or guidelines, but an evolving and emerging mechanism. There are
p.(None): research integrity conferences such as the World Conferences on Research Integrity and the Asia Pacific Conferences in Research Integrity, at
p.(None): which new benchmarks are discussed and physical cases are reported and analysed; participation by staff members in such conferences is
p.(None): encouraged.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 2.1 Responsible conduct of research
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): All research should be conducted in a responsible manner. The design of the research should be well-considered, and research procedures
p.(None): should be carried out with rigour and care. The most appropriate research methods should be employed, and conclusions should be based on
p.(None): critical and unbiased analysis of factual evidence. Research findings should be reported fully and in an objective manner.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): The design of the research should aim at maximizing the benefits and reducing the risks to participants of the research. There should be an
p.(None): appropriate balance between benefits and risks, and the well-being of the participants involved, especially those from vulnerable groups (such
p.(None): as young children, the mentally disadvantaged, and prisoners), should be protected. Rights of participants to make decisions for themselves
p.(None): should be respected, and researchers should not exert undue influence on participants’ decisions. Researchers should avoid conduct that may
p.(None): directly influence or distort research results. In collecting information, researchers should be sensitive towards differences in ethnic origin,
p.(None): culture, social class, religion, gender, age and sexual orientation, and the information collected should be used only for the purpose of the
p.(None): investigation. Data collection through deception should be avoided, and if it is absolutely necessary for deception to be employed, the
p.(None): researcher must ensure that no more than minimal risk is involved. Participants should be informed of the deception after data collection (i.e.
p.(None): debriefing), and the data may be used only with the participants’ consent re-obtained after the debriefing. The privacy of participants must be
p.(None): protected and all personal information should be treated in a confidential manner. In particular, so far as personal data are concerned, the
p.(None): Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance and the data protection principles in Schedule 1 of that Ordinance should be complied with. If there is any
...
Social / Access to Social Goods
Searching for indicator access:
(return to top)
p.(None): unavoidableharmful impact on the environment. Researcher should take the sustainability of environmental resources into consideration in
p.(None): research design. All resources should be utilized and deployed efficiently, and waste should be minimized.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): In reporting experiments that are hazardous or potentially dangerous, authors are obliged to highlight and emphasise the hazards and the
p.(None): means to mitigate such risks.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 2.4 Proper data handling
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Research data must be collected and dated in a truthful manner, and there should be clear record on the data collection process. Data should
p.(None): be kept in a secured and accessible form, as standard in more than one medium and at more than one location, and be documented and
p.(None): archived for a substantial period of time (at least 5 years after publication of the findings, and preferably longer) to allow for verification and
p.(None): replication by other researchers. (Data can be kept stored over a prolonged period on electronic/digital media.) The University’s Policy on the
p.(None): Management of Research Data and Records must be observed. All research data and record of these data can be subject to audits and
p.(None): related examination as proof of authenticity.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Individual researchers should be able to hold copies of the data for their own use. Nevertheless, it should be understood that retention solely by
p.(None): the individual researcher provides little protection to the researcher or the University in the event of an allegation of falsification of data. In
p.(None): some cases there may be restrictions on the retention of data obtained from limited access databases or in a project carried out under a
p.(None): contract. In such cases, a written indication of the location of the original data or key information regarding the limited-access database from
p.(None): which it was extracted must be kept in the department or research unit.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): It should be noted that in general, data on research published in the open literature cannot be used as materials for patent filing.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Under the Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance, researchers must ensure that the personal data of participants are properly protected, and
p.(None): disclosure is not allowed without the consent of the participants concerned. If data of a confidential nature are obtained, for example from
p.(None): individual patient records or by questionnaires, confidentiality of the information must be observed to protect the informants. The methods of
p.(None): data acquisition and the use to which the data will be put must be approved by the appropriate Ethics Committee(s) (e.g. the Human Research
p.(None): Ethics Committee (HREC), the Institutional Review Board of the University of Hong Kong/Hospital Authority Hong Kong West Cluster I(RB), the
p.(None): Committee for the Use of Live Animals in Teaching and Research (CULATR)). The researchers must not use such information for their own
p.(None): personal advantage or that of a third party. In general, research results and methods should be open to scrutiny by colleagues within the
p.(None): University and, through appropriate publication, by the profession at large, provided that the confidentiality of individual participants’ identity is
...
Social / Age
Searching for indicator age:
(return to top)
p.(None): 2.1 Responsible conduct of research
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): All research should be conducted in a responsible manner. The design of the research should be well-considered, and research procedures
p.(None): should be carried out with rigour and care. The most appropriate research methods should be employed, and conclusions should be based on
p.(None): critical and unbiased analysis of factual evidence. Research findings should be reported fully and in an objective manner.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): The design of the research should aim at maximizing the benefits and reducing the risks to participants of the research. There should be an
p.(None): appropriate balance between benefits and risks, and the well-being of the participants involved, especially those from vulnerable groups (such
p.(None): as young children, the mentally disadvantaged, and prisoners), should be protected. Rights of participants to make decisions for themselves
p.(None): should be respected, and researchers should not exert undue influence on participants’ decisions. Researchers should avoid conduct that may
p.(None): directly influence or distort research results. In collecting information, researchers should be sensitive towards differences in ethnic origin,
p.(None): culture, social class, religion, gender, age and sexual orientation, and the information collected should be used only for the purpose of the
p.(None): investigation. Data collection through deception should be avoided, and if it is absolutely necessary for deception to be employed, the
p.(None): researcher must ensure that no more than minimal risk is involved. Participants should be informed of the deception after data collection (i.e.
p.(None): debriefing), and the data may be used only with the participants’ consent re-obtained after the debriefing. The privacy of participants must be
p.(None): protected and all personal information should be treated in a confidential manner. In particular, so far as personal data are concerned, the
p.(None): Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance and the data protection principles in Schedule 1 of that Ordinance should be complied with. If there is any
p.(None): doubt about issues regarding personal data, assistance and advice should be sought from the University’s Data Protection Officer.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 2.2 Publication-related conduct
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Research results should be published in a timely manner, and publications should be based on objective analysis and interpretation of
p.(None): accurate research data in a professional manner. Authorship should only be based on significant and/or substantial contributions to the
p.(None): research proper, including contribution to the design of the study, data collection, data analysis, and reporting; and should not be for merely
...
Social / Child
Searching for indicator children:
(return to top)
p.(None):
p.(None): 9. International Committee of Medical Journal Editors’ Recommendations on Best Practice and Ethical Standards
p.(None): (http://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-and-responsibilities/defining-the-role-of-authors-and-contributors.html).
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): It should be noted that research conduct policies evolve with time when there are new benchmarks or challenges. It is therefore important for
p.(None): these policies to be based on not just a few static documents or codes or guidelines, but an evolving and emerging mechanism. There are
p.(None): research integrity conferences such as the World Conferences on Research Integrity and the Asia Pacific Conferences in Research Integrity, at
p.(None): which new benchmarks are discussed and physical cases are reported and analysed; participation by staff members in such conferences is
p.(None): encouraged.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 2.1 Responsible conduct of research
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): All research should be conducted in a responsible manner. The design of the research should be well-considered, and research procedures
p.(None): should be carried out with rigour and care. The most appropriate research methods should be employed, and conclusions should be based on
p.(None): critical and unbiased analysis of factual evidence. Research findings should be reported fully and in an objective manner.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): The design of the research should aim at maximizing the benefits and reducing the risks to participants of the research. There should be an
p.(None): appropriate balance between benefits and risks, and the well-being of the participants involved, especially those from vulnerable groups (such
p.(None): as young children, the mentally disadvantaged, and prisoners), should be protected. Rights of participants to make decisions for themselves
p.(None): should be respected, and researchers should not exert undue influence on participants’ decisions. Researchers should avoid conduct that may
p.(None): directly influence or distort research results. In collecting information, researchers should be sensitive towards differences in ethnic origin,
p.(None): culture, social class, religion, gender, age and sexual orientation, and the information collected should be used only for the purpose of the
p.(None): investigation. Data collection through deception should be avoided, and if it is absolutely necessary for deception to be employed, the
p.(None): researcher must ensure that no more than minimal risk is involved. Participants should be informed of the deception after data collection (i.e.
p.(None): debriefing), and the data may be used only with the participants’ consent re-obtained after the debriefing. The privacy of participants must be
p.(None): protected and all personal information should be treated in a confidential manner. In particular, so far as personal data are concerned, the
...
Social / Ethnicity
Searching for indicator ethnic:
(return to top)
p.(None): which new benchmarks are discussed and physical cases are reported and analysed; participation by staff members in such conferences is
p.(None): encouraged.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 2.1 Responsible conduct of research
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): All research should be conducted in a responsible manner. The design of the research should be well-considered, and research procedures
p.(None): should be carried out with rigour and care. The most appropriate research methods should be employed, and conclusions should be based on
p.(None): critical and unbiased analysis of factual evidence. Research findings should be reported fully and in an objective manner.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): The design of the research should aim at maximizing the benefits and reducing the risks to participants of the research. There should be an
p.(None): appropriate balance between benefits and risks, and the well-being of the participants involved, especially those from vulnerable groups (such
p.(None): as young children, the mentally disadvantaged, and prisoners), should be protected. Rights of participants to make decisions for themselves
p.(None): should be respected, and researchers should not exert undue influence on participants’ decisions. Researchers should avoid conduct that may
p.(None): directly influence or distort research results. In collecting information, researchers should be sensitive towards differences in ethnic origin,
p.(None): culture, social class, religion, gender, age and sexual orientation, and the information collected should be used only for the purpose of the
p.(None): investigation. Data collection through deception should be avoided, and if it is absolutely necessary for deception to be employed, the
p.(None): researcher must ensure that no more than minimal risk is involved. Participants should be informed of the deception after data collection (i.e.
p.(None): debriefing), and the data may be used only with the participants’ consent re-obtained after the debriefing. The privacy of participants must be
p.(None): protected and all personal information should be treated in a confidential manner. In particular, so far as personal data are concerned, the
p.(None): Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance and the data protection principles in Schedule 1 of that Ordinance should be complied with. If there is any
p.(None): doubt about issues regarding personal data, assistance and advice should be sought from the University’s Data Protection Officer.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 2.2 Publication-related conduct
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Research results should be published in a timely manner, and publications should be based on objective analysis and interpretation of
p.(None): accurate research data in a professional manner. Authorship should only be based on significant and/or substantial contributions to the
...
Social / Incarcerated
Searching for indicator restricted:
(return to top)
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 2.6 Compliance with relevant regulations
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): All experiments or other forms of research project, where the University has an interest, involving consent of human participants and the use of
p.(None): vertebrate animal subjects must obtain prior approval of the appropriate Ethics Committee(s). Informed consent of human participants should
p.(None): be appropriately documented. Clients or sponsors should be alerted to the ethical and legal obligations of the researcher, and to the possible
p.(None): restrictions this may impose on the research.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Research should be conducted in compliance with applicable laws, safety and health guidelines, which are designed to ensure the safety and
p.(None): welfare of human participants and laboratory animals.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 2.7 Contract research
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Secrecy may be necessary for a limited period in some contract research. However, that necessity must be clearly stated in the contract and
p.(None): fully understood by all parties. Where a research student is involved in working on such a contractand using some of the research data in the
p.(None): student’s thesis project, the researcher concerned must ensure that the party sponsoring the research understands and accepts unequivocally
p.(None): that the student’s thesis will not be restricted from publication, although there may be scope for not releasing certain types of data confidential
p.(None): to the sponsor. Contract agreement should state clearly that, upon agreement by both parties, some relevant materials may be suitable, and
p.(None): hence allowed, for publication in academic journals or books. Consultation with the Graduate School should be undertaken before any
p.(None): restrictive agreement is reached. Researchers conducting contract research must ensure that the policy on Use of the University’s Name and
p.(None): Visual Identity is complied with to avoid commercial exploitation of the University’s name. If the contract involves intellectual property, the
p.(None): University’s Intellectual Property Rights Policy should be adhered to, and the Technology Transfer Office (TTO) should be consulted. In
p.(None): general, graduate students on publicly-funded scholarships who are to be engaged to carry out commercial projects under “contract research”
p.(None): or “outside practice” (especially when the work is outside the core of a student’s academic thesis project) should clearly declare the nature of
p.(None): such projects, and should obtain formal agreement from all parties and authorisation by the appropriate university bodies. Their projects should
p.(None): be adequately funded by the relevant commercial sources to avoid using publicly-funded scholarships to support commercial projects.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 2.8 Reporting irresponsible research practices
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Members of the university should report to the authorities concerned any suspected research misconduct (refer to the document Procedures for
...
Social / Linguistic Proficiency
Searching for indicator language:
(return to top)
p.(None):
p.(None): One particularly serious offence is when senior staff (such as heads of department or supervisors) coerce colleagues or students into
p.(None): allowing the former to take the credit of the research in question as their own, either wholly or partly, and not acknowledging or giving proper
p.(None): credit to the latter. This is a failure of leadership and of moral responsibility.
p.(None):
p.(None): Misleading ascription of authorship includes the listing of authors without their permission, attributing work to those who have not in fact
p.(None): contributed to the research, and the lack of appropriate acknowledgement of work primarily produced by a research student or any
p.(None): associate. Due recognition of all participants is an important part of a proper research process. Authors should ensure that the work of
p.(None): research students, research assistants, and all support staff is properly acknowledged. It does not matter whether the researchers were
p.(None): employed or otherwise paid for their work.
p.(None):
p.(None): Each author must endorse the whole work. The authors of the research output should read the final paper and agree that each of them has
p.(None): met the minimum requirements for authorship. It is unethical to claim authorship without reading and approving the final draft in its entirety.
p.(None): All of the authors are equally responsible for the contents of the research output; if the contents are fraudulent then all authors carry the
p.(None): blame. Responsibility cannot be shifted from an academically senior author to an academically junior one, and vice versa.
p.(None):
p.(None): The unattributed re-presentation of any research output,whether for research or teaching, in a language other than the original is
p.(None): unacceptable.
p.(None):
p.(None): 3.4 Non-disclosure of potential conflict of interest
p.(None): Disclosure of any potential conflict of interest is essential for the responsible conduct of research. Non-disclosure is regarded as unethical
p.(None): behaviour.
p.(None):
p.(None): A researcher’s affiliation with, or financial involvement in, any organisation or entity with a direct interest in the subject matter, or in the
p.(None): provision of materials for the research, must be included in a full acknowledgement.
p.(None):
p.(None): Members of committees responsible for the allocation of research or conference grants should not participate in any way in the
p.(None): determination of their own applications, or normally those of students whom they supervise or have previously supervised.
p.(None):
p.(None): The source of funding for research work should always be acknowledged, unless the donor requests anonymity and such request is
p.(None): approved by the University.
p.(None):
p.(None): 3.5 Non-compliance with regulations – this includes
p.(None):
p.(None): Commencing data collection for research involving human participants or animals before ethical approval is obtained from the appropriate
p.(None): Ethics Committee(s);
p.(None):
p.(None): Failure to comply with the conditions of the ethical approval;
p.(None):
p.(None): Failure to comply with the contract terms;
p.(None):
p.(None): Research not reasonably conducted according to the approved research design;
p.(None):
p.(None): Infringement of another person’s copyright, patents, trade-marks, computer software, etc., with respect to any form of research output (refer
p.(None): to the Intellectual Property Rights Policy of the University);
p.(None):
...
Social / Police Officer
Searching for indicator officer:
(return to top)
p.(None): directly influence or distort research results. In collecting information, researchers should be sensitive towards differences in ethnic origin,
p.(None): culture, social class, religion, gender, age and sexual orientation, and the information collected should be used only for the purpose of the
p.(None): investigation. Data collection through deception should be avoided, and if it is absolutely necessary for deception to be employed, the
p.(None): researcher must ensure that no more than minimal risk is involved. Participants should be informed of the deception after data collection (i.e.
p.(None): debriefing), and the data may be used only with the participants’ consent re-obtained after the debriefing. The privacy of participants must be
p.(None): protected and all personal information should be treated in a confidential manner. In particular, so far as personal data are concerned, the
p.(None): Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance and the data protection principles in Schedule 1 of that Ordinance should be complied with. If there is any
p.(None): doubt about issues regarding personal data, assistance and advice should be sought from the University’s Data Protection Officer.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 2.2 Publication-related conduct
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Research results should be published in a timely manner, and publications should be based on objective analysis and interpretation of
p.(None): accurate research data in a professional manner. Authorship should only be based on significant and/or substantial contributions to the
p.(None): research proper, including contribution to the design of the study, data collection, data analysis, and reporting; and should not be for merely
p.(None): administrative or copyediting roles. Guest authorship (i.e. including authors who have not contributed to the research) or ghost authorship (i.e.
p.(None): not including individuals who have contributed) are not acceptable. All authors take full responsibility over all the content of the publication,
p.(None): andfor the authenticity and reliability of the data used for the publication, and if they are responsible only for specific parts of the research or
p.(None): publication, this should be clearly specified in the publication as appropriate. All co-authors must be informed, and their consent sought, before
p.(None): their names can be included in any publication. The criteria for the order of authors appearing in the publication should take into consideration
p.(None): the relative contributions of the authors and/or prevailing international practice of the discipline, and should as far as possible be agreed on by
p.(None): all involved at the beginning of the research. Authorship should follow the international norms, and disputes should be referred to senior
p.(None): professoriate members or the Head/Dean of the department/Faculty who have no actual or perceived conflict of interest for mediation.
p.(None):
p.(None):
...
Social / Presence of Coercion
Searching for indicator coerce:
(return to top)
p.(None): research is not accurately represented in the research record;
p.(None):
p.(None): Unethical collection of data – collecting data through exploitation of vulnerable or disadvantaged groups, or unnecessarily infringing upon the
p.(None): privacy of participants; the data collection process harmful to participants, or putting them at more risk than necessary;
p.(None):
p.(None): Unauthorised use of data – infringing on the data ownership rights of others, or using data involving human participants without their
p.(None): informed consent;
p.(None):
p.(None): Publication or use of irreproducible data – report of data that came out from experiments that are irreproducible or experiments that have not
p.(None): been optimised, unless clearly stated in the report (e.g., as pilot data).
p.(None):
p.(None): 3.3 Improper ascription of authorship
p.(None):
p.(None): The over-riding principle for authorship of a research output is the intellectual contribution to the research process and not merely
p.(None): administrative involvement. Author and co-authors should have significant and/or substantial participation in conceiving, executing or
p.(None): interpreting at least part of the research reported. The research team should agree on which individuals should be named as co-authors,
p.(None): and the order in which their names appear in publications. The corresponding author(s) are ultimately responsible for the order in the
p.(None): authorship.
p.(None):
p.(None): One particularly serious offence is when senior staff (such as heads of department or supervisors) coerce colleagues or students into
p.(None): allowing the former to take the credit of the research in question as their own, either wholly or partly, and not acknowledging or giving proper
p.(None): credit to the latter. This is a failure of leadership and of moral responsibility.
p.(None):
p.(None): Misleading ascription of authorship includes the listing of authors without their permission, attributing work to those who have not in fact
p.(None): contributed to the research, and the lack of appropriate acknowledgement of work primarily produced by a research student or any
p.(None): associate. Due recognition of all participants is an important part of a proper research process. Authors should ensure that the work of
p.(None): research students, research assistants, and all support staff is properly acknowledged. It does not matter whether the researchers were
p.(None): employed or otherwise paid for their work.
p.(None):
p.(None): Each author must endorse the whole work. The authors of the research output should read the final paper and agree that each of them has
p.(None): met the minimum requirements for authorship. It is unethical to claim authorship without reading and approving the final draft in its entirety.
p.(None): All of the authors are equally responsible for the contents of the research output; if the contents are fraudulent then all authors carry the
p.(None): blame. Responsibility cannot be shifted from an academically senior author to an academically junior one, and vice versa.
p.(None):
p.(None): The unattributed re-presentation of any research output,whether for research or teaching, in a language other than the original is
p.(None): unacceptable.
p.(None):
p.(None): 3.4 Non-disclosure of potential conflict of interest
...
Social / Property Ownership
Searching for indicator home:
(return to top)
p.(None): HKU Home | Research@HKU | SORTs | Graduate School | Knowledge Exchange Office | Technology Transfer Office
p.(None):
p.(None): A+ A A-
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Sitemap Contact Us
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Quick Links Search this site
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Home > Research Integrity > Responsible Conduct of Research > Policy on Research Integrity
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Policy on Research Integrity
p.(None):
p.(None): About Us 1. Principles of Research Integrity
p.(None):
p.(None): Research Funding
p.(None): 2. Good Research Practices
p.(None): IPR & Contracts
p.(None): 3. Research Misconduct
p.(None): Research Integrity
p.(None): Responsible Conduct of
p.(None): Research
p.(None): Research Data and Records 1. Principles of Research Integrity
p.(None): Management
p.(None): Research Ethics Compliance As a world-class comprehensive university with research activities spanning all major disciplines, the University of Hong Kong realises the vital
p.(None):
p.(None): Safety Approval & Insurance importance of research integrity. All members of the University must observe the highest standards of professional conduct and must comply
p.(None): with the following principles of research integrityin pursuing their research activities:
p.(None): Honours & Awards
p.(None):
p.(None): RAE & Resources be accountable and accept responsibility for all aspects of their research;
p.(None):
p.(None): honesty in the conduct and communication of research;
p.(None):
p.(None): objectivity and openness;
p.(None):
p.(None): due diligence and duty of care;
p.(None):
p.(None): fairness in giving credit and appropriate acknowledgement; and
p.(None):
p.(None): responsibility for nurturing students and early-career research colleagues.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): All researchers of the University must be committed to the principle of honesty in conducting research and in communicating research findings
...
Searching for indicator property:
(return to top)
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Research should be conducted in compliance with applicable laws, safety and health guidelines, which are designed to ensure the safety and
p.(None): welfare of human participants and laboratory animals.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 2.7 Contract research
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Secrecy may be necessary for a limited period in some contract research. However, that necessity must be clearly stated in the contract and
p.(None): fully understood by all parties. Where a research student is involved in working on such a contractand using some of the research data in the
p.(None): student’s thesis project, the researcher concerned must ensure that the party sponsoring the research understands and accepts unequivocally
p.(None): that the student’s thesis will not be restricted from publication, although there may be scope for not releasing certain types of data confidential
p.(None): to the sponsor. Contract agreement should state clearly that, upon agreement by both parties, some relevant materials may be suitable, and
p.(None): hence allowed, for publication in academic journals or books. Consultation with the Graduate School should be undertaken before any
p.(None): restrictive agreement is reached. Researchers conducting contract research must ensure that the policy on Use of the University’s Name and
p.(None): Visual Identity is complied with to avoid commercial exploitation of the University’s name. If the contract involves intellectual property, the
p.(None): University’s Intellectual Property Rights Policy should be adhered to, and the Technology Transfer Office (TTO) should be consulted. In
p.(None): general, graduate students on publicly-funded scholarships who are to be engaged to carry out commercial projects under “contract research”
p.(None): or “outside practice” (especially when the work is outside the core of a student’s academic thesis project) should clearly declare the nature of
p.(None): such projects, and should obtain formal agreement from all parties and authorisation by the appropriate university bodies. Their projects should
p.(None): be adequately funded by the relevant commercial sources to avoid using publicly-funded scholarships to support commercial projects.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 2.8 Reporting irresponsible research practices
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Members of the university should report to the authorities concerned any suspected research misconduct (refer to the document Procedures for
p.(None): Dealing with Alleged Staff Misconduct in Research). This includes plagiarism, abuse of data, improper ascription of authorship, non-
p.(None): compliance with regulations, and other forms of improper research practices that are deemed unacceptable by the academic community (see
p.(None): Section 3 below).
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Staff members or students who in good faith report a concern or participate in the investigation of a case of research misconduct shall be
p.(None): protected from retaliation or adverse consequences of their employment or studies regardless of whether the allegation is substantiated. Staff
p.(None): members or students believing that they are being retaliated against shall immediately report the matter to the President & Vice-Chancellor.
p.(None):
p.(None):
...
p.(None): involving senior professoriate members and/or the Department Head (or equivalent) and the Faculty Dean, or their delegates.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 2.9 Special needs in different disciplines
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): In some disciplines there may be special areas which require specific regulations, for example, animal and human experimentation and the
p.(None): handling of hazardous materials. The rules for these activities must form part of the general policy of ethics and safety for each department (or
p.(None): equivalent). The University Director of Safety should be consulted in these cases.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 2.10 Collaboration
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Researchers should pay particular attention to projects which include participants from different countries or where work will be carried out in
p.(None): another country, due to the additional legal and ethical requirements and other guidelines that may apply.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): They should be aware of the standards and procedures for the conduct of research followed by any organisations involved in collaborative
p.(None): research that they are undertaking. They should also be aware of any contractual requirements involving partner organisations, seeking
p.(None): guidance and assistance where necessary.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): They should try to anticipate any issues that might arise as a result of working collaboratively and to agree jointly in advance how such issues
p.(None): might be addressed, communicating any decisions to all members of the research team. In particular, agreement should be sought on the
p.(None): specific roles of the researchers involved in the project and on issues relating to intellectual property, publication and the attribution of
p.(None): authorship, recognising that, subject to legal and ethical requirements, roles and contributions may change during the time span of the
p.(None): research.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Further guidance on research integrity in collaborative research can be found in the Montreal Statement on Research Integrity in Cross-
p.(None): Boundary Research Collaborations referred to in Section 2.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 2.11 Checklist for researchers
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): The Code of Practice for Research issued by the UK Research Integrity Office (referred to in Section 2) provides a useful checklist for staff
p.(None): members and students to assist routine monitoring of their research work.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 3. Research Misconduct
p.(None):
p.(None): Research misconduct is one or more unethical practices that deviate from those commonly accepted within the academic community for
p.(None): proposing, conducting, or reporting research. It can appear in many forms, and may lead to disciplinary action. The following list only intends
p.(None): to highlight major kinds of research misconduct and is not exhaustive.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 3.1 Plagiarism and self-plagiarism
p.(None):
p.(None): Plagiarism is the use of another person’s work (including but not limited to any materials, creations, ideas and data) as if one’s own without
p.(None): due acknowledgement, whether or not such work has been published and regardless of the intent to deceive;
p.(None):
p.(None): Self-plagiarism is the reuse of one’s own work without acknowledging that such work has been submitted elsewhere.
p.(None):
p.(None): References to what could constitute plagiarism can be found in the University website on plagiarism.
p.(None):
p.(None):
...
p.(None): unacceptable.
p.(None):
p.(None): 3.4 Non-disclosure of potential conflict of interest
p.(None): Disclosure of any potential conflict of interest is essential for the responsible conduct of research. Non-disclosure is regarded as unethical
p.(None): behaviour.
p.(None):
p.(None): A researcher’s affiliation with, or financial involvement in, any organisation or entity with a direct interest in the subject matter, or in the
p.(None): provision of materials for the research, must be included in a full acknowledgement.
p.(None):
p.(None): Members of committees responsible for the allocation of research or conference grants should not participate in any way in the
p.(None): determination of their own applications, or normally those of students whom they supervise or have previously supervised.
p.(None):
p.(None): The source of funding for research work should always be acknowledged, unless the donor requests anonymity and such request is
p.(None): approved by the University.
p.(None):
p.(None): 3.5 Non-compliance with regulations – this includes
p.(None):
p.(None): Commencing data collection for research involving human participants or animals before ethical approval is obtained from the appropriate
p.(None): Ethics Committee(s);
p.(None):
p.(None): Failure to comply with the conditions of the ethical approval;
p.(None):
p.(None): Failure to comply with the contract terms;
p.(None):
p.(None): Research not reasonably conducted according to the approved research design;
p.(None):
p.(None): Infringement of another person’s copyright, patents, trade-marks, computer software, etc., with respect to any form of research output (refer
p.(None): to the Intellectual Property Rights Policy of the University);
p.(None):
p.(None): Breaching of the relevant laws, or safety and health guidelines.
p.(None):
p.(None): 3.6 Deviations from good research practices (as recommended in Section 2 above) through gross or persistent negligence.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 3.7 Wilful concealment or facilitation of research misconduct by others.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Research misconduct will result in actions taken in accordance with the Procedures for Dealing with Alleged Staff Misconduct in Research.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Note: This version of the Policy was approved by the Council at its meeting of February 28, 2017 for implementation with immediate effect. A
p.(None): subsequent revised version of section 3.1 on plagiarism and self-plagiarism was approved by the Council at its meeting of November 26, 2018
p.(None): with effect from the 2019-20 academic year.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Copyright © 2020 HKU Research Services. All Rights Reserved. Last updated : April 28, 2020
...
Social / Religion
Searching for indicator faith:
(return to top)
p.(None): Visual Identity is complied with to avoid commercial exploitation of the University’s name. If the contract involves intellectual property, the
p.(None): University’s Intellectual Property Rights Policy should be adhered to, and the Technology Transfer Office (TTO) should be consulted. In
p.(None): general, graduate students on publicly-funded scholarships who are to be engaged to carry out commercial projects under “contract research”
p.(None): or “outside practice” (especially when the work is outside the core of a student’s academic thesis project) should clearly declare the nature of
p.(None): such projects, and should obtain formal agreement from all parties and authorisation by the appropriate university bodies. Their projects should
p.(None): be adequately funded by the relevant commercial sources to avoid using publicly-funded scholarships to support commercial projects.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 2.8 Reporting irresponsible research practices
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Members of the university should report to the authorities concerned any suspected research misconduct (refer to the document Procedures for
p.(None): Dealing with Alleged Staff Misconduct in Research). This includes plagiarism, abuse of data, improper ascription of authorship, non-
p.(None): compliance with regulations, and other forms of improper research practices that are deemed unacceptable by the academic community (see
p.(None): Section 3 below).
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Staff members or students who in good faith report a concern or participate in the investigation of a case of research misconduct shall be
p.(None): protected from retaliation or adverse consequences of their employment or studies regardless of whether the allegation is substantiated. Staff
p.(None): members or students believing that they are being retaliated against shall immediately report the matter to the President & Vice-Chancellor.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): General academic disputes outside the context of research misconduct should be mediated or adjudicated at the department or Faculty level,
p.(None): involving senior professoriate members and/or the Department Head (or equivalent) and the Faculty Dean, or their delegates.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 2.9 Special needs in different disciplines
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): In some disciplines there may be special areas which require specific regulations, for example, animal and human experimentation and the
p.(None): handling of hazardous materials. The rules for these activities must form part of the general policy of ethics and safety for each department (or
p.(None): equivalent). The University Director of Safety should be consulted in these cases.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 2.10 Collaboration
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Researchers should pay particular attention to projects which include participants from different countries or where work will be carried out in
p.(None): another country, due to the additional legal and ethical requirements and other guidelines that may apply.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): They should be aware of the standards and procedures for the conduct of research followed by any organisations involved in collaborative
...
Searching for indicator religion:
(return to top)
p.(None): encouraged.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 2.1 Responsible conduct of research
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): All research should be conducted in a responsible manner. The design of the research should be well-considered, and research procedures
p.(None): should be carried out with rigour and care. The most appropriate research methods should be employed, and conclusions should be based on
p.(None): critical and unbiased analysis of factual evidence. Research findings should be reported fully and in an objective manner.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): The design of the research should aim at maximizing the benefits and reducing the risks to participants of the research. There should be an
p.(None): appropriate balance between benefits and risks, and the well-being of the participants involved, especially those from vulnerable groups (such
p.(None): as young children, the mentally disadvantaged, and prisoners), should be protected. Rights of participants to make decisions for themselves
p.(None): should be respected, and researchers should not exert undue influence on participants’ decisions. Researchers should avoid conduct that may
p.(None): directly influence or distort research results. In collecting information, researchers should be sensitive towards differences in ethnic origin,
p.(None): culture, social class, religion, gender, age and sexual orientation, and the information collected should be used only for the purpose of the
p.(None): investigation. Data collection through deception should be avoided, and if it is absolutely necessary for deception to be employed, the
p.(None): researcher must ensure that no more than minimal risk is involved. Participants should be informed of the deception after data collection (i.e.
p.(None): debriefing), and the data may be used only with the participants’ consent re-obtained after the debriefing. The privacy of participants must be
p.(None): protected and all personal information should be treated in a confidential manner. In particular, so far as personal data are concerned, the
p.(None): Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance and the data protection principles in Schedule 1 of that Ordinance should be complied with. If there is any
p.(None): doubt about issues regarding personal data, assistance and advice should be sought from the University’s Data Protection Officer.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 2.2 Publication-related conduct
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Research results should be published in a timely manner, and publications should be based on objective analysis and interpretation of
p.(None): accurate research data in a professional manner. Authorship should only be based on significant and/or substantial contributions to the
p.(None): research proper, including contribution to the design of the study, data collection, data analysis, and reporting; and should not be for merely
...
Social / Student
Searching for indicator student:
(return to top)
p.(None): generation. Positions of seniority or responsibility should never be abused so as to put pressure on colleagues or research students, for
p.(None): example, to forgo their right to proper acknowledgement of their contribution to the research or publication in question, or to add persons who
p.(None): have not significantly and/or substantially contributed to the research onto the authorship list.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): In pursuing their research activities, members of the University should adhere to good research practices; should not engage in research
p.(None): misconduct such as plagiarism, fabrication, falsification or unauthorised use of data, improper ascription of authorship, non-disclosure of
p.(None): potential conflict of interestetc. (see Section 3 below). Relevant ethical approval must be obtained before the commencement of data
p.(None): collection. Misconduct or alleged misconduct in research will be dealt with in accordance with the Procedures for Dealing with Alleged Staff
p.(None): Misconduct in Research.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): The following Sections in this paper provide information and guidelines on good research practices and highlights of the major kinds of
p.(None): misconduct. Further questions on best practices or doubts about research malpractices or misconduct can be referred to the offices of
p.(None): Heads/Deans that are responsible for research-related matters (“Heads/Deans”) or the Director of Education and Development of Research
p.(None): Integrity for advice. Attendance of Responsible Conduct of Research (RCR) Seminar organized by the Research Services Section of the
p.(None): Registry is mandatory for current and new members of the University to be eligible for internal research and conference support and research
p.(None): postgraduate student supervision.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 2. Good Research Practices
p.(None):
p.(None): In pursuing their research activities, all members of the University should be committed to adhering to good research practices to ensure
p.(None): research integrity. It is essential that the design of research projects follows all relevant ethical guidelines, and researchers should only
p.(None): participate in work which conforms to accepted ethical standards and which they are competent to perform. Appropriate risk assessment
p.(None): exercises must be performed before an experiment is conducted. Experiments that are considered unsafe, as judged by experts and
p.(None): professionals, must not be carried out unless the risks have been sufficiently mitigated or nullified. When in doubt, researchers should consult
p.(None): the University Director of Safety, and the Director of Education and Development for Research Integrity (through the Research Services Section
p.(None): of the Registry), and seek assistance from their senior colleagues or peers or offices of Heads/Deans. Research postgraduate students should
p.(None): refer to the book Research Integrity published by the Graduate School. Members of the University may also refer to the following documents
p.(None): for common good research practices:
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 1. Code of Conduct for Research Integrity (European Science Foundation, March 2011; http://www.esf.org/coordinating-research/mo-
p.(None): fora/research-integrity.html);
p.(None):
p.(None): 2. ORI Introduction to the Responsible Conduct of Research (Revised Edition, August 2007), by Nicholas H. Steneck, published by the Office
p.(None): of Research Integrity, USA (http://ori.hhs.gov/documents/rcrintro.pdf);
p.(None):
...
p.(None): forms of dissemination of findings, etc.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): In reviewing research proposals and editing or reviewing research publications, a reviewer or an editor who has a relevant conflict of interest
p.(None): should abstain from the decision making process. For potential, minor or unavoidable conflict of interest, it must be unambiguously declared.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 2.6 Compliance with relevant regulations
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): All experiments or other forms of research project, where the University has an interest, involving consent of human participants and the use of
p.(None): vertebrate animal subjects must obtain prior approval of the appropriate Ethics Committee(s). Informed consent of human participants should
p.(None): be appropriately documented. Clients or sponsors should be alerted to the ethical and legal obligations of the researcher, and to the possible
p.(None): restrictions this may impose on the research.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Research should be conducted in compliance with applicable laws, safety and health guidelines, which are designed to ensure the safety and
p.(None): welfare of human participants and laboratory animals.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 2.7 Contract research
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Secrecy may be necessary for a limited period in some contract research. However, that necessity must be clearly stated in the contract and
p.(None): fully understood by all parties. Where a research student is involved in working on such a contractand using some of the research data in the
p.(None): student’s thesis project, the researcher concerned must ensure that the party sponsoring the research understands and accepts unequivocally
p.(None): that the student’s thesis will not be restricted from publication, although there may be scope for not releasing certain types of data confidential
p.(None): to the sponsor. Contract agreement should state clearly that, upon agreement by both parties, some relevant materials may be suitable, and
p.(None): hence allowed, for publication in academic journals or books. Consultation with the Graduate School should be undertaken before any
p.(None): restrictive agreement is reached. Researchers conducting contract research must ensure that the policy on Use of the University’s Name and
p.(None): Visual Identity is complied with to avoid commercial exploitation of the University’s name. If the contract involves intellectual property, the
p.(None): University’s Intellectual Property Rights Policy should be adhered to, and the Technology Transfer Office (TTO) should be consulted. In
p.(None): general, graduate students on publicly-funded scholarships who are to be engaged to carry out commercial projects under “contract research”
p.(None): or “outside practice” (especially when the work is outside the core of a student’s academic thesis project) should clearly declare the nature of
p.(None): such projects, and should obtain formal agreement from all parties and authorisation by the appropriate university bodies. Their projects should
p.(None): be adequately funded by the relevant commercial sources to avoid using publicly-funded scholarships to support commercial projects.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 2.8 Reporting irresponsible research practices
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Members of the university should report to the authorities concerned any suspected research misconduct (refer to the document Procedures for
p.(None): Dealing with Alleged Staff Misconduct in Research). This includes plagiarism, abuse of data, improper ascription of authorship, non-
p.(None): compliance with regulations, and other forms of improper research practices that are deemed unacceptable by the academic community (see
p.(None): Section 3 below).
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Staff members or students who in good faith report a concern or participate in the investigation of a case of research misconduct shall be
p.(None): protected from retaliation or adverse consequences of their employment or studies regardless of whether the allegation is substantiated. Staff
p.(None): members or students believing that they are being retaliated against shall immediately report the matter to the President & Vice-Chancellor.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): General academic disputes outside the context of research misconduct should be mediated or adjudicated at the department or Faculty level,
p.(None): involving senior professoriate members and/or the Department Head (or equivalent) and the Faculty Dean, or their delegates.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 2.9 Special needs in different disciplines
p.(None):
p.(None):
...
p.(None): informed consent;
p.(None):
p.(None): Publication or use of irreproducible data – report of data that came out from experiments that are irreproducible or experiments that have not
p.(None): been optimised, unless clearly stated in the report (e.g., as pilot data).
p.(None):
p.(None): 3.3 Improper ascription of authorship
p.(None):
p.(None): The over-riding principle for authorship of a research output is the intellectual contribution to the research process and not merely
p.(None): administrative involvement. Author and co-authors should have significant and/or substantial participation in conceiving, executing or
p.(None): interpreting at least part of the research reported. The research team should agree on which individuals should be named as co-authors,
p.(None): and the order in which their names appear in publications. The corresponding author(s) are ultimately responsible for the order in the
p.(None): authorship.
p.(None):
p.(None): One particularly serious offence is when senior staff (such as heads of department or supervisors) coerce colleagues or students into
p.(None): allowing the former to take the credit of the research in question as their own, either wholly or partly, and not acknowledging or giving proper
p.(None): credit to the latter. This is a failure of leadership and of moral responsibility.
p.(None):
p.(None): Misleading ascription of authorship includes the listing of authors without their permission, attributing work to those who have not in fact
p.(None): contributed to the research, and the lack of appropriate acknowledgement of work primarily produced by a research student or any
p.(None): associate. Due recognition of all participants is an important part of a proper research process. Authors should ensure that the work of
p.(None): research students, research assistants, and all support staff is properly acknowledged. It does not matter whether the researchers were
p.(None): employed or otherwise paid for their work.
p.(None):
p.(None): Each author must endorse the whole work. The authors of the research output should read the final paper and agree that each of them has
p.(None): met the minimum requirements for authorship. It is unethical to claim authorship without reading and approving the final draft in its entirety.
p.(None): All of the authors are equally responsible for the contents of the research output; if the contents are fraudulent then all authors carry the
p.(None): blame. Responsibility cannot be shifted from an academically senior author to an academically junior one, and vice versa.
p.(None):
p.(None): The unattributed re-presentation of any research output,whether for research or teaching, in a language other than the original is
p.(None): unacceptable.
p.(None):
p.(None): 3.4 Non-disclosure of potential conflict of interest
p.(None): Disclosure of any potential conflict of interest is essential for the responsible conduct of research. Non-disclosure is regarded as unethical
p.(None): behaviour.
p.(None):
p.(None): A researcher’s affiliation with, or financial involvement in, any organisation or entity with a direct interest in the subject matter, or in the
p.(None): provision of materials for the research, must be included in a full acknowledgement.
p.(None):
p.(None): Members of committees responsible for the allocation of research or conference grants should not participate in any way in the
...
Social / Victim of Abuse
Searching for indicator abuse:
(return to top)
p.(None): to the sponsor. Contract agreement should state clearly that, upon agreement by both parties, some relevant materials may be suitable, and
p.(None): hence allowed, for publication in academic journals or books. Consultation with the Graduate School should be undertaken before any
p.(None): restrictive agreement is reached. Researchers conducting contract research must ensure that the policy on Use of the University’s Name and
p.(None): Visual Identity is complied with to avoid commercial exploitation of the University’s name. If the contract involves intellectual property, the
p.(None): University’s Intellectual Property Rights Policy should be adhered to, and the Technology Transfer Office (TTO) should be consulted. In
p.(None): general, graduate students on publicly-funded scholarships who are to be engaged to carry out commercial projects under “contract research”
p.(None): or “outside practice” (especially when the work is outside the core of a student’s academic thesis project) should clearly declare the nature of
p.(None): such projects, and should obtain formal agreement from all parties and authorisation by the appropriate university bodies. Their projects should
p.(None): be adequately funded by the relevant commercial sources to avoid using publicly-funded scholarships to support commercial projects.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 2.8 Reporting irresponsible research practices
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Members of the university should report to the authorities concerned any suspected research misconduct (refer to the document Procedures for
p.(None): Dealing with Alleged Staff Misconduct in Research). This includes plagiarism, abuse of data, improper ascription of authorship, non-
p.(None): compliance with regulations, and other forms of improper research practices that are deemed unacceptable by the academic community (see
p.(None): Section 3 below).
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Staff members or students who in good faith report a concern or participate in the investigation of a case of research misconduct shall be
p.(None): protected from retaliation or adverse consequences of their employment or studies regardless of whether the allegation is substantiated. Staff
p.(None): members or students believing that they are being retaliated against shall immediately report the matter to the President & Vice-Chancellor.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): General academic disputes outside the context of research misconduct should be mediated or adjudicated at the department or Faculty level,
p.(None): involving senior professoriate members and/or the Department Head (or equivalent) and the Faculty Dean, or their delegates.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 2.9 Special needs in different disciplines
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): In some disciplines there may be special areas which require specific regulations, for example, animal and human experimentation and the
p.(None): handling of hazardous materials. The rules for these activities must form part of the general policy of ethics and safety for each department (or
p.(None): equivalent). The University Director of Safety should be consulted in these cases.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 2.10 Collaboration
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Researchers should pay particular attention to projects which include participants from different countries or where work will be carried out in
...
p.(None): authorship, recognising that, subject to legal and ethical requirements, roles and contributions may change during the time span of the
p.(None): research.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Further guidance on research integrity in collaborative research can be found in the Montreal Statement on Research Integrity in Cross-
p.(None): Boundary Research Collaborations referred to in Section 2.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 2.11 Checklist for researchers
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): The Code of Practice for Research issued by the UK Research Integrity Office (referred to in Section 2) provides a useful checklist for staff
p.(None): members and students to assist routine monitoring of their research work.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 3. Research Misconduct
p.(None):
p.(None): Research misconduct is one or more unethical practices that deviate from those commonly accepted within the academic community for
p.(None): proposing, conducting, or reporting research. It can appear in many forms, and may lead to disciplinary action. The following list only intends
p.(None): to highlight major kinds of research misconduct and is not exhaustive.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 3.1 Plagiarism and self-plagiarism
p.(None):
p.(None): Plagiarism is the use of another person’s work (including but not limited to any materials, creations, ideas and data) as if one’s own without
p.(None): due acknowledgement, whether or not such work has been published and regardless of the intent to deceive;
p.(None):
p.(None): Self-plagiarism is the reuse of one’s own work without acknowledging that such work has been submitted elsewhere.
p.(None):
p.(None): References to what could constitute plagiarism can be found in the University website on plagiarism.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 3.2 Abuse of data – this includes
p.(None):
p.(None): Fabrication of data – making up data and/or results where no or different data have been obtained, and publishing them as if they were real
p.(None): or true or representative;
p.(None):
p.(None): Falsification of data – manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes, or changing or omitting data or results such that the
p.(None): research is not accurately represented in the research record;
p.(None):
p.(None): Unethical collection of data – collecting data through exploitation of vulnerable or disadvantaged groups, or unnecessarily infringing upon the
p.(None): privacy of participants; the data collection process harmful to participants, or putting them at more risk than necessary;
p.(None):
p.(None): Unauthorised use of data – infringing on the data ownership rights of others, or using data involving human participants without their
p.(None): informed consent;
p.(None):
p.(None): Publication or use of irreproducible data – report of data that came out from experiments that are irreproducible or experiments that have not
p.(None): been optimised, unless clearly stated in the report (e.g., as pilot data).
p.(None):
p.(None): 3.3 Improper ascription of authorship
p.(None):
p.(None): The over-riding principle for authorship of a research output is the intellectual contribution to the research process and not merely
p.(None): administrative involvement. Author and co-authors should have significant and/or substantial participation in conceiving, executing or
p.(None): interpreting at least part of the research reported. The research team should agree on which individuals should be named as co-authors,
...
Social / Youth/Minors
Searching for indicator minor:
(return to top)
p.(None): Ethics Committee (HREC), the Institutional Review Board of the University of Hong Kong/Hospital Authority Hong Kong West Cluster I(RB), the
p.(None): Committee for the Use of Live Animals in Teaching and Research (CULATR)). The researchers must not use such information for their own
p.(None): personal advantage or that of a third party. In general, research results and methods should be open to scrutiny by colleagues within the
p.(None): University and, through appropriate publication, by the profession at large, provided that the confidentiality of individual participants’ identity is
p.(None): adequately protected, especially in accordance with any laws relating to data protection.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 2.5 Disclosure of conflict of interest
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): In order not to jeopardize the trustworthiness of research results, any relevant or potential conflict of interest - whether personal, financial,
p.(None): academic or political - should be identified and declared. Conflict of interest should be declared in research proposals, publications or other
p.(None): forms of dissemination of findings, etc.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): In reviewing research proposals and editing or reviewing research publications, a reviewer or an editor who has a relevant conflict of interest
p.(None): should abstain from the decision making process. For potential, minor or unavoidable conflict of interest, it must be unambiguously declared.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 2.6 Compliance with relevant regulations
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): All experiments or other forms of research project, where the University has an interest, involving consent of human participants and the use of
p.(None): vertebrate animal subjects must obtain prior approval of the appropriate Ethics Committee(s). Informed consent of human participants should
p.(None): be appropriately documented. Clients or sponsors should be alerted to the ethical and legal obligations of the researcher, and to the possible
p.(None): restrictions this may impose on the research.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Research should be conducted in compliance with applicable laws, safety and health guidelines, which are designed to ensure the safety and
p.(None): welfare of human participants and laboratory animals.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 2.7 Contract research
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Secrecy may be necessary for a limited period in some contract research. However, that necessity must be clearly stated in the contract and
p.(None): fully understood by all parties. Where a research student is involved in working on such a contractand using some of the research data in the
p.(None): student’s thesis project, the researcher concerned must ensure that the party sponsoring the research understands and accepts unequivocally
...
Social / education
Searching for indicator education:
(return to top)
p.(None): animals, and the environment under study. They must be fair in giving credit for the work of other researchers who participate in the research.
p.(None): They have a responsibility in supervising and nurturing research students and early-career researchers, who will be researchers of the next
p.(None): generation. Positions of seniority or responsibility should never be abused so as to put pressure on colleagues or research students, for
p.(None): example, to forgo their right to proper acknowledgement of their contribution to the research or publication in question, or to add persons who
p.(None): have not significantly and/or substantially contributed to the research onto the authorship list.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): In pursuing their research activities, members of the University should adhere to good research practices; should not engage in research
p.(None): misconduct such as plagiarism, fabrication, falsification or unauthorised use of data, improper ascription of authorship, non-disclosure of
p.(None): potential conflict of interestetc. (see Section 3 below). Relevant ethical approval must be obtained before the commencement of data
p.(None): collection. Misconduct or alleged misconduct in research will be dealt with in accordance with the Procedures for Dealing with Alleged Staff
p.(None): Misconduct in Research.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): The following Sections in this paper provide information and guidelines on good research practices and highlights of the major kinds of
p.(None): misconduct. Further questions on best practices or doubts about research malpractices or misconduct can be referred to the offices of
p.(None): Heads/Deans that are responsible for research-related matters (“Heads/Deans”) or the Director of Education and Development of Research
p.(None): Integrity for advice. Attendance of Responsible Conduct of Research (RCR) Seminar organized by the Research Services Section of the
p.(None): Registry is mandatory for current and new members of the University to be eligible for internal research and conference support and research
p.(None): postgraduate student supervision.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 2. Good Research Practices
p.(None):
p.(None): In pursuing their research activities, all members of the University should be committed to adhering to good research practices to ensure
p.(None): research integrity. It is essential that the design of research projects follows all relevant ethical guidelines, and researchers should only
p.(None): participate in work which conforms to accepted ethical standards and which they are competent to perform. Appropriate risk assessment
p.(None): exercises must be performed before an experiment is conducted. Experiments that are considered unsafe, as judged by experts and
p.(None): professionals, must not be carried out unless the risks have been sufficiently mitigated or nullified. When in doubt, researchers should consult
p.(None): the University Director of Safety, and the Director of Education and Development for Research Integrity (through the Research Services Section
p.(None): of the Registry), and seek assistance from their senior colleagues or peers or offices of Heads/Deans. Research postgraduate students should
p.(None): refer to the book Research Integrity published by the Graduate School. Members of the University may also refer to the following documents
p.(None): for common good research practices:
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 1. Code of Conduct for Research Integrity (European Science Foundation, March 2011; http://www.esf.org/coordinating-research/mo-
p.(None): fora/research-integrity.html);
p.(None):
p.(None): 2. ORI Introduction to the Responsible Conduct of Research (Revised Edition, August 2007), by Nicholas H. Steneck, published by the Office
p.(None): of Research Integrity, USA (http://ori.hhs.gov/documents/rcrintro.pdf);
p.(None):
p.(None): 3. Singapore Statement on Research Integrity, developed at the 2nd World Conference on Research Integrity, July 2010, in Singapore, as a
p.(None): global guide to the responsible conduct of research (http://www.singaporestatement.org);
p.(None):
p.(None): 4. Ethical Guidelines to Publication of Chemical Research (American Chemical Society, 2015)
p.(None): (https://pubs.acs.org/userimages/ContentEditor/1218054468605/ethics.pdf);
p.(None):
p.(None): 5. Nature Journals’ Policy on Publication Ethics (http://www.nature.com/authors/policies/publication.html);
p.(None):
p.(None): 6. Code of Practice for Research issued by UK Research Integrity Office, September 2009 (http://ukrio.org/wp-content/uploads/UKRIO-Code-
p.(None): of-Practice-for-Research.pdf);
p.(None):
p.(None): 7. Research Integrity and Research Misconduct Policy issued by Australian Research Council, April 2015
...
Social / gender
Searching for indicator gender:
(return to top)
p.(None): encouraged.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 2.1 Responsible conduct of research
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): All research should be conducted in a responsible manner. The design of the research should be well-considered, and research procedures
p.(None): should be carried out with rigour and care. The most appropriate research methods should be employed, and conclusions should be based on
p.(None): critical and unbiased analysis of factual evidence. Research findings should be reported fully and in an objective manner.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): The design of the research should aim at maximizing the benefits and reducing the risks to participants of the research. There should be an
p.(None): appropriate balance between benefits and risks, and the well-being of the participants involved, especially those from vulnerable groups (such
p.(None): as young children, the mentally disadvantaged, and prisoners), should be protected. Rights of participants to make decisions for themselves
p.(None): should be respected, and researchers should not exert undue influence on participants’ decisions. Researchers should avoid conduct that may
p.(None): directly influence or distort research results. In collecting information, researchers should be sensitive towards differences in ethnic origin,
p.(None): culture, social class, religion, gender, age and sexual orientation, and the information collected should be used only for the purpose of the
p.(None): investigation. Data collection through deception should be avoided, and if it is absolutely necessary for deception to be employed, the
p.(None): researcher must ensure that no more than minimal risk is involved. Participants should be informed of the deception after data collection (i.e.
p.(None): debriefing), and the data may be used only with the participants’ consent re-obtained after the debriefing. The privacy of participants must be
p.(None): protected and all personal information should be treated in a confidential manner. In particular, so far as personal data are concerned, the
p.(None): Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance and the data protection principles in Schedule 1 of that Ordinance should be complied with. If there is any
p.(None): doubt about issues regarding personal data, assistance and advice should be sought from the University’s Data Protection Officer.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 2.2 Publication-related conduct
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Research results should be published in a timely manner, and publications should be based on objective analysis and interpretation of
p.(None): accurate research data in a professional manner. Authorship should only be based on significant and/or substantial contributions to the
p.(None): research proper, including contribution to the design of the study, data collection, data analysis, and reporting; and should not be for merely
...
General/Other / Other Country
Searching for indicator another country:
(return to top)
p.(None): compliance with regulations, and other forms of improper research practices that are deemed unacceptable by the academic community (see
p.(None): Section 3 below).
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Staff members or students who in good faith report a concern or participate in the investigation of a case of research misconduct shall be
p.(None): protected from retaliation or adverse consequences of their employment or studies regardless of whether the allegation is substantiated. Staff
p.(None): members or students believing that they are being retaliated against shall immediately report the matter to the President & Vice-Chancellor.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): General academic disputes outside the context of research misconduct should be mediated or adjudicated at the department or Faculty level,
p.(None): involving senior professoriate members and/or the Department Head (or equivalent) and the Faculty Dean, or their delegates.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 2.9 Special needs in different disciplines
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): In some disciplines there may be special areas which require specific regulations, for example, animal and human experimentation and the
p.(None): handling of hazardous materials. The rules for these activities must form part of the general policy of ethics and safety for each department (or
p.(None): equivalent). The University Director of Safety should be consulted in these cases.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 2.10 Collaboration
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Researchers should pay particular attention to projects which include participants from different countries or where work will be carried out in
p.(None): another country, due to the additional legal and ethical requirements and other guidelines that may apply.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): They should be aware of the standards and procedures for the conduct of research followed by any organisations involved in collaborative
p.(None): research that they are undertaking. They should also be aware of any contractual requirements involving partner organisations, seeking
p.(None): guidance and assistance where necessary.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): They should try to anticipate any issues that might arise as a result of working collaboratively and to agree jointly in advance how such issues
p.(None): might be addressed, communicating any decisions to all members of the research team. In particular, agreement should be sought on the
p.(None): specific roles of the researchers involved in the project and on issues relating to intellectual property, publication and the attribution of
p.(None): authorship, recognising that, subject to legal and ethical requirements, roles and contributions may change during the time span of the
p.(None): research.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Further guidance on research integrity in collaborative research can be found in the Montreal Statement on Research Integrity in Cross-
p.(None): Boundary Research Collaborations referred to in Section 2.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 2.11 Checklist for researchers
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): The Code of Practice for Research issued by the UK Research Integrity Office (referred to in Section 2) provides a useful checklist for staff
p.(None): members and students to assist routine monitoring of their research work.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 3. Research Misconduct
p.(None):
p.(None): Research misconduct is one or more unethical practices that deviate from those commonly accepted within the academic community for
...
General/Other / Relationship to Authority
Searching for indicator authority:
(return to top)
p.(None): the individual researcher provides little protection to the researcher or the University in the event of an allegation of falsification of data. In
p.(None): some cases there may be restrictions on the retention of data obtained from limited access databases or in a project carried out under a
p.(None): contract. In such cases, a written indication of the location of the original data or key information regarding the limited-access database from
p.(None): which it was extracted must be kept in the department or research unit.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): It should be noted that in general, data on research published in the open literature cannot be used as materials for patent filing.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Under the Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance, researchers must ensure that the personal data of participants are properly protected, and
p.(None): disclosure is not allowed without the consent of the participants concerned. If data of a confidential nature are obtained, for example from
p.(None): individual patient records or by questionnaires, confidentiality of the information must be observed to protect the informants. The methods of
p.(None): data acquisition and the use to which the data will be put must be approved by the appropriate Ethics Committee(s) (e.g. the Human Research
p.(None): Ethics Committee (HREC), the Institutional Review Board of the University of Hong Kong/Hospital Authority Hong Kong West Cluster I(RB), the
p.(None): Committee for the Use of Live Animals in Teaching and Research (CULATR)). The researchers must not use such information for their own
p.(None): personal advantage or that of a third party. In general, research results and methods should be open to scrutiny by colleagues within the
p.(None): University and, through appropriate publication, by the profession at large, provided that the confidentiality of individual participants’ identity is
p.(None): adequately protected, especially in accordance with any laws relating to data protection.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 2.5 Disclosure of conflict of interest
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): In order not to jeopardize the trustworthiness of research results, any relevant or potential conflict of interest - whether personal, financial,
p.(None): academic or political - should be identified and declared. Conflict of interest should be declared in research proposals, publications or other
p.(None): forms of dissemination of findings, etc.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): In reviewing research proposals and editing or reviewing research publications, a reviewer or an editor who has a relevant conflict of interest
p.(None): should abstain from the decision making process. For potential, minor or unavoidable conflict of interest, it must be unambiguously declared.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 2.6 Compliance with relevant regulations
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): All experiments or other forms of research project, where the University has an interest, involving consent of human participants and the use of
...
General/Other / Undue Influence
Searching for indicator undue influence:
(return to top)
p.(None): these policies to be based on not just a few static documents or codes or guidelines, but an evolving and emerging mechanism. There are
p.(None): research integrity conferences such as the World Conferences on Research Integrity and the Asia Pacific Conferences in Research Integrity, at
p.(None): which new benchmarks are discussed and physical cases are reported and analysed; participation by staff members in such conferences is
p.(None): encouraged.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 2.1 Responsible conduct of research
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): All research should be conducted in a responsible manner. The design of the research should be well-considered, and research procedures
p.(None): should be carried out with rigour and care. The most appropriate research methods should be employed, and conclusions should be based on
p.(None): critical and unbiased analysis of factual evidence. Research findings should be reported fully and in an objective manner.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): The design of the research should aim at maximizing the benefits and reducing the risks to participants of the research. There should be an
p.(None): appropriate balance between benefits and risks, and the well-being of the participants involved, especially those from vulnerable groups (such
p.(None): as young children, the mentally disadvantaged, and prisoners), should be protected. Rights of participants to make decisions for themselves
p.(None): should be respected, and researchers should not exert undue influence on participants’ decisions. Researchers should avoid conduct that may
p.(None): directly influence or distort research results. In collecting information, researchers should be sensitive towards differences in ethnic origin,
p.(None): culture, social class, religion, gender, age and sexual orientation, and the information collected should be used only for the purpose of the
p.(None): investigation. Data collection through deception should be avoided, and if it is absolutely necessary for deception to be employed, the
p.(None): researcher must ensure that no more than minimal risk is involved. Participants should be informed of the deception after data collection (i.e.
p.(None): debriefing), and the data may be used only with the participants’ consent re-obtained after the debriefing. The privacy of participants must be
p.(None): protected and all personal information should be treated in a confidential manner. In particular, so far as personal data are concerned, the
p.(None): Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance and the data protection principles in Schedule 1 of that Ordinance should be complied with. If there is any
p.(None): doubt about issues regarding personal data, assistance and advice should be sought from the University’s Data Protection Officer.
p.(None):
p.(None):
...
Orphaned Trigger Words
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Staff members of the University whose publications contain data/results that were collected in other institutions (e.g. in postdoctoral period, or
p.(None): previous organisations) must be clearly declared and acknowledged in the publications. Citations should be done to the best of
p.(None): academic/professional abilities and knowledge of the authors, in ensuring that they are both relevant and pertinent.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Where appropriate and with their permission, names of individuals or organisations which have made significant contributions to the research
p.(None): and the roles they played in the project should be acknowledged in publications. These include funding agencies, sponsors, and research
p.(None): collaborators and assistants who do not meet the authorship criteria. Important works on which the research is based, and other academics
p.(None): who have contributed intellectually to the research should be appropriately cited or acknowledged.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Authors who engage technical expertise in collecting certain data which are part of the publications should discuss with the technical assistant
p.(None): if the work involved is significant and/or substantial enough to justify inclusion of the latter as a co-author. Agreement should be sought before
p.(None): the data are collected. In general, intellectual contributions (such as data analysis and interpretation, more than just routine data collection and
p.(None): compilation) are the requirement for listing as co-authors. Staff who provide technical assistance (e.g. making the equipment accessible for
p.(None): data collection) but without significant intellectual contributions to the work should be properly acknowledged but not listed as co-authors.
p.(None): Publication of the same (or substantial parts of the same) work in different journals is acceptable only with the consent of the editors of the
p.(None): journals and where proper reference is made to the prior publication(s). In some fields, publications in conference proceedings are considered
p.(None): as full publications and hence such materials should not be duplicated in other publications. In the author’s CV such related articles must be
p.(None): indicated as such and not give the impression that they are distinct research outputs when they are in fact the same or similar.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Authors should make plagiarism check of their manuscripts before they are submitted for publications. Software for such check (e.g.
p.(None): iThenticate; Turnitin) is widely available nowadays.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): In reviewing manuscripts submitted to journals or other publications, confidentiality must be observed. Editors and reviewers should never
p.(None): make use of the writing or the data in the submitted manuscripts without the explicit permission of the corresponding author. All major journals
p.(None): have published guidelines on authorship and conduct of reviewers, which should be adhered to strictly.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): In communicating research findings to the general public (for example, through popular media), the same standards of honesty, objectivity and
p.(None): fairness should be observed. The significance or the practical use of the research findings or products, as well as the limitations of the
p.(None): findings, should be presented in a truthful manner, and the reported findings should not be misleadingly selective or exaggerated. Materials
p.(None): collected in research projects that have strong potential for technology transfer, background IP or knowhow for start-ups, and eventual patent
p.(None): licensing and commercialisation should be referred to the Technology Transfer Office (TTO) and the Versitech Ltd. for advice before they are
p.(None): published or presented in conferences.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): When any author discovers, or be informed of, mistakes in a published manuscript, the author should immediately alert the editor and seek
p.(None): advice on publication of an erratum or withdrawal of the paper. If there are co-authors, they should also be informed immediately.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 2.3 Care and safety
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): All human and animal research subjects must be treated with care and respect. In the design of the research, sufficient provisions should be
p.(None): made for ensuring the safety of the human participants in data collection. Risks and distress to participants should be estimated and kept to a
p.(None): minimum. The safety, health and welfare of the community and of all people relating to the research must be safeguarded.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Animals should be used in research only when alternative means have been found to be not viable or adequate. Where possible, the use of
p.(None): animals in research should be replaced by other methods such as computer simulationor cellular or other model systems. If research involving
p.(None): animals is necessary, the research design should aim at reducing the number of animals used to obtain sufficientinformation, and no more than
p.(None): the minimum number of animals necessary to ensure scientific and statistical validity should be used. Harm or distress inflicted upon the
p.(None): animals must be outweighed by the benefits expected from the research, and measures should be taken to keep such harm or distress to a
p.(None): minimum.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): The physical and cultural environment should also be respected and treated with care, and measures need to be taken to minimize any
p.(None): unavoidableharmful impact on the environment. Researcher should take the sustainability of environmental resources into consideration in
p.(None): research design. All resources should be utilized and deployed efficiently, and waste should be minimized.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): In reporting experiments that are hazardous or potentially dangerous, authors are obliged to highlight and emphasise the hazards and the
p.(None): means to mitigate such risks.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 2.4 Proper data handling
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Research data must be collected and dated in a truthful manner, and there should be clear record on the data collection process. Data should
p.(None): be kept in a secured and accessible form, as standard in more than one medium and at more than one location, and be documented and
p.(None): archived for a substantial period of time (at least 5 years after publication of the findings, and preferably longer) to allow for verification and
p.(None): replication by other researchers. (Data can be kept stored over a prolonged period on electronic/digital media.) The University’s Policy on the
p.(None): Management of Research Data and Records must be observed. All research data and record of these data can be subject to audits and
p.(None): related examination as proof of authenticity.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Individual researchers should be able to hold copies of the data for their own use. Nevertheless, it should be understood that retention solely by
p.(None): the individual researcher provides little protection to the researcher or the University in the event of an allegation of falsification of data. In
...
Appendix
Indicator List
| Indicator | Vulnerability |
|---|
| abuse | Victim of Abuse |
| access | Access to Social Goods |
| age | Age |
| another country | Other Country |
| authority | Relationship to Authority |
| children | Child |
| coerce | Presence of Coercion |
| education | education |
| ethnic | Ethnicity |
| faith | Religion |
| gender | gender |
| home | Property Ownership |
| influence | Drug Usage |
| language | Linguistic Proficiency |
| mentally | Mentally Disabled |
| minor | Youth/Minors |
| officer | Police Officer |
| party | political affiliation |
| political | political affiliation |
| prisoners | Criminal Convictions |
| property | Property Ownership |
| religion | Religion |
| restricted | Incarcerated |
| student | Student |
| undue influence | Undue Influence |
| vulnerable | vulnerable |
Indicator Peers (Indicators in Same Vulnerability)
| Indicator | Peers |
|---|
| faith | ['religion'] |
| home | ['property'] |
| party | ['political'] |
| political | ['party'] |
| property | ['home'] |
| religion | ['faith'] |
Trigger Words
consent
cultural
ethics
harm
protect
protection
risk
sensitive
welfare
Applicable Type / Vulnerability / Indicator Overlay for this Input