79C3C34C52B45572883A05D425EB0F82
Good Practice in Research: Internet-Mediated Research
https://ukrio.org/wp-content/uploads/UKRIO-Guidance-Note-Internet-Mediated-Research-v1.0.pdf
http://leaux.net/URLS/ConvertAPI Text Files/B6DFC2E03C89AD822FD1D55D857B133C.en.txt
Examining the file media/Synopses/B6DFC2E03C89AD822FD1D55D857B133C.html:
This file was generated: 2020-12-01 07:25:42
| Indicators in focus are typically shown highlighted in yellow; |
Peer Indicators (that share the same Vulnerability association) are shown highlighted in pink; |
"Outside" Indicators (those that do NOT share the same Vulnerability association) are shown highlighted in green; |
Trigger Words/Phrases are shown highlighted in gray. |
Link to Orphaned Trigger Words (Appendix (Indicator List, Indicator Peers, Trigger Words, Type/Vulnerability/Indicator Overlay)
Applicable Type / Vulnerability / Indicator Overlay for this Input
Political / Illegal Activity
Searching for indicator crime:
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p.(None): Studies, 23(4), pp.525-535.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 11 © UKRIO 2016
p.(None):
p.(None): UK Research Integrity Office Good practice in research: internet-mediated
p.(None): research v1.0
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Day Thompson, S. (2016). Preserving Social Media. Digital Preservation Coalition
p.(None): http://www.dpconline.org/newsroom/latest-news/1616-capturing-the-conversation-new-report-highlights-
p.(None): the-need-to-preserve-social-media
p.(None): Economic and Social Research Council (2016) http://www.esrc.ac.uk/funding/guidance-for-
p.(None): applicants/research-ethics/frequently-raised-topics/internet-mediated-research/
p.(None): Elgesem, Dag (2002) What is special about the ethical issues in online research? Ethics and Information Technology 4, 3
p.(None): pp.195–203
p.(None): Ess, C. (2007) ‘Internet research ethics’ The Oxford Handbook of Internet Psychology pp487-502. Oxford University Press
p.(None): Ess, C. (2013) Digital media ethics. Polity
p.(None): Fielding, N & Lee, R. M (2008) The SAGE Handbook of Online Research Methods London SAGE
p.(None): Garton, L., C. Haythornthwaite and B. Wellman (1999) ‘Studying On-Line Social Networks’, in S.G. Jones (ed.) Doing
p.(None): Internet Research: Critical Issues and Methods for Examining the Net, pp. 75–106. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
p.(None): Glaser J., Dixit, J. and Green, D.P. (2002) Studying hate crime with the internet: what makes racists advocate racial
p.(None): violence? Journal of Social Issues, 58, 1
p.(None): Glough, P, Gregory, K, Haber, B & Scannell, J (2015) The Datalogical Turn In Vannini, P. Non- Representational
p.(None): Methodologies: Re-Envisioning Research p146. Routledge.
p.(None): Illingworth, N (2001) The internet matters: exploring the use of the internet as a research tool Sociological Research
p.(None): Online Vol 6 (2) Accessed at www.socresonline.org.uk/6/2/illingworth.html
p.(None): International Visual Sociology Association (2009) Code of research ethics and guidelines
p.(None): http://visualsociology.org/about/ethics-and-guidelines.html Hughes, J. ed., 2012. SAGE internet research methods. Sage.
p.(None): Hunsinger, J and Krotoski, A (2010) Learning and researching in virtual worlds Learning, Media and Technology
p.(None): Vol.35(2), pp.93-97
p.(None): Ingierd, Helene and Hallvard Fossheim (Eds.) (2015) Internet Research Ethics, Oslo: Cappelen Damm Akademisk, pp. 98–121
p.(None): Ipsos MORI (2014) ‘Personalisation versus Privacy’ https://www.ipsos-
p.(None): mori.com/researchpublications/trends-and-futures/1694/Personalisation-vs-Privacy.aspx
p.(None): Jaggar, A. M (1992) Feminist Ethics, In Lawrence C. Becker & Charlotte B. Becker (eds.), The Encyclopaedia of Ethics.
p.(None): Garland Publishing
p.(None): Kember, S, and Zylinska, J. (2012) Life after new media: Mediation as a vital process. MIT Press
...
Political / political affiliation
Searching for indicator political:
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p.(None): replicated if those data have been subject to alterations
p.(None): 6. Special considerations, for the participant and for the researcher are required for ‘insider research’ (for
p.(None): example researching a group or network the researcher is already within or one which they will become integrated into)
p.(None): as the researcher needs to prepare for the blurring boundaries, the need to create boundaries and if they are
p.(None): disclosing as a researcher how are they best to do this. Researchers are opting to set up separate social media
p.(None): accounts for their professional profile or for a specific research project to make boundaries clear from the offset.
p.(None): 7. Are researchers obligated to anonymise data as a default action? If so how are researchers to navigate if a
p.(None): participant wish to be attributed to those data
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 7 © UKRIO 2016
p.(None):
p.(None): UK Research Integrity Office Good practice in research: internet-mediated
p.(None): research v1.0
p.(None):
p.(None): 4. Private or public spaces and data
p.(None): “While much internet communication is often effectively public through greater visibility, traceability and permanence,
p.(None): it is not always apparent whether this makes it ethically acceptable to use such data freely for research purposes.”
p.(None): (BPS 2013, 7)
p.(None):
p.(None): The difficulty with privacy is that expressed concerns about privacy are often not expressed in internet user’s
p.(None): behaviour (Spiekermann et al. 2001, Morris 2016). The MRS Delphi Report5 evidenced the view that users accept that
p.(None): there is political economy or marketable value in their data without always understanding that trade and what it means
p.(None): to them. Elgesum (2002, 202) It is important that researchers consider this in a potential project and that ethical
p.(None): review takes into consideration that the public may not have informed expectations about the processing of their
p.(None): information and the political and fiscal value in their data. It is pertinent at this point to acknowledge that data
p.(None): are used by market researchers and advertisers as well as researchers and that the intent of the corporations leading
p.(None): social media platforms, as an example, is not to develop a platform where researcher’s lives are made easy or for
p.(None): research to be ethically facilitated.
p.(None):
p.(None): “As a researcher, you don’t get an ethical free pass because a user checked a box next to a link to a website’s terms
p.(None): of use. The researcher is responsible for making sure all participants are properly consented. In many cases, study
p.(None): staff will verbally go through lengthy consent forms with potential participants, point by point. Researchers will even
p.(None): quiz participants after presenting the informed consent information to make sure they really understand6.”
p.(None):
p.(None): Researchers are using research specific platforms like surveymonkey, Prolific Academic7 and callforparticipants where
p.(None): it is easier to unpick the legal and data management workings of a platform. This may alleviate the concerns for a
p.(None): researcher who is navigating the need for balance between the interests of the research, the participant and their data
p.(None): (identifiable or not) and the online platform.
p.(None):
p.(None): It is important to acknowledge again the uncertainty or lack of power researchers have o the state of data they may
p.(None): have collected but do not own. The technology available and change in legislation which may change the permanence of
p.(None): data. The European right to be forgotten (the right to request the removal of data) is potentially problematic for
...
p.(None): Ipsos MORI (2014) ‘Personalisation versus Privacy’ https://www.ipsos-
p.(None): mori.com/researchpublications/trends-and-futures/1694/Personalisation-vs-Privacy.aspx
p.(None): Jaggar, A. M (1992) Feminist Ethics, In Lawrence C. Becker & Charlotte B. Becker (eds.), The Encyclopaedia of Ethics.
p.(None): Garland Publishing
p.(None): Kember, S, and Zylinska, J. (2012) Life after new media: Mediation as a vital process. MIT Press
p.(None): Koene, A (2015) ‘Participant consent and withdrawal when using publicly archived data’ Panel: Privacy, ethics and
p.(None): publicness in digital media environments BAAL SIG workshop on the Ethics of Online Research Methods 17 April 2015
p.(None): University of Cardiff
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 12 © UKRIO 2016
p.(None):
p.(None): UK Research Integrity Office Good practice in research: internet-mediated
p.(None): research v1.0
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Kraft et al. Research Conducted Using Data Obtained through Online Communities: Ethical Implications of Methodological
p.(None): Limitations (2012) http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001328
p.(None): Kramer, A (2014) Untitled [online] Facebook 29 June Available at www.facebook.com Accessed 22 June 2015
p.(None): Kramer, A (2014) Experimental evidence of massive-scale emotional contagion through social networks
p.(None): http://www.pnas.org/content/111/24/8788.full
p.(None): Krotoski, A (2011) Wikileaks and the New, Transparent World Order Political Quarterly Vol. 82(4), pp.526- 530
p.(None): Krotoski, A (2010) Technology: Libraries of the future Nature Vol. 468(7324), pp.633-633
p.(None): Mann, C. & Stewart, F. (2000) Internet Communication and Qualitative Research (A Handbook for Researching Online)
p.(None): Livingstone, S., Ólafsson, K. and Staksrud, E. (2013) Risky Social Networking Practices Among 'Underage' Users: Lessons
p.(None): for Evidence-Based Policy, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 18 pp. 303-320
p.(None): Markham, A and Baym, N (2008) Internet inquiry: conversations about method. London: Sage
p.(None): Mann, C and Stewart, F (2000) Online Communication and Qualitative Research: A Handbook for Researching Online. SAGE,
p.(None): London
p.(None): Markham, A “Disrupting top down frameworks for ethics: A proactive approach to 'doing the right thing' in digital
p.(None): research” Plenary session BAAL SIG workshop on the Ethics of Online Research Methods 17 April 2015 University of
p.(None): Cardiff
p.(None): McKee, Heidi A. & Porter, J. E. (2009) The ethics of Internet research: a rhetorical, case-based process p.31
p.(None): McBride, N K (2014)"ACTIVE ethics: an information systems ethics for the internet age", Journal of Information,
p.(None): Communication and Ethics in Society, Vol. 12 Iss 1 pp.21–44
p.(None): Morris, I-K E-Ethics and Higher Education (forthcoming) July 2016 Networking Knowledge 9(5)
...
Social / Access to Social Goods
Searching for indicator access:
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p.(None): embedding this guidance into research culture to assist in ethical review, research practice and consideration of
p.(None): ethical issues.
p.(None):
p.(None): The aim of this document is to assist researchers, research organisations and higher education institutions at a time
p.(None): where guidance and the use of this research landscape is still emerging.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Footnote to the first edition
p.(None): As noted, the internet is an emerging research landscape. Similarly, the technologies available are also emerging.
p.(None): Consequently, UKRIO feels that giving explicit, ‘one-size-fits-all’ guidance on internet-mediated research would not be
p.(None): helpful. Instead, we wish to raise awareness of known and emerging issues of good practice in this field.
p.(None):
p.(None): As internet-mediated research evolves further, good practice will continue to develop. This document will be revised
p.(None): periodically, to reflect such developments and highlight those new challenges which emerge.
p.(None): UKRIO will seek feedback from the research community to inform the revision of this document
p.(None):
p.(None): Equally, if consensus develops on what explicit guidance on good practice in this field should look like, then this
p.(None): document will be revised accordingly.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 1 British Sociological Association: “Members should take special take care when carrying out research via the
p.(None): Internet. Ethical standards for internet research are not well developed as yet. Eliciting informed consent,
p.(None): negotiating access agreements, assessing the boundaries between public and the private, and ensuring the security of
p.(None): data transmissions are all problematic in Internet research. Members who carry out research online should ensure that
p.(None): they are familiar with ongoing debates on the ethics of Internet research, and might wish to consider erring on the
p.(None): side of caution in making judgements affecting the wellbeing of online research participants.”
p.(None):
p.(None): 2 © UKRIO 2016
p.(None):
p.(None): UK Research Integrity Office Good practice in research: internet-mediated
p.(None): research v1.0
p.(None):
p.(None): Defining internet-mediated research
p.(None): The term ‘internet-mediated research’ is a generalised term for undertaking research on the internet. Examples could be
p.(None): where a researcher is exploring digital lives; using social media to recruit to a study; using the internet as a data
p.(None): collection tool; using online communication methods to undertake focus groups, hold discussions or conduct interviews;
p.(None): to collect data from a social media platform to undertake textual analysis.
p.(None):
p.(None): Internet research is defined by the Norwegian National Committee for Research Ethics in the Social Sciences and the
p.(None): Humanities (NESH, 2014) as:
p.(None): 1. research on the Internet as a phenomenon in its own right, its structure and technology (production systems,
p.(None): technical design, programs, codes, etc.);
p.(None): 2. use of the Internet as a research tool (collection of data and information using informants, surveys, archives,
p.(None): logs, algorithms, etc.); and
p.(None): 3. research on production, communication and interaction using the Internet (e-mail, social media, blogs, Internet
p.(None): forums, discussion pages, comments fields, or the use of computer games, search engines, web pages, etc.).
p.(None): And it is defined by the Association of Internet Researchers Ethics Working Committee (2012) as inquiry that:
p.(None): 1. utilizes the internet to collect data or information, e.g., through online interviews, surveys, archiving, or
p.(None): automated means of data scraping;
p.(None): 2. studies how people use and access the internet, e.g., through collecting and observing activities or participating
p.(None): on social network sites, listservs, web sites, blogs, games, virtual worlds, or other online environments or contexts;
p.(None): 3. utilizes or engages in data processing, analysis, or storage of datasets, databanks, and/or repositories available
p.(None): via the internet;
p.(None): 4. studies software, code, and internet technologies;
p.(None): 5. examines the design or structures of systems, interfaces, pages, and elements;
p.(None): 6. employs visual and textual analysis, semiotic analysis, content analysis, or other methods of analysis to study
p.(None): the web and/or internet-facilitated images, writings, and media forms; and
p.(None): 7. studies large scale production, use, and regulation of the internet by governments, industries, corporations, and
p.(None): military forces.
p.(None): In addition to an increasing number of researchers choosing the internet for their research due to the pervasiveness of
p.(None): the internet and the digitisation of lives, there are valuable benefits and new opportunities that the internet
p.(None): provides. Glaser, J (2002, pp.177-193 and 189-90) states that “the anonymity of the internet permits research into
p.(None): marginal groups for whom self-disclosure may have costs, and where participants may be suspicious of researchers and
p.(None): outsiders.” and Illingworth (2001) suggests that the internet affords an efficient way of recruiting specialist
p.(None): participants. Both Glaser and Illingworth are suggesting that the internet allows
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 3 © UKRIO 2016
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p.(None): from the researcher, not just to the research participant but also to their networked relations.
p.(None): 2. It is not feasible for data to be a discrete dataset and owned or controlled by the researcher- In the conference
p.(None): proceedings of the Academy of Social Sciences conference on Social Media (21 March 2016) Professor Susan Halford in her
p.(None): keynote stated that ethical review in research organisations makes the following assumptions that datasets are
p.(None): discrete; are of a micro scale and therefore managed and owned by the researcher; and that researchers are looking at
p.(None): individuals rather than tracing of social networks, social groups or connections.
p.(None): 3. Knowing that dataset can be altered or removed, how does a researcher navigate this; how does this affect the
p.(None): research record; how does that allow replicability/reproducibility of a dataset?
p.(None): 4. How does a researcher navigate the legal framework within which they’re working – especially in areas where there
p.(None): is clear conflict, as an example the Twitter terms and conditions state that any quotes (verbatim or paraphrased) must
p.(None): include the full twitter handle and should not be altered however if a researcher is attempting to paraphrase, use
p.(None): pseudonym, protect the identity by anonymising or using pseudonym is a researcher excepted to breach the terms and
p.(None): conditions of the platform they are collecting data from? How is a researcher expected to balance the interests of the
p.(None): participant, the researcher’s institution and the platform they are collecting data from?
p.(None): 5. There is a turn to maximise the value of research data by encouraging data sharing, re-use and open-access
p.(None): publication – this can be problematic if those data are subject to potential change if sourced from its originator or
p.(None): if sharing from e.g. a data repository how can this be stored and retained and are the data valid if they cannot be
p.(None): replicated if those data have been subject to alterations
p.(None): 6. Special considerations, for the participant and for the researcher are required for ‘insider research’ (for
p.(None): example researching a group or network the researcher is already within or one which they will become integrated into)
p.(None): as the researcher needs to prepare for the blurring boundaries, the need to create boundaries and if they are
p.(None): disclosing as a researcher how are they best to do this. Researchers are opting to set up separate social media
p.(None): accounts for their professional profile or for a specific research project to make boundaries clear from the offset.
p.(None): 7. Are researchers obligated to anonymise data as a default action? If so how are researchers to navigate if a
p.(None): participant wish to be attributed to those data
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 7 © UKRIO 2016
p.(None):
p.(None): UK Research Integrity Office Good practice in research: internet-mediated
p.(None): research v1.0
p.(None):
p.(None): 4. Private or public spaces and data
p.(None): “While much internet communication is often effectively public through greater visibility, traceability and permanence,
p.(None): it is not always apparent whether this makes it ethically acceptable to use such data freely for research purposes.”
p.(None): (BPS 2013, 7)
p.(None):
...
p.(None): are used by market researchers and advertisers as well as researchers and that the intent of the corporations leading
p.(None): social media platforms, as an example, is not to develop a platform where researcher’s lives are made easy or for
p.(None): research to be ethically facilitated.
p.(None):
p.(None): “As a researcher, you don’t get an ethical free pass because a user checked a box next to a link to a website’s terms
p.(None): of use. The researcher is responsible for making sure all participants are properly consented. In many cases, study
p.(None): staff will verbally go through lengthy consent forms with potential participants, point by point. Researchers will even
p.(None): quiz participants after presenting the informed consent information to make sure they really understand6.”
p.(None):
p.(None): Researchers are using research specific platforms like surveymonkey, Prolific Academic7 and callforparticipants where
p.(None): it is easier to unpick the legal and data management workings of a platform. This may alleviate the concerns for a
p.(None): researcher who is navigating the need for balance between the interests of the research, the participant and their data
p.(None): (identifiable or not) and the online platform.
p.(None):
p.(None): It is important to acknowledge again the uncertainty or lack of power researchers have o the state of data they may
p.(None): have collected but do not own. The technology available and change in legislation which may change the permanence of
p.(None): data. The European right to be forgotten (the right to request the removal of data) is potentially problematic for
p.(None): research replicability or reproducibility. A researcher can access tools which can uncover removed data, which may or
p.(None): may not be considered hacking, or can potentially be using research data which has since been removed. (Morris 2016).
p.(None):
p.(None): Researchers need to be supported in the acknowledgement that some of the complexities that researchers are being asked
p.(None): to navigate while researching online, particularly in social media for a, which is a landscape led by conflicts between
p.(None): the central interests of research and the interests of those external to the research process (Elgesum 2002, 197).
p.(None):
p.(None): 5 Acknowledgement: Panel: Privacy, ethics and publicness in digital media environments Dr Ansgar Koene “Participant
p.(None): consent and withdrawal when using publicly archived data” HORIZON Digital Economy Research, University of Nottingham
p.(None): BAAL SIG workshop on the Ethics of Online Research Methods 17 April 2015
p.(None): 6 Arthur, Charles quoting Masnick, Max June 2014 http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/jun/30/facebook-
p.(None): emotion-study-breached-ethical-guidelines-researchers-say Accessed 22/06/15
p.(None): 7 Prolific Academic site http://www.prolific.ac/, it is acknowledged that this site is purely for recruitment but acts
p.(None): as an example of academics taking the online world into their own hands.
p.(None):
p.(None): 8 © UKRIO 2016
p.(None):
p.(None): UK Research Integrity Office Good practice in research: internet-mediated
p.(None): research v1.0
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): The complexities, lack of control and uncertainty could be considered as similar to ethnographic methods which have
...
Social / Age
Searching for indicator age:
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p.(None): potential of disruption of a community and the potential harm of disclosing as a researcher. BPS (2013) suggest seeking
p.(None): gatekeeper permission from a forum moderator if a researcher is navigating how to approach a group and negotiating the
p.(None): benefits or risks of disclosing as a researcher to a group. Particular consideration should be given to data or people
p.(None): where the interaction or data collection are undertaken in a password protected environment or environment that may be
p.(None): perceived by the user as private.
p.(None):
p.(None): Deception
p.(None): The British Psychological Society are a useful resource when considering using deception within a study. The use of
p.(None): deception is sometimes accompanied by a debriefing process following the research activity. The use of deception must
p.(None): be justifiable and balanced with the research objective and the anticipated risks or harms.
p.(None):
p.(None): Valid consent
p.(None): As with deception of identity it could also be said that the anonymity permitted by the internet may allow for
p.(None): deception and the challenge of ensuring that a participant has fully understood the study and therefore giving fully
p.(None): informed and valid consent. The chosen approach of informing potential participants and going consent needs to be
p.(None): appropriate and proportionate to the sensitivity of the topic; the potential group(s); and the nature of the study.
p.(None):
p.(None): Age
p.(None): The verification of identity, age and of valid consent is challenging. Age is perhaps the most challenging when
p.(None): considering either researching or not researching with children and young people. If a research project intends to not
p.(None): include minors, there are ways attempting to mitigate against that risk but as with many risks in research there may
p.(None): not be method of eliminating all risk. Uncertainty is a characteristic of
p.(None):
p.(None): 5 © UKRIO 2016
p.(None):
p.(None): UK Research Integrity Office Good practice in research: internet-mediated
p.(None): research v1.0
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): much research online during the research activity and beyond the activity with regard to the data which is touched on
p.(None): further in the data management section of this document. To use social media as an example, on some social media
p.(None): platforms there are minimum age limits - e.g. Facebook asks users to be 13 and older; however, age is not verified in
p.(None): what may be seen in the ‘off line’ world as a valid method of verifying age and therefore researching on that social
p.(None): media platform may involve minors unknowingly. This must be considered on a case by case basis within ethical review
p.(None): dependant on the sensitivity of the topic and the approach of the researcher.
p.(None):
p.(None): Researchers are often using a social media platform without having any capacity to control the age of users, the other
p.(None): uses of data and the fate of those data. Elgesum (2002, 197) acknowledges that the media often have an agenda that is
p.(None): different than of a research project and this puts researchers into a precarious position between using a platform
p.(None): which is out of their control and making attempts to protect research participants and their data to avoid causing
p.(None): harm.
p.(None):
p.(None): The NESH (2014) guidelines state that “Researchers must not assume that all Internet users have a conscious view of or
p.(None): knowledge of which information will actually be made public and which information will not be made public.” It was
p.(None): indicated from the backlash of the Facebook emotional contagion study4 (Kramer et al. 2013) that researchers cannot
p.(None): assume how informed social media users are about how their data are being used potentially without their knowing.
p.(None):
p.(None): Research involving security-sensitive material
p.(None): Internet-mediated research, as with other forms of research, can involve security-sensitive material. UKRIO published a
p.(None): position statement on this issue in February 2016, included as Annex 1 of this document.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 3. Social media
p.(None): Social media research requires just as broad a definition as internet-mediated research. Social media research could
p.(None): entail any of the following:
p.(None): 1. Collecting data generated by the web (e.g. this could include data generated by purchases, interests, movement
p.(None): online demonstrating what people do as opposed to what people say, as well as data generated by the individual)
p.(None): 2. Data mining
...
p.(None): Kramer, A (2014) Experimental evidence of massive-scale emotional contagion through social networks
p.(None): http://www.pnas.org/content/111/24/8788.full
p.(None): Krotoski, A (2011) Wikileaks and the New, Transparent World Order Political Quarterly Vol. 82(4), pp.526- 530
p.(None): Krotoski, A (2010) Technology: Libraries of the future Nature Vol. 468(7324), pp.633-633
p.(None): Mann, C. & Stewart, F. (2000) Internet Communication and Qualitative Research (A Handbook for Researching Online)
p.(None): Livingstone, S., Ólafsson, K. and Staksrud, E. (2013) Risky Social Networking Practices Among 'Underage' Users: Lessons
p.(None): for Evidence-Based Policy, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 18 pp. 303-320
p.(None): Markham, A and Baym, N (2008) Internet inquiry: conversations about method. London: Sage
p.(None): Mann, C and Stewart, F (2000) Online Communication and Qualitative Research: A Handbook for Researching Online. SAGE,
p.(None): London
p.(None): Markham, A “Disrupting top down frameworks for ethics: A proactive approach to 'doing the right thing' in digital
p.(None): research” Plenary session BAAL SIG workshop on the Ethics of Online Research Methods 17 April 2015 University of
p.(None): Cardiff
p.(None): McKee, Heidi A. & Porter, J. E. (2009) The ethics of Internet research: a rhetorical, case-based process p.31
p.(None): McBride, N K (2014)"ACTIVE ethics: an information systems ethics for the internet age", Journal of Information,
p.(None): Communication and Ethics in Society, Vol. 12 Iss 1 pp.21–44
p.(None): Morris, I-K E-Ethics and Higher Education (forthcoming) July 2016 Networking Knowledge 9(5)
p.(None): MRS Delphi Group Report (2015) ‘Private Lives?’ [Online] Available at https://www.mrs.org.uk/campaign/video/privacy
p.(None): Accessed 22 June 2015
p.(None): Murthy, D., 2008. Digital ethnography an examination of the use of new technologies for social research. Sociology,
p.(None): 42(5), pp.837-855.
p.(None): The New Social Media, New Social Science blog http://nsmnss.blogspot.co.uk/
p.(None): The Norwegian National Committee for Research Ethics in the Social Sciences and the Humanities (2014)
p.(None): Ethical Guidelines for Internet Research
p.(None): Nosek, B.A., Banaji, M.R. and Greenwald, A.G. (2002) E-Research: Ethics, security, design, and control in psychological
p.(None): research on the internet, Journal of Social Issues, 58, 1, pp177–93.
p.(None): Ruppert, Evelyn (2015) Who Owns Big Data. Discover Society (23)
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 13 © UKRIO 2016
p.(None):
p.(None): UK Research Integrity Office Good practice in research: internet-mediated
p.(None): research v1.0
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Royal Statistical Society (2014). What Should Happen to your Data?
p.(None): http://www.rss.org.uk/RSS/Influencing_Change/Data_manifesto/RSS/Influencing_Change/Data_democracy_s
p.(None): ub/Data_manifesto.aspx?hkey=5dd70207-82e7-4166-93fd-bcf9a2a1e496
...
Social / Child
Searching for indicator children:
(return to top)
p.(None): benefits or risks of disclosing as a researcher to a group. Particular consideration should be given to data or people
p.(None): where the interaction or data collection are undertaken in a password protected environment or environment that may be
p.(None): perceived by the user as private.
p.(None):
p.(None): Deception
p.(None): The British Psychological Society are a useful resource when considering using deception within a study. The use of
p.(None): deception is sometimes accompanied by a debriefing process following the research activity. The use of deception must
p.(None): be justifiable and balanced with the research objective and the anticipated risks or harms.
p.(None):
p.(None): Valid consent
p.(None): As with deception of identity it could also be said that the anonymity permitted by the internet may allow for
p.(None): deception and the challenge of ensuring that a participant has fully understood the study and therefore giving fully
p.(None): informed and valid consent. The chosen approach of informing potential participants and going consent needs to be
p.(None): appropriate and proportionate to the sensitivity of the topic; the potential group(s); and the nature of the study.
p.(None):
p.(None): Age
p.(None): The verification of identity, age and of valid consent is challenging. Age is perhaps the most challenging when
p.(None): considering either researching or not researching with children and young people. If a research project intends to not
p.(None): include minors, there are ways attempting to mitigate against that risk but as with many risks in research there may
p.(None): not be method of eliminating all risk. Uncertainty is a characteristic of
p.(None):
p.(None): 5 © UKRIO 2016
p.(None):
p.(None): UK Research Integrity Office Good practice in research: internet-mediated
p.(None): research v1.0
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): much research online during the research activity and beyond the activity with regard to the data which is touched on
p.(None): further in the data management section of this document. To use social media as an example, on some social media
p.(None): platforms there are minimum age limits - e.g. Facebook asks users to be 13 and older; however, age is not verified in
p.(None): what may be seen in the ‘off line’ world as a valid method of verifying age and therefore researching on that social
p.(None): media platform may involve minors unknowingly. This must be considered on a case by case basis within ethical review
p.(None): dependant on the sensitivity of the topic and the approach of the researcher.
p.(None):
p.(None): Researchers are often using a social media platform without having any capacity to control the age of users, the other
p.(None): uses of data and the fate of those data. Elgesum (2002, 197) acknowledges that the media often have an agenda that is
...
p.(None): research on the internet, Journal of Social Issues, 58, 1, pp177–93.
p.(None): Ruppert, Evelyn (2015) Who Owns Big Data. Discover Society (23)
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 13 © UKRIO 2016
p.(None):
p.(None): UK Research Integrity Office Good practice in research: internet-mediated
p.(None): research v1.0
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Royal Statistical Society (2014). What Should Happen to your Data?
p.(None): http://www.rss.org.uk/RSS/Influencing_Change/Data_manifesto/RSS/Influencing_Change/Data_democracy_s
p.(None): ub/Data_manifesto.aspx?hkey=5dd70207-82e7-4166-93fd-bcf9a2a1e496
p.(None): Shapiro, R. B. & Ossorio, P. N. (2013) Regulation of Online Social Network Studies Science Vol. 339
p.(None): Scharf, B. (1999) Beyond Netiquette: The Ethics of Doing Naturalistic Discourse Research on the Internet. In Jones, S.
p.(None): (Ed) Doing Internet Research, pp. 243–256. Sage, London
p.(None): Snee, H Methodological Innovations August 2013 vol. 8 no. 2 52-67 Making ethical decisions in an online context:
p.(None): Reflections on using blogs to explore narratives of experience http://mio.sagepub.com/content/8/2/52.abstract
p.(None): Spiekermann, S., Grossklags, J., & Berendt, B. (2001, October). E-privacy in 2nd generation E-commerce: privacy
p.(None): preferences versus actual behaviour. In Proceedings of the 3rd ACM conference on Electronic Commerce (pp. 38-47). ACM.
p.(None): Spiekermann, S., Grossklags, J., & Berendt, B. (2001) "Stated Privacy Preferences versus actual behaviour in EC
p.(None): environments: A Reality Check." e-Finance. Springer Berlin Heidelberg pp.129-147.
p.(None): Staksrud, E (2015) ‘Counting Children. On research methodology, ethics and policy development’, in Ingierd, H. and
p.(None): Fossheim, H. (Eds.), Internet Research Ethics. Oslo: Cappelen Damm Akademisk pp. 98–121
p.(None): Tagg, C and Spilioti, T (2015) Summary of conference proceedings of the Ethics of Online Research Methods workshop held
p.(None): at Cardiff University 16-17 April 2015
p.(None): UK Data Service legal and ethical issues guidance https://www.ukdataservice.ac.uk/manage-data/legal-ethical
p.(None): Research Councils UK (2013). Policy and Guidelines on Governance of Good Research Conduct [online]. Available at
p.(None): http://www.rcuk.ac.uk/funding/researchintegrity/
p.(None): UK Research Integrity Office (2009). Code of Practice for Research: Promoting good practice and preventing misconduct
p.(None): [online]. Available at www.ukrio.org/publications/
p.(None): UK Research Integrity Office (2016). Position statement on research involving security-sensitive material [online].
p.(None): Available at www.ukrio.org/publications/
p.(None): Universities UK (2012). Oversight of security-sensitive research material in UK universities
p.(None): Universities UK et al. (2012). The Concordat to Support Research Integrity [online]. Available at
p.(None): http://www.universitiesuk.ac.uk/policy-and-analysis/reports/Documents/2012/the-concordat-to-support-
p.(None): research-integrity.pdf
p.(None): 2nd World Conference on Research Integrity, 2010. The Singapore Statement on Research Integrity [online]. Available at
p.(None): http://www.singaporestatement.org/statement.html
...
Social / Property Ownership
Searching for indicator home:
(return to top)
p.(None):
p.(None): 8 © UKRIO 2016
p.(None):
p.(None): UK Research Integrity Office Good practice in research: internet-mediated
p.(None): research v1.0
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): The complexities, lack of control and uncertainty could be considered as similar to ethnographic methods which have
p.(None): learned to use a situational ethics where professional discretion and self-reflexivity are crucial. It could be
p.(None): proposed that undertaking research online, particularly using social media platforms, could share a similar approach.
p.(None): Situational ethics is used in the Association of Internet Researchers guidance (2012) where the focus is on situation
p.(None): ethics and contextual reflection, asking questions of values, discussion and negotiation.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 5. Data management
p.(None): Robust research data management are an indicator of academic rigour and therefore important regardless of research
p.(None): being undertaken on or off-line. This being said, research online can present specific data management difficulties
p.(None): predominantly because the researcher is invariably not in complete control of the original dataset and can therefore
p.(None): only be in control of the dataset collected by the researcher.
p.(None):
p.(None): Unless a researcher is using a tool where the country of users or participants can be limited, online studies have no
p.(None): geographic boundaries. The researcher must meet the data protection standards and legislation of their home institution
p.(None): and of the countries in which they are undertaking research, however if the country of a user is not disclosed to the
p.(None): researcher this places the researcher in a predicament to meet all data protection expectations – in this situation the
p.(None): researcher should be encouraged to meet the standards and legislation applicable to their home institution.
p.(None):
p.(None): Considerations are required for
p.(None): 1. Data protection considerations
p.(None): 2. Data security and sharing
p.(None): 3. Copyright law and any other relevant legislation
p.(None): 4. Presenting findings
p.(None): 5. Anonymity
p.(None): 6. the legal and/or moral duty to disclose or break confidentiality and the limitations of that if participants are
p.(None): not known to the researcher.
p.(None): The consideration of data management is growing, particularly for European funded research and therefore the guidance
p.(None): available to researchers is growing. Some institutions, particularly in the UK, are expanding their capacity for
p.(None): research data management which is predominantly being led by libraries.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 9 © UKRIO 2016
p.(None):
p.(None): UK Research Integrity Office Good practice in research: internet-mediated
p.(None): research v1.0
p.(None):
p.(None): Annex 1: UKRIO position statement on research involving security- sensitive material (February 2016)
p.(None):
p.(None): Internet-mediated research, as with other forms of research, can involve security-sensitive material. UKRIO published
p.(None): the following position statement on this issue in February 2016, available at www.ukrio.org/publications/ .
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
...
Social / Racial Minority
Searching for indicator racial:
(return to top)
p.(None): Studies, 23(4), pp.525-535.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 11 © UKRIO 2016
p.(None):
p.(None): UK Research Integrity Office Good practice in research: internet-mediated
p.(None): research v1.0
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Day Thompson, S. (2016). Preserving Social Media. Digital Preservation Coalition
p.(None): http://www.dpconline.org/newsroom/latest-news/1616-capturing-the-conversation-new-report-highlights-
p.(None): the-need-to-preserve-social-media
p.(None): Economic and Social Research Council (2016) http://www.esrc.ac.uk/funding/guidance-for-
p.(None): applicants/research-ethics/frequently-raised-topics/internet-mediated-research/
p.(None): Elgesem, Dag (2002) What is special about the ethical issues in online research? Ethics and Information Technology 4, 3
p.(None): pp.195–203
p.(None): Ess, C. (2007) ‘Internet research ethics’ The Oxford Handbook of Internet Psychology pp487-502. Oxford University Press
p.(None): Ess, C. (2013) Digital media ethics. Polity
p.(None): Fielding, N & Lee, R. M (2008) The SAGE Handbook of Online Research Methods London SAGE
p.(None): Garton, L., C. Haythornthwaite and B. Wellman (1999) ‘Studying On-Line Social Networks’, in S.G. Jones (ed.) Doing
p.(None): Internet Research: Critical Issues and Methods for Examining the Net, pp. 75–106. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
p.(None): Glaser J., Dixit, J. and Green, D.P. (2002) Studying hate crime with the internet: what makes racists advocate racial
p.(None): violence? Journal of Social Issues, 58, 1
p.(None): Glough, P, Gregory, K, Haber, B & Scannell, J (2015) The Datalogical Turn In Vannini, P. Non- Representational
p.(None): Methodologies: Re-Envisioning Research p146. Routledge.
p.(None): Illingworth, N (2001) The internet matters: exploring the use of the internet as a research tool Sociological Research
p.(None): Online Vol 6 (2) Accessed at www.socresonline.org.uk/6/2/illingworth.html
p.(None): International Visual Sociology Association (2009) Code of research ethics and guidelines
p.(None): http://visualsociology.org/about/ethics-and-guidelines.html Hughes, J. ed., 2012. SAGE internet research methods. Sage.
p.(None): Hunsinger, J and Krotoski, A (2010) Learning and researching in virtual worlds Learning, Media and Technology
p.(None): Vol.35(2), pp.93-97
p.(None): Ingierd, Helene and Hallvard Fossheim (Eds.) (2015) Internet Research Ethics, Oslo: Cappelen Damm Akademisk, pp. 98–121
p.(None): Ipsos MORI (2014) ‘Personalisation versus Privacy’ https://www.ipsos-
p.(None): mori.com/researchpublications/trends-and-futures/1694/Personalisation-vs-Privacy.aspx
p.(None): Jaggar, A. M (1992) Feminist Ethics, In Lawrence C. Becker & Charlotte B. Becker (eds.), The Encyclopaedia of Ethics.
p.(None): Garland Publishing
p.(None): Kember, S, and Zylinska, J. (2012) Life after new media: Mediation as a vital process. MIT Press
...
Social / Soldier
Searching for indicator military:
(return to top)
p.(None): technical design, programs, codes, etc.);
p.(None): 2. use of the Internet as a research tool (collection of data and information using informants, surveys, archives,
p.(None): logs, algorithms, etc.); and
p.(None): 3. research on production, communication and interaction using the Internet (e-mail, social media, blogs, Internet
p.(None): forums, discussion pages, comments fields, or the use of computer games, search engines, web pages, etc.).
p.(None): And it is defined by the Association of Internet Researchers Ethics Working Committee (2012) as inquiry that:
p.(None): 1. utilizes the internet to collect data or information, e.g., through online interviews, surveys, archiving, or
p.(None): automated means of data scraping;
p.(None): 2. studies how people use and access the internet, e.g., through collecting and observing activities or participating
p.(None): on social network sites, listservs, web sites, blogs, games, virtual worlds, or other online environments or contexts;
p.(None): 3. utilizes or engages in data processing, analysis, or storage of datasets, databanks, and/or repositories available
p.(None): via the internet;
p.(None): 4. studies software, code, and internet technologies;
p.(None): 5. examines the design or structures of systems, interfaces, pages, and elements;
p.(None): 6. employs visual and textual analysis, semiotic analysis, content analysis, or other methods of analysis to study
p.(None): the web and/or internet-facilitated images, writings, and media forms; and
p.(None): 7. studies large scale production, use, and regulation of the internet by governments, industries, corporations, and
p.(None): military forces.
p.(None): In addition to an increasing number of researchers choosing the internet for their research due to the pervasiveness of
p.(None): the internet and the digitisation of lives, there are valuable benefits and new opportunities that the internet
p.(None): provides. Glaser, J (2002, pp.177-193 and 189-90) states that “the anonymity of the internet permits research into
p.(None): marginal groups for whom self-disclosure may have costs, and where participants may be suspicious of researchers and
p.(None): outsiders.” and Illingworth (2001) suggests that the internet affords an efficient way of recruiting specialist
p.(None): participants. Both Glaser and Illingworth are suggesting that the internet allows
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 3 © UKRIO 2016
p.(None):
p.(None): UK Research Integrity Office Good practice in research: internet-mediated
p.(None): research v1.0
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): researchers to recruit hard to reach groups where the anonymity or distance provided by the internet allows internet
p.(None): users and research participants to disclose or speak about something sensitive or challenging. With such groups it is
p.(None): important to consider the disruption that research could cause to supportive communities that develop online and to the
p.(None): intent individuals have when going online to seek support or community.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 1. The ethical principles applied within ethical review in the UK
p.(None): The British Psychological Society (2013, p2) suggests a return to the first ethical principles as the landscape of
p.(None): internet-mediated research is and will be rapidly changing. The development of the practice of research ethics
...
Social / Student
Searching for indicator student:
(return to top)
p.(None): v1.0
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Good practice in research: Internet-mediated research December 2016
p.(None):
p.(None): Introduction
p.(None): This document is part of a series from the UK Research Integrity Office giving guidance on particular aspects of
p.(None): academic, scientific and medical research. It focusses on ethical considerations and other issues applicable to
p.(None): internet-mediated research. The guidance covers issues relevant to all disciplines of research but does not put forward
p.(None): a ‘one-size-fits-all’ approach.
p.(None):
p.(None): The aim is not to be prescriptive, but to highlight particular challenges relating to internet-mediated research and
p.(None): foster discussion on what might constitute good practice in this field. As with all of our publications, it is
p.(None): underpinned by ‘lessons learned’ from UKRIO’s confidential Advisory Service on the conduct of research, which has
p.(None): operated since 2006 and covers all disciplines, from the arts and the humanities to health and biomedicine.
p.(None):
p.(None): Research organisations will be able to use this guidance to raise awareness of the practicalities of internet- mediated
p.(None): research, and also as material for staff and student development and training. This document can also be used as a
p.(None): reference tool by organisations who wish to create specific policies on internet-mediated research or revise existing
p.(None): policies. The document complements existing guidance on internet-mediated research, such as provided by the Association
p.(None): of Internet Researchers, the British Psychological Society and the Economic and Social Research Council, and does not
p.(None): seek to replace them.
p.(None):
p.(None): Advice and guidance from UKRIO is not mandatory but instead reflects and reinforces best practice. As the internet is
p.(None): an emerging research landscape, and technologies available to researchers are also emerging, it is not recommended to
p.(None): apply the guidance in this document prescriptively.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 1 © UKRIO 2016
p.(None):
p.(None): UK Research Integrity Office Good practice in research: internet-mediated
p.(None): research v1.0
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): It is unsurprising that, as our lives have become mediated and digitised, and the internet has become pervasive, an
p.(None): increasing number of researchers are choosing the internet as a tool for data collection, for recruitment and as a
p.(None): research landscape. The ubiquitous nature of the internet and the digitisation of our lives is reflected in the number
p.(None): of disciplines interested in using the internet as a research tool or landscape. In turn, this new landscape requires
p.(None): consideration of the ethics in research practice online.
p.(None):
...
Social / Threat of Stigma
Searching for indicator threat:
(return to top)
p.(None): important to consider the disruption that research could cause to supportive communities that develop online and to the
p.(None): intent individuals have when going online to seek support or community.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 1. The ethical principles applied within ethical review in the UK
p.(None): The British Psychological Society (2013, p2) suggests a return to the first ethical principles as the landscape of
p.(None): internet-mediated research is and will be rapidly changing. The development of the practice of research ethics
p.(None): committees (in particular at a University level) are informed by ethical principles developed internationally and the
p.(None): guidance from the Association of Research Ethics Committees, GAFREC principles2 (Governance Arrangements for Research
p.(None): Ethics Committees, 2011), UKRIO and professional membership bodies.
p.(None):
p.(None): The Association of Research Ethics Committees ‘Framework of Policies and Procedures for University Research Ethics
p.(None): Committees’ (2013) states that the basic principles of ethical research are3:
p.(None): • Autonomy: The participant must normally be as aware as possible of what the research is for and be free to take
p.(None): part in it without coercion or penalty for not taking part, and also free to withdraw at any time without giving a
p.(None): reason and without a threat of any adverse effect.
p.(None): • Beneficence: The research must be worthwhile in itself and have beneficial effects that outweigh any risks; it
p.(None): follows that the methodology must be sound so that best results will be yielded.
p.(None): • Non-maleficence: Any possible harm must be avoided or at least mitigated by robust precautions.
p.(None): • Confidentiality: Personal data must remain unknown to all but the research team (unless the participant agrees
p.(None): otherwise or in cases where there is an overriding public interest, or where participants wish their voices to be heard
p.(None): and identified).
p.(None): • Integrity: The researcher must be open about any actual or potential conflicts of interest, and conduct their
p.(None): research in a way that meets recognised standards of research integrity.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 2. Specific items to consider
p.(None): Offline, online or neither
p.(None): “Often organisations simply cannot keep up, providing internet researchers with too little guidance and inappropriate
p.(None): guidance that applies overboard generalisations or make false comparisons between offline
p.(None):
p.(None): 2 http://www.hra.nhs.uk/resources/research-legislation-and-governance/governance-arrangements-for-research-ethics-
p.(None): committees/
p.(None): 3 The Association of Research Ethics Committees ‘Framework of Policies and Procedures for University Research Ethics
p.(None): Committees’ 2013
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 4 © UKRIO 2016
p.(None):
...
Social / Threat of Violence
Searching for indicator violence:
(return to top)
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 11 © UKRIO 2016
p.(None):
p.(None): UK Research Integrity Office Good practice in research: internet-mediated
p.(None): research v1.0
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Day Thompson, S. (2016). Preserving Social Media. Digital Preservation Coalition
p.(None): http://www.dpconline.org/newsroom/latest-news/1616-capturing-the-conversation-new-report-highlights-
p.(None): the-need-to-preserve-social-media
p.(None): Economic and Social Research Council (2016) http://www.esrc.ac.uk/funding/guidance-for-
p.(None): applicants/research-ethics/frequently-raised-topics/internet-mediated-research/
p.(None): Elgesem, Dag (2002) What is special about the ethical issues in online research? Ethics and Information Technology 4, 3
p.(None): pp.195–203
p.(None): Ess, C. (2007) ‘Internet research ethics’ The Oxford Handbook of Internet Psychology pp487-502. Oxford University Press
p.(None): Ess, C. (2013) Digital media ethics. Polity
p.(None): Fielding, N & Lee, R. M (2008) The SAGE Handbook of Online Research Methods London SAGE
p.(None): Garton, L., C. Haythornthwaite and B. Wellman (1999) ‘Studying On-Line Social Networks’, in S.G. Jones (ed.) Doing
p.(None): Internet Research: Critical Issues and Methods for Examining the Net, pp. 75–106. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
p.(None): Glaser J., Dixit, J. and Green, D.P. (2002) Studying hate crime with the internet: what makes racists advocate racial
p.(None): violence? Journal of Social Issues, 58, 1
p.(None): Glough, P, Gregory, K, Haber, B & Scannell, J (2015) The Datalogical Turn In Vannini, P. Non- Representational
p.(None): Methodologies: Re-Envisioning Research p146. Routledge.
p.(None): Illingworth, N (2001) The internet matters: exploring the use of the internet as a research tool Sociological Research
p.(None): Online Vol 6 (2) Accessed at www.socresonline.org.uk/6/2/illingworth.html
p.(None): International Visual Sociology Association (2009) Code of research ethics and guidelines
p.(None): http://visualsociology.org/about/ethics-and-guidelines.html Hughes, J. ed., 2012. SAGE internet research methods. Sage.
p.(None): Hunsinger, J and Krotoski, A (2010) Learning and researching in virtual worlds Learning, Media and Technology
p.(None): Vol.35(2), pp.93-97
p.(None): Ingierd, Helene and Hallvard Fossheim (Eds.) (2015) Internet Research Ethics, Oslo: Cappelen Damm Akademisk, pp. 98–121
p.(None): Ipsos MORI (2014) ‘Personalisation versus Privacy’ https://www.ipsos-
p.(None): mori.com/researchpublications/trends-and-futures/1694/Personalisation-vs-Privacy.aspx
p.(None): Jaggar, A. M (1992) Feminist Ethics, In Lawrence C. Becker & Charlotte B. Becker (eds.), The Encyclopaedia of Ethics.
p.(None): Garland Publishing
p.(None): Kember, S, and Zylinska, J. (2012) Life after new media: Mediation as a vital process. MIT Press
p.(None): Koene, A (2015) ‘Participant consent and withdrawal when using publicly archived data’ Panel: Privacy, ethics and
...
Social / education
Searching for indicator education:
(return to top)
p.(None): reference tool by organisations who wish to create specific policies on internet-mediated research or revise existing
p.(None): policies. The document complements existing guidance on internet-mediated research, such as provided by the Association
p.(None): of Internet Researchers, the British Psychological Society and the Economic and Social Research Council, and does not
p.(None): seek to replace them.
p.(None):
p.(None): Advice and guidance from UKRIO is not mandatory but instead reflects and reinforces best practice. As the internet is
p.(None): an emerging research landscape, and technologies available to researchers are also emerging, it is not recommended to
p.(None): apply the guidance in this document prescriptively.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 1 © UKRIO 2016
p.(None):
p.(None): UK Research Integrity Office Good practice in research: internet-mediated
p.(None): research v1.0
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): It is unsurprising that, as our lives have become mediated and digitised, and the internet has become pervasive, an
p.(None): increasing number of researchers are choosing the internet as a tool for data collection, for recruitment and as a
p.(None): research landscape. The ubiquitous nature of the internet and the digitisation of our lives is reflected in the number
p.(None): of disciplines interested in using the internet as a research tool or landscape. In turn, this new landscape requires
p.(None): consideration of the ethics in research practice online.
p.(None):
p.(None): Research Ethics Committees (REC), whether operating in higher education organisations or at a national level, are
p.(None): currently assessing the ethical issues related to internet-mediated research without much guidance or informed support
p.(None): available (Morris, 2016; McKee and Porter, 2009; British Sociological Association1). Research Councils and professional
p.(None): membership bodies in the UK are becoming reactive to these issues and developing guidance. However, this scarcity of
p.(None): literature leads to ethical review occurring without sufficient guidance. This is challenging for higher education
p.(None): organisations and researchers alike, and may limit research that is subject to higher education ethical review
p.(None): processes.
p.(None):
p.(None): In addition to existing guidance on internet-mediated research, the guidance presented here by UKRIO will assist in
p.(None): RECs developing their knowledge around internet-mediated research, embedding relevant principles and considerations and
p.(None): embedding this guidance into research culture to assist in ethical review, research practice and consideration of
p.(None): ethical issues.
p.(None):
p.(None): The aim of this document is to assist researchers, research organisations and higher education institutions at a time
p.(None): where guidance and the use of this research landscape is still emerging.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Footnote to the first edition
p.(None): As noted, the internet is an emerging research landscape. Similarly, the technologies available are also emerging.
p.(None): Consequently, UKRIO feels that giving explicit, ‘one-size-fits-all’ guidance on internet-mediated research would not be
p.(None): helpful. Instead, we wish to raise awareness of known and emerging issues of good practice in this field.
p.(None):
p.(None): As internet-mediated research evolves further, good practice will continue to develop. This document will be revised
p.(None): periodically, to reflect such developments and highlight those new challenges which emerge.
p.(None): UKRIO will seek feedback from the research community to inform the revision of this document
p.(None):
p.(None): Equally, if consensus develops on what explicit guidance on good practice in this field should look like, then this
p.(None): document will be revised accordingly.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 1 British Sociological Association: “Members should take special take care when carrying out research via the
p.(None): Internet. Ethical standards for internet research are not well developed as yet. Eliciting informed consent,
p.(None): negotiating access agreements, assessing the boundaries between public and the private, and ensuring the security of
p.(None): data transmissions are all problematic in Internet research. Members who carry out research online should ensure that
p.(None): they are familiar with ongoing debates on the ethics of Internet research, and might wish to consider erring on the
...
p.(None): Krotoski, A (2010) Technology: Libraries of the future Nature Vol. 468(7324), pp.633-633
p.(None): Mann, C. & Stewart, F. (2000) Internet Communication and Qualitative Research (A Handbook for Researching Online)
p.(None): Livingstone, S., Ólafsson, K. and Staksrud, E. (2013) Risky Social Networking Practices Among 'Underage' Users: Lessons
p.(None): for Evidence-Based Policy, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 18 pp. 303-320
p.(None): Markham, A and Baym, N (2008) Internet inquiry: conversations about method. London: Sage
p.(None): Mann, C and Stewart, F (2000) Online Communication and Qualitative Research: A Handbook for Researching Online. SAGE,
p.(None): London
p.(None): Markham, A “Disrupting top down frameworks for ethics: A proactive approach to 'doing the right thing' in digital
p.(None): research” Plenary session BAAL SIG workshop on the Ethics of Online Research Methods 17 April 2015 University of
p.(None): Cardiff
p.(None): McKee, Heidi A. & Porter, J. E. (2009) The ethics of Internet research: a rhetorical, case-based process p.31
p.(None): McBride, N K (2014)"ACTIVE ethics: an information systems ethics for the internet age", Journal of Information,
p.(None): Communication and Ethics in Society, Vol. 12 Iss 1 pp.21–44
p.(None): Morris, I-K E-Ethics and Higher Education (forthcoming) July 2016 Networking Knowledge 9(5)
p.(None): MRS Delphi Group Report (2015) ‘Private Lives?’ [Online] Available at https://www.mrs.org.uk/campaign/video/privacy
p.(None): Accessed 22 June 2015
p.(None): Murthy, D., 2008. Digital ethnography an examination of the use of new technologies for social research. Sociology,
p.(None): 42(5), pp.837-855.
p.(None): The New Social Media, New Social Science blog http://nsmnss.blogspot.co.uk/
p.(None): The Norwegian National Committee for Research Ethics in the Social Sciences and the Humanities (2014)
p.(None): Ethical Guidelines for Internet Research
p.(None): Nosek, B.A., Banaji, M.R. and Greenwald, A.G. (2002) E-Research: Ethics, security, design, and control in psychological
p.(None): research on the internet, Journal of Social Issues, 58, 1, pp177–93.
p.(None): Ruppert, Evelyn (2015) Who Owns Big Data. Discover Society (23)
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 13 © UKRIO 2016
p.(None):
p.(None): UK Research Integrity Office Good practice in research: internet-mediated
p.(None): research v1.0
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Royal Statistical Society (2014). What Should Happen to your Data?
p.(None): http://www.rss.org.uk/RSS/Influencing_Change/Data_manifesto/RSS/Influencing_Change/Data_democracy_s
p.(None): ub/Data_manifesto.aspx?hkey=5dd70207-82e7-4166-93fd-bcf9a2a1e496
p.(None): Shapiro, R. B. & Ossorio, P. N. (2013) Regulation of Online Social Network Studies Science Vol. 339
p.(None): Scharf, B. (1999) Beyond Netiquette: The Ethics of Doing Naturalistic Discourse Research on the Internet. In Jones, S.
p.(None): (Ed) Doing Internet Research, pp. 243–256. Sage, London
...
p.(None): Universities UK et al. (2012). The Concordat to Support Research Integrity [online]. Available at
p.(None): http://www.universitiesuk.ac.uk/policy-and-analysis/reports/Documents/2012/the-concordat-to-support-
p.(None): research-integrity.pdf
p.(None): 2nd World Conference on Research Integrity, 2010. The Singapore Statement on Research Integrity [online]. Available at
p.(None): http://www.singaporestatement.org/statement.html
p.(None): Zwitter, A. (2014) Big Data Ethics, Big Data & Society, 1, pp.1-6 [online]. Available at
p.(None): http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2553758
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 14 © UKRIO 2016
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): UK Research Integrity Office Good practice in research: internet-mediated
p.(None): research v1.0
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): The UK Research Integrity Office (UKRIO) is an independent charity, offering support to the public, researchers and
p.(None): organisations to further good practice in academic, scientific and medical research. We welcome enquiries on any issues
p.(None): relating to the conduct of research, whether promoting good research practice, seeking help with a particular research
p.(None): project or investigating cases of alleged fraud and misconduct.
p.(None): Since 2006, UKRIO has provided independent, expert and confidential support across all disciplines of research, from
p.(None): the arts and humanities to the life sciences. We cover all research sectors: higher education, the NHS, private sector
p.(None): organisations and charities. No other organisation in the UK has comparable expertise in providing such support in the
p.(None): field of research integrity.
p.(None): UKRIO welcomes enquiries on any issues relating to the conduct of research, whether promoting good research practice,
p.(None): seeking help with a particular research project or investigating cases of alleged fraud and misconduct.
p.(None):
p.(None): UK Research Integrity Office
p.(None): Sussex Innovation Croydon, No. 1 Croydon, 12-16 Addiscombe Road, Croydon CR0 0XT Tel.: +44 (0)20 3828 1325 Email:
p.(None): info@ukrio.org Web: www.ukrio.org Twitter: @UKRIO Registered Charity No: 1147061 Registered Company No: 7444269
p.(None): © UK Research Integrity Office 2016. This material may be copied or reproduced provided that the source is acknowledged
p.(None): and the material, wholly or in part, is not used for commercial gain. Use of the material for commercial gain requires
p.(None): the prior written permission of the UK Research Integrity Office
p.(None): For the full list of UKRIO publications, visit www.ukrio.org
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
...
Searching for indicator educational:
(return to top)
p.(None): Sussex), with James Parry of UKRIO.
p.(None):
p.(None): We would like to thank Professor Mark Everist, Dr Ron Iphofen, Dr John Oates and Dr Andrew Rawnsley for their
p.(None): invaluable help and feedback. We would also like to thank the UKRIO subscribers who commented on a draft version of
p.(None): the document.
p.(None):
p.(None): UKRIO wishes to acknowledge the use of the following documents in the development of this publication:
p.(None):
p.(None): Arthur, C (2014) ‘Facebook emotion study breached ethical guidelines, researchers say’ [online] 30 June. Available at
p.(None): http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/jun/30/facebook-emotion-study-breached-ethical- guidelines-researchers-say.
p.(None): Accessed 22 June 2015
p.(None): Association of Internet Researchers (2012) Ethical decision-making and internet research 2.0
p.(None): http://aoir.org/ethics/
p.(None): Barsky, E. and M. Purdon (2006) ‘Introducing Web 2.0: Social Networking and Social Bookmarking for Health Librarians’,
p.(None): Journal of the Canadian Health Library Association 27(3): pp65–7
p.(None): Bassett, E and O’Riordan. K. (2002) ‘Ethics of Internet Research: contesting the human subjects research model’ Ethics
p.(None): and Information Technology, 4 (3): pp232-47.
p.(None): Berry, D M (2004) Internet research: privacy, ethics and alienation - an open source approach. Internet Research
p.(None): Vol.14(4), pp.323-332
p.(None): Boyd, D & Crawford, K (2012) Critical Questions for Big Data, Information, Communication & Society, 15:5, 662-679
p.(None): British Educational Research Association (2014) Ethical issues in online research
p.(None): https://www.bera.ac.uk/researchers-resources/publications/ethical-issues-in-online-research
p.(None): British Psychological Society (2013) Ethics Guidelines for Internet-mediated Research
p.(None): http://www.bps.org.uk/publications/policy-and-guidelines/research-guidelines-policy-documents/research- guidelines-poli
p.(None): Brotsky, S.R. and Giles, D. (2007) Inside the “pro-ana” community: A covert online participant observation.
p.(None): Eating disorders Vol.15 Iss2 pp. 93-109.
p.(None): The Cabinet Office data science blog https://data.blog.gov.uk/category/data-science/
p.(None): Coleman, G (2014) Hacker, hoaxer, whistleblower, spy: the many faces of Anonymous. London: Verso Consalvo, M & Ess, C
p.(None): (2013) The Handbook of Internet Studies. Wiley-Blackwell
p.(None): Crawford, K. (2009). Following you: Disciplines of listening in social media. Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural
p.(None): Studies, 23(4), pp.525-535.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 11 © UKRIO 2016
p.(None):
p.(None): UK Research Integrity Office Good practice in research: internet-mediated
p.(None): research v1.0
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Day Thompson, S. (2016). Preserving Social Media. Digital Preservation Coalition
p.(None): http://www.dpconline.org/newsroom/latest-news/1616-capturing-the-conversation-new-report-highlights-
p.(None): the-need-to-preserve-social-media
p.(None): Economic and Social Research Council (2016) http://www.esrc.ac.uk/funding/guidance-for-
...
Social / employees
Searching for indicator employees:
(return to top)
p.(None): the following position statement on this issue in February 2016, available at www.ukrio.org/publications/ .
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Research involving security-sensitive research material raises a number of issues for researchers and research
p.(None): organisations. These include legal matters, questions about IT specifications related to the storage of such material,
p.(None): and issues of research ethics and research integrity.
p.(None):
p.(None): UKRIO has no remit or ability to give any advice or opinion on legal matters. Similarly, questions concerning IT fall
p.(None): clearly outside of UKRIO’s remit8.
p.(None):
p.(None): An important ethics issue for any research is the need to ensure the safety of researchers and others involved in the
p.(None): research, including any legal risks. Another issue is to address risks accruing to institutions under whose auspices
p.(None): the research is carried out. We note that guidance from Universities UK9 on the oversight of security-sensitive
p.(None): research material was published a number of years ago, while legislation on security issues is an on-going and changing
p.(None): process.
p.(None):
p.(None): We would therefore strongly recommend that the ethical review process of any research involving security-sensitive
p.(None): research material should check for evidence of independent legal assurance that the research carried out is within the
p.(None): provisions of the current law and that the research would not put researchers, other employees, students, participants
p.(None): or the institution itself in legal jeopardy.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 8 Those needing advice on IT specifications may wish to consult their organisation’s IT department; universities may
p.(None): wish to seek external advice from JISC (https://www.jisc.ac.uk/).
p.(None): 9 Universities UK (2012). Oversight of security-sensitive research material in UK universities.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 10 © UKRIO 2016
p.(None):
p.(None): UK Research Integrity Office Good practice in research: internet-mediated
p.(None): research v1.0
p.(None):
p.(None): Annex 2: acknowledgements and further reading
p.(None): This document was written by Isla-Kate Morris, UKRIO Adviser and University of Southampton (formerly University of
p.(None): Sussex), with James Parry of UKRIO.
p.(None):
p.(None): We would like to thank Professor Mark Everist, Dr Ron Iphofen, Dr John Oates and Dr Andrew Rawnsley for their
p.(None): invaluable help and feedback. We would also like to thank the UKRIO subscribers who commented on a draft version of
p.(None): the document.
p.(None):
p.(None): UKRIO wishes to acknowledge the use of the following documents in the development of this publication:
p.(None):
p.(None): Arthur, C (2014) ‘Facebook emotion study breached ethical guidelines, researchers say’ [online] 30 June. Available at
p.(None): http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/jun/30/facebook-emotion-study-breached-ethical- guidelines-researchers-say.
p.(None): Accessed 22 June 2015
...
Social / philosophical differences/differences of opinion
Searching for indicator opinion:
(return to top)
p.(None): not known to the researcher.
p.(None): The consideration of data management is growing, particularly for European funded research and therefore the guidance
p.(None): available to researchers is growing. Some institutions, particularly in the UK, are expanding their capacity for
p.(None): research data management which is predominantly being led by libraries.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 9 © UKRIO 2016
p.(None):
p.(None): UK Research Integrity Office Good practice in research: internet-mediated
p.(None): research v1.0
p.(None):
p.(None): Annex 1: UKRIO position statement on research involving security- sensitive material (February 2016)
p.(None):
p.(None): Internet-mediated research, as with other forms of research, can involve security-sensitive material. UKRIO published
p.(None): the following position statement on this issue in February 2016, available at www.ukrio.org/publications/ .
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Research involving security-sensitive research material raises a number of issues for researchers and research
p.(None): organisations. These include legal matters, questions about IT specifications related to the storage of such material,
p.(None): and issues of research ethics and research integrity.
p.(None):
p.(None): UKRIO has no remit or ability to give any advice or opinion on legal matters. Similarly, questions concerning IT fall
p.(None): clearly outside of UKRIO’s remit8.
p.(None):
p.(None): An important ethics issue for any research is the need to ensure the safety of researchers and others involved in the
p.(None): research, including any legal risks. Another issue is to address risks accruing to institutions under whose auspices
p.(None): the research is carried out. We note that guidance from Universities UK9 on the oversight of security-sensitive
p.(None): research material was published a number of years ago, while legislation on security issues is an on-going and changing
p.(None): process.
p.(None):
p.(None): We would therefore strongly recommend that the ethical review process of any research involving security-sensitive
p.(None): research material should check for evidence of independent legal assurance that the research carried out is within the
p.(None): provisions of the current law and that the research would not put researchers, other employees, students, participants
p.(None): or the institution itself in legal jeopardy.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 8 Those needing advice on IT specifications may wish to consult their organisation’s IT department; universities may
p.(None): wish to seek external advice from JISC (https://www.jisc.ac.uk/).
p.(None): 9 Universities UK (2012). Oversight of security-sensitive research material in UK universities.
p.(None):
p.(None):
...
General/Other / Dependent
Searching for indicator dependent:
(return to top)
p.(None):
p.(None): 2 http://www.hra.nhs.uk/resources/research-legislation-and-governance/governance-arrangements-for-research-ethics-
p.(None): committees/
p.(None): 3 The Association of Research Ethics Committees ‘Framework of Policies and Procedures for University Research Ethics
p.(None): Committees’ 2013
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 4 © UKRIO 2016
p.(None):
p.(None): UK Research Integrity Office Good practice in research: internet-mediated
p.(None): research v1.0
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): and online research." McKee, Heidi A. & Porter, James E. (2009) The ethics of Internet research: a rhetorical,
p.(None): case-based process p.31
p.(None):
p.(None): It is important to consider proportionately when considering the ethics of a study and when undertaking ethical review
p.(None): of any project but this focus may be even more pertinent for online studies. This is reinforced by the concern
p.(None): expressed above by McKee and Porter (2009); to facilitate ethically sound research, while also allowing researchers
p.(None): professional discretion.
p.(None):
p.(None): Communities, individuals and data
p.(None): The complexities of researching online with ‘people’, be that themselves or their data or both, depends on participants
p.(None): being identified to the researcher, the researcher being identified to participants and if so (on both sides) the
p.(None): verification of that identity. Much of this is dependent on the scale of the research, whether the scope is at a micro
p.(None): or macro level, the sensitivity of the topic and whether identifiable data are collected or not.
p.(None):
p.(None): Communities
p.(None): The British Psychological Society’s guidance on internet-mediated research (2013) suggests that consideration must be
p.(None): given to working within communities online and asks the researcher to consider the principle of ‘do no harm’ with the
p.(None): potential of disruption of a community and the potential harm of disclosing as a researcher. BPS (2013) suggest seeking
p.(None): gatekeeper permission from a forum moderator if a researcher is navigating how to approach a group and negotiating the
p.(None): benefits or risks of disclosing as a researcher to a group. Particular consideration should be given to data or people
p.(None): where the interaction or data collection are undertaken in a password protected environment or environment that may be
p.(None): perceived by the user as private.
p.(None):
p.(None): Deception
p.(None): The British Psychological Society are a useful resource when considering using deception within a study. The use of
p.(None): deception is sometimes accompanied by a debriefing process following the research activity. The use of deception must
p.(None): be justifiable and balanced with the research objective and the anticipated risks or harms.
p.(None):
p.(None): Valid consent
p.(None): As with deception of identity it could also be said that the anonymity permitted by the internet may allow for
p.(None): deception and the challenge of ensuring that a participant has fully understood the study and therefore giving fully
...
General/Other / Impaired Autonomy
Searching for indicator autonomy:
(return to top)
p.(None): UK Research Integrity Office Good practice in research: internet-mediated
p.(None): research v1.0
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): researchers to recruit hard to reach groups where the anonymity or distance provided by the internet allows internet
p.(None): users and research participants to disclose or speak about something sensitive or challenging. With such groups it is
p.(None): important to consider the disruption that research could cause to supportive communities that develop online and to the
p.(None): intent individuals have when going online to seek support or community.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 1. The ethical principles applied within ethical review in the UK
p.(None): The British Psychological Society (2013, p2) suggests a return to the first ethical principles as the landscape of
p.(None): internet-mediated research is and will be rapidly changing. The development of the practice of research ethics
p.(None): committees (in particular at a University level) are informed by ethical principles developed internationally and the
p.(None): guidance from the Association of Research Ethics Committees, GAFREC principles2 (Governance Arrangements for Research
p.(None): Ethics Committees, 2011), UKRIO and professional membership bodies.
p.(None):
p.(None): The Association of Research Ethics Committees ‘Framework of Policies and Procedures for University Research Ethics
p.(None): Committees’ (2013) states that the basic principles of ethical research are3:
p.(None): • Autonomy: The participant must normally be as aware as possible of what the research is for and be free to take
p.(None): part in it without coercion or penalty for not taking part, and also free to withdraw at any time without giving a
p.(None): reason and without a threat of any adverse effect.
p.(None): • Beneficence: The research must be worthwhile in itself and have beneficial effects that outweigh any risks; it
p.(None): follows that the methodology must be sound so that best results will be yielded.
p.(None): • Non-maleficence: Any possible harm must be avoided or at least mitigated by robust precautions.
p.(None): • Confidentiality: Personal data must remain unknown to all but the research team (unless the participant agrees
p.(None): otherwise or in cases where there is an overriding public interest, or where participants wish their voices to be heard
p.(None): and identified).
p.(None): • Integrity: The researcher must be open about any actual or potential conflicts of interest, and conduct their
p.(None): research in a way that meets recognised standards of research integrity.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 2. Specific items to consider
p.(None): Offline, online or neither
p.(None): “Often organisations simply cannot keep up, providing internet researchers with too little guidance and inappropriate
p.(None): guidance that applies overboard generalisations or make false comparisons between offline
p.(None):
p.(None): 2 http://www.hra.nhs.uk/resources/research-legislation-and-governance/governance-arrangements-for-research-ethics-
p.(None): committees/
...
General/Other / whistleblower
Searching for indicator whistleblower:
(return to top)
p.(None): Association of Internet Researchers (2012) Ethical decision-making and internet research 2.0
p.(None): http://aoir.org/ethics/
p.(None): Barsky, E. and M. Purdon (2006) ‘Introducing Web 2.0: Social Networking and Social Bookmarking for Health Librarians’,
p.(None): Journal of the Canadian Health Library Association 27(3): pp65–7
p.(None): Bassett, E and O’Riordan. K. (2002) ‘Ethics of Internet Research: contesting the human subjects research model’ Ethics
p.(None): and Information Technology, 4 (3): pp232-47.
p.(None): Berry, D M (2004) Internet research: privacy, ethics and alienation - an open source approach. Internet Research
p.(None): Vol.14(4), pp.323-332
p.(None): Boyd, D & Crawford, K (2012) Critical Questions for Big Data, Information, Communication & Society, 15:5, 662-679
p.(None): British Educational Research Association (2014) Ethical issues in online research
p.(None): https://www.bera.ac.uk/researchers-resources/publications/ethical-issues-in-online-research
p.(None): British Psychological Society (2013) Ethics Guidelines for Internet-mediated Research
p.(None): http://www.bps.org.uk/publications/policy-and-guidelines/research-guidelines-policy-documents/research- guidelines-poli
p.(None): Brotsky, S.R. and Giles, D. (2007) Inside the “pro-ana” community: A covert online participant observation.
p.(None): Eating disorders Vol.15 Iss2 pp. 93-109.
p.(None): The Cabinet Office data science blog https://data.blog.gov.uk/category/data-science/
p.(None): Coleman, G (2014) Hacker, hoaxer, whistleblower, spy: the many faces of Anonymous. London: Verso Consalvo, M & Ess, C
p.(None): (2013) The Handbook of Internet Studies. Wiley-Blackwell
p.(None): Crawford, K. (2009). Following you: Disciplines of listening in social media. Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural
p.(None): Studies, 23(4), pp.525-535.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 11 © UKRIO 2016
p.(None):
p.(None): UK Research Integrity Office Good practice in research: internet-mediated
p.(None): research v1.0
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Day Thompson, S. (2016). Preserving Social Media. Digital Preservation Coalition
p.(None): http://www.dpconline.org/newsroom/latest-news/1616-capturing-the-conversation-new-report-highlights-
p.(None): the-need-to-preserve-social-media
p.(None): Economic and Social Research Council (2016) http://www.esrc.ac.uk/funding/guidance-for-
p.(None): applicants/research-ethics/frequently-raised-topics/internet-mediated-research/
p.(None): Elgesem, Dag (2002) What is special about the ethical issues in online research? Ethics and Information Technology 4, 3
p.(None): pp.195–203
p.(None): Ess, C. (2007) ‘Internet research ethics’ The Oxford Handbook of Internet Psychology pp487-502. Oxford University Press
p.(None): Ess, C. (2013) Digital media ethics. Polity
p.(None): Fielding, N & Lee, R. M (2008) The SAGE Handbook of Online Research Methods London SAGE
p.(None): Garton, L., C. Haythornthwaite and B. Wellman (1999) ‘Studying On-Line Social Networks’, in S.G. Jones (ed.) Doing
...
Orphaned Trigger Words
Appendix
Indicator List
| Indicator | Vulnerability |
|---|
| access | Access to Social Goods |
| age | Age |
| autonomy | Impaired Autonomy |
| children | Child |
| crime | Illegal Activity |
| dependent | Dependent |
| education | education |
| educational | education |
| employees | employees |
| home | Property Ownership |
| military | Soldier |
| opinion | philosophical differences/differences of opinion |
| political | political affiliation |
| racial | Racial Minority |
| student | Student |
| threat | Threat of Stigma |
| violence | Threat of Violence |
| whistleblower | whistleblower |
Indicator Peers (Indicators in Same Vulnerability)
| Indicator | Peers |
|---|
| education | ['educational'] |
| educational | ['education'] |
Trigger Words
capacity
coercion
consent
cultural
developing
ethics
harm
protect
protection
risk
sensitive
Applicable Type / Vulnerability / Indicator Overlay for this Input