79C3C34C52B45572883A05D425EB0F82
Code of Ethics of Estonian Scientists
http://www.akadeemia.ee/_repository/File/ALUSDOKUD/Code-ethics.pdf
http://leaux.net/URLS/ConvertAPI Text Files/6AC2E796E3F8983AE9A79E4284D25138.en.txt
Examining the file media/Synopses/6AC2E796E3F8983AE9A79E4284D25138.html:
This file was generated: 2020-12-01 05:48:53
| Indicators in focus are typically shown highlighted in yellow; |
Peer Indicators (that share the same Vulnerability association) are shown highlighted in pink; |
"Outside" Indicators (those that do NOT share the same Vulnerability association) are shown highlighted in green; |
Trigger Words/Phrases are shown highlighted in gray. |
Link to Orphaned Trigger Words (Appendix (Indicator List, Indicator Peers, Trigger Words, Type/Vulnerability/Indicator Overlay)
Applicable Type / Vulnerability / Indicator Overlay for this Input
Political / political affiliation
Searching for indicator political:
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p.000002: 3.4. Scientists will not require of their collaborators that they shoulder his/her own assignments.
p.000002: 3.5. When in a superior position, scientists will apply democratic style of leadership.
p.000002: 3.6. When publishing research outcome of a team project all participants involved in work will be referred to as
p.000002: authors; if needs be, their individual contribution will be indicated. The practice of honorary, or “ghost” authorships
p.000002: is inconsistent with theses principles and with good scientific practice.
p.000002: 4. Scientist as a mentor and as a student
p.000002: 4.1. Scientists will hold in respect both their mentors and students.
p.000002: 4.2. Scientists will encourage independent work of students, their unfettered and critical thinking.
p.000002: Scientists will respect free expression of their opinions.
p.000002: 4.3. Scientists will not hinder the communication of their students with other scientists and
p.000002: scientific institutions.
p.000002: 4.4. Scientists will view their students objectively, withholding from deprecating and criticizing them.
p.000002: 5. Scientist as an expert
p.000002: 5.1. Scientists will act as experts only within their sphere of competence, referring to their knowledge and
p.000002: experience.
p.000002: 5.2. Scientists will agree to act as experts only provided they can remain impartial.
p.000002: 5.3. Scientists will perform expert examinations honestly, impartially and with responsibility.
p.000002: 5.4. Scientists will adhere to the principle of equality, when performing expert examinations. Any
p.000002: discrimination on grounds of sex, race, political opinions or cultural backgrounds will be inconsistent with
p.000002: these principles.
p.000002: 5.5. While performing expert examinations, scientists will abide by the confidentiality principle.
p.000002:
p.000002:
p.000002:
p.000002:
p.000003: 3
p.000003:
p.000003: 5.6. In the course of expert examinations scientists will retain their independence and defy coercion, when drawing
p.000003: and presenting conclusions.
p.000003: 5.7. When electing to fill research vacancies or other academic positions, scientists as experts will objectively
p.000003: appraise the candidates. They shall not give preference their students, representatives of the same
p.000003: school or other attendants and associates of theirs.
p.000003: 5.8. When acting as opponents of a thesis scientists will be impartial. To preclude any bias, the opponent must not
p.000003: have joint publications with the author of thesis.
p.000003: 6. Scientist and society
p.000003: 6.1. Scientists will commit themselves to pursuit of new knowledge and its application for the we lfare of
p.000003: society and environment. The information delivered to community must be reliable, scientists will
p.000003: discourage presentation of unverified data as hard facts.
p.000003: 6.2. Scientists will promote the spread of scientific knowledge and repulse dissemination of
p.000003: pseudo-scientific theories, misconceptions and misrepresentations.
p.000003: 6.3. Scientists will consider it their obligation to publish research results also in the popular science
p.000003: form.
p.000003:
p.000003: Approved by the General Assembly of the Estonian Academy of Sciences Acknowledgements:
...
Social / Marital Status
Searching for indicator single:
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p.000002:
p.000002: 1.4. Scientists will undertake to further implementation of research knowledge for the welfare of humankind, for
p.000002: preservation and consolidation of the ecosystem and for economical and sustainable use of the natural resources.
p.000002: 1.5. Scientists will undertake to uphold the freedom of scientific thought, to condemn the censorship of scientific
p.000002: creativity and attempts to monopolise research directions. Scientists will permit the restrictions to be imposed
p.000002: on dissemination in some specific case of scientific advances.
p.000002: 1.6. By retaining critical mind and sound scepticism scientists will act to promote knowledge- based
p.000002: decisions and to stand up against the use of unproven results and unscientific claims, when the decisions
p.000002: crucial to society are being taken.
p.000002: 1.7. All those in science will undertake to train and develop young scientists. These activities should
p.000002: not be limited to providing the technical skills necessary to enable them to conduct their research.
p.000002: Training must also inculcate the core ethical standards and norms of science, hence the mentor must pose
p.000002: as a moral epitome to the young scientists, as regards the science and community.
p.000002: 1.8. Scientists will be morally liable for any such activity which may have a material impact on the development
p.000002: of the whole humanity, environment, country or a social institution.
p.000002: 2. Scientific research
p.000002: 2.1. Scientists will adhere to the highest professional standards while mapping and practising research.
p.000002: 2.2. In every single phase of scientific research scientists must preserve integrity.
p.000002: Scientists will avoid any scientific misconduct or fraud, such as fabricating or falsifying data or records,
p.000002: piracy or plagiarism, sabotaging the work, records or protocols of other scientists, breach of confidence as a reviewer
p.000002: or supervisor.
p.000002: 2.3. Scientists will remember that the scientific research is an ongoing process. They must take critically the
p.000002: findings and be willing to reassess their earlier achievements, in the face of new facts come to light.
p.000002: 2.4. Scientists have a duty to ensure that intellectual property arising from their work is properly safeguarded.
p.000002: 2.5. Scientists will undertake, whenever possible, to ensure that the outcome of their study is used to the best
p.000002: interests of the society and environment.
p.000002: 2.5. Scientific research involving interactions with people must not trespass on human dignity and basic
p.000002: human rights. In case of such research, the individuals will be informed about all aspects of the proposed
p.000002: research. Their voluntary agreement to participate will be secured – the principle of ‘informed consent’. Personal
p.000002: information obtained will be handled and kept under conditions of the highest possible confidentiality, and
p.000002: information obtained will be used exclusively for the purposes of the research.
p.000002:
p.000002:
p.000002:
p.000002:
p.000002:
p.000002:
p.000002: 2
p.000002:
p.000002: 3. Self-regulation in scientific community
p.000002: 3.1. Scientists will make every effort to build a creative atmosphere with the team, displaying
...
Social / Property Ownership
Searching for indicator property:
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p.000002: decisions and to stand up against the use of unproven results and unscientific claims, when the decisions
p.000002: crucial to society are being taken.
p.000002: 1.7. All those in science will undertake to train and develop young scientists. These activities should
p.000002: not be limited to providing the technical skills necessary to enable them to conduct their research.
p.000002: Training must also inculcate the core ethical standards and norms of science, hence the mentor must pose
p.000002: as a moral epitome to the young scientists, as regards the science and community.
p.000002: 1.8. Scientists will be morally liable for any such activity which may have a material impact on the development
p.000002: of the whole humanity, environment, country or a social institution.
p.000002: 2. Scientific research
p.000002: 2.1. Scientists will adhere to the highest professional standards while mapping and practising research.
p.000002: 2.2. In every single phase of scientific research scientists must preserve integrity.
p.000002: Scientists will avoid any scientific misconduct or fraud, such as fabricating or falsifying data or records,
p.000002: piracy or plagiarism, sabotaging the work, records or protocols of other scientists, breach of confidence as a reviewer
p.000002: or supervisor.
p.000002: 2.3. Scientists will remember that the scientific research is an ongoing process. They must take critically the
p.000002: findings and be willing to reassess their earlier achievements, in the face of new facts come to light.
p.000002: 2.4. Scientists have a duty to ensure that intellectual property arising from their work is properly safeguarded.
p.000002: 2.5. Scientists will undertake, whenever possible, to ensure that the outcome of their study is used to the best
p.000002: interests of the society and environment.
p.000002: 2.5. Scientific research involving interactions with people must not trespass on human dignity and basic
p.000002: human rights. In case of such research, the individuals will be informed about all aspects of the proposed
p.000002: research. Their voluntary agreement to participate will be secured – the principle of ‘informed consent’. Personal
p.000002: information obtained will be handled and kept under conditions of the highest possible confidentiality, and
p.000002: information obtained will be used exclusively for the purposes of the research.
p.000002:
p.000002:
p.000002:
p.000002:
p.000002:
p.000002:
p.000002: 2
p.000002:
p.000002: 3. Self-regulation in scientific community
p.000002: 3.1. Scientists will make every effort to build a creative atmosphere with the team, displaying
p.000002: tolerance towards colleagues, wholeheartedly acclaiming their success.
p.000002: 3.2. A scientist will value highly the competence and professionalism in conducting scientific research. He/she will
p.000002: be frank and fair, when there is a need to give an opinion on the lack of ability or proficiency of a
p.000002: colleague, in particular if that impedes or damages the advancement of science and society. However, the
p.000002: competency of a fellow scientists may be queried only provided there is a well supported proof.
p.000002: 3.3. In critique, discussion and debate scientists will proceed from the equity principle and the confidence in facts
...
Social / Racial Minority
Searching for indicator race:
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p.000002: and research outcome. Scientists will not interpret the facts arbitrarily or in pursuance of their personal interests.
p.000002: 3.4. Scientists will not require of their collaborators that they shoulder his/her own assignments.
p.000002: 3.5. When in a superior position, scientists will apply democratic style of leadership.
p.000002: 3.6. When publishing research outcome of a team project all participants involved in work will be referred to as
p.000002: authors; if needs be, their individual contribution will be indicated. The practice of honorary, or “ghost” authorships
p.000002: is inconsistent with theses principles and with good scientific practice.
p.000002: 4. Scientist as a mentor and as a student
p.000002: 4.1. Scientists will hold in respect both their mentors and students.
p.000002: 4.2. Scientists will encourage independent work of students, their unfettered and critical thinking.
p.000002: Scientists will respect free expression of their opinions.
p.000002: 4.3. Scientists will not hinder the communication of their students with other scientists and
p.000002: scientific institutions.
p.000002: 4.4. Scientists will view their students objectively, withholding from deprecating and criticizing them.
p.000002: 5. Scientist as an expert
p.000002: 5.1. Scientists will act as experts only within their sphere of competence, referring to their knowledge and
p.000002: experience.
p.000002: 5.2. Scientists will agree to act as experts only provided they can remain impartial.
p.000002: 5.3. Scientists will perform expert examinations honestly, impartially and with responsibility.
p.000002: 5.4. Scientists will adhere to the principle of equality, when performing expert examinations. Any
p.000002: discrimination on grounds of sex, race, political opinions or cultural backgrounds will be inconsistent with
p.000002: these principles.
p.000002: 5.5. While performing expert examinations, scientists will abide by the confidentiality principle.
p.000002:
p.000002:
p.000002:
p.000002:
p.000003: 3
p.000003:
p.000003: 5.6. In the course of expert examinations scientists will retain their independence and defy coercion, when drawing
p.000003: and presenting conclusions.
p.000003: 5.7. When electing to fill research vacancies or other academic positions, scientists as experts will objectively
p.000003: appraise the candidates. They shall not give preference their students, representatives of the same
p.000003: school or other attendants and associates of theirs.
p.000003: 5.8. When acting as opponents of a thesis scientists will be impartial. To preclude any bias, the opponent must not
p.000003: have joint publications with the author of thesis.
p.000003: 6. Scientist and society
p.000003: 6.1. Scientists will commit themselves to pursuit of new knowledge and its application for the we lfare of
p.000003: society and environment. The information delivered to community must be reliable, scientists will
p.000003: discourage presentation of unverified data as hard facts.
p.000003: 6.2. Scientists will promote the spread of scientific knowledge and repulse dissemination of
p.000003: pseudo-scientific theories, misconceptions and misrepresentations.
p.000003: 6.3. Scientists will consider it their obligation to publish research results also in the popular science
p.000003: form.
p.000003:
...
Social / philosophical differences/differences of opinion
Searching for indicator opinion:
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p.000002: or supervisor.
p.000002: 2.3. Scientists will remember that the scientific research is an ongoing process. They must take critically the
p.000002: findings and be willing to reassess their earlier achievements, in the face of new facts come to light.
p.000002: 2.4. Scientists have a duty to ensure that intellectual property arising from their work is properly safeguarded.
p.000002: 2.5. Scientists will undertake, whenever possible, to ensure that the outcome of their study is used to the best
p.000002: interests of the society and environment.
p.000002: 2.5. Scientific research involving interactions with people must not trespass on human dignity and basic
p.000002: human rights. In case of such research, the individuals will be informed about all aspects of the proposed
p.000002: research. Their voluntary agreement to participate will be secured – the principle of ‘informed consent’. Personal
p.000002: information obtained will be handled and kept under conditions of the highest possible confidentiality, and
p.000002: information obtained will be used exclusively for the purposes of the research.
p.000002:
p.000002:
p.000002:
p.000002:
p.000002:
p.000002:
p.000002: 2
p.000002:
p.000002: 3. Self-regulation in scientific community
p.000002: 3.1. Scientists will make every effort to build a creative atmosphere with the team, displaying
p.000002: tolerance towards colleagues, wholeheartedly acclaiming their success.
p.000002: 3.2. A scientist will value highly the competence and professionalism in conducting scientific research. He/she will
p.000002: be frank and fair, when there is a need to give an opinion on the lack of ability or proficiency of a
p.000002: colleague, in particular if that impedes or damages the advancement of science and society. However, the
p.000002: competency of a fellow scientists may be queried only provided there is a well supported proof.
p.000002: 3.3. In critique, discussion and debate scientists will proceed from the equity principle and the confidence in facts
p.000002: and research outcome. Scientists will not interpret the facts arbitrarily or in pursuance of their personal interests.
p.000002: 3.4. Scientists will not require of their collaborators that they shoulder his/her own assignments.
p.000002: 3.5. When in a superior position, scientists will apply democratic style of leadership.
p.000002: 3.6. When publishing research outcome of a team project all participants involved in work will be referred to as
p.000002: authors; if needs be, their individual contribution will be indicated. The practice of honorary, or “ghost” authorships
p.000002: is inconsistent with theses principles and with good scientific practice.
p.000002: 4. Scientist as a mentor and as a student
p.000002: 4.1. Scientists will hold in respect both their mentors and students.
p.000002: 4.2. Scientists will encourage independent work of students, their unfettered and critical thinking.
p.000002: Scientists will respect free expression of their opinions.
p.000002: 4.3. Scientists will not hinder the communication of their students with other scientists and
p.000002: scientific institutions.
p.000002: 4.4. Scientists will view their students objectively, withholding from deprecating and criticizing them.
p.000002: 5. Scientist as an expert
p.000002: 5.1. Scientists will act as experts only within their sphere of competence, referring to their knowledge and
p.000002: experience.
...
General/Other / Relationship to Authority
Searching for indicator authority:
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p.000002: essential guidelines, does not bear upon specific ethical issues that exist in some specialised fields
p.000002: of science. The Code is expected to regulate the relations amongst scientists and with the society. It
p.000002: will set benchmarks to help scientists to pass moral judgement over their own activity and that of their fellow
p.000002: scientists. The principles fixed here should lay in the foundation of the ethical training of young scientists. The
p.000002: task of the Code of Ethics is to highlight the moral dimensions of science and the social responsibility of scientists.
p.000002: The problem of individual responsibility of a scientist has gained in significance lately, in view of the occasional
p.000002: inability of societal institutions to keep pace with the dramatic progress of science and technology.
p.000002: Having adopted this Code, Estonia follows the pattern of many scientific institutions in Europe and the U.S.A. Codes of
p.000002: ethics in the whole world base on the understanding that good practice nurtures trust within the scientific community
p.000002: and between science and society, both of which are necessary for scientific advance. Scientists should be
p.000002: able to have confidence in the outcome of research of other scientists. Society should be able to have confidence in
p.000002: the integrity of scientists and truthfulness and veracity of research results. Unfortunately, that trust has
p.000002: recently been eroded, because many countries have evidenced serious ethical transgressions in scientific research,
p.000002: putting at peril the authority of science and the trust the society places in scientists. In order to prevent such a
p.000002: development in Estonia and to reinforce public trust in science, all scientists should be aware of the
p.000002: importance of highly ethical conduct and their personal responsibility for forming the societal stance on
p.000002: science.
p.000002: 1. General principles
p.000002: 1.1. The ethics in science is based on fundamental values, norms and principles, determining the moral
p.000002: conduct of scientists, their responsibilities to the society and the environment.
p.000002: 1.2. In his/her research work a scientist shall be guided by accepted standards of best practice, the general
p.000002: concepts of which this code defines.
p.000002: 1.3. Scientists will hold it to their heart that the society should attach value to science.
p.000002:
p.000002: 1.4. Scientists will undertake to further implementation of research knowledge for the welfare of humankind, for
p.000002: preservation and consolidation of the ecosystem and for economical and sustainable use of the natural resources.
p.000002: 1.5. Scientists will undertake to uphold the freedom of scientific thought, to condemn the censorship of scientific
p.000002: creativity and attempts to monopolise research directions. Scientists will permit the restrictions to be imposed
p.000002: on dissemination in some specific case of scientific advances.
p.000002: 1.6. By retaining critical mind and sound scepticism scientists will act to promote knowledge- based
p.000002: decisions and to stand up against the use of unproven results and unscientific claims, when the decisions
p.000002: crucial to society are being taken.
...
Orphaned Trigger Words
Appendix
Indicator List
| Indicator | Vulnerability |
|---|
| authority | Relationship to Authority |
| opinion | philosophical differences/differences of opinion |
| political | political affiliation |
| property | Property Ownership |
| race | Racial Minority |
| single | Marital Status |
Indicator Peers (Indicators in Same Vulnerability)
Trigger Words
coercion
consent
cultural
ethics
welfare
Applicable Type / Vulnerability / Indicator Overlay for this Input