79C3C34C52B45572883A05D425EB0F82

EU General Data Protection Regulation (2016)

https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/679/oj

http://leaux.net/URLS/ConvertAPI Text Files/2C428DA533FFEFC266D92020D3B61746.en.txt

Examining the file media/Synopses/2C428DA533FFEFC266D92020D3B61746.html:

This file was generated: 2020-12-01 05:03:34

Indicators in focus are typically shown highlighted in yellow;

Peer Indicators (that share the same Vulnerability association) are shown highlighted in pink;

"Outside" Indicators (those that do NOT share the same Vulnerability association) are shown highlighted in green;

Trigger Words/Phrases are shown highlighted in gray.

Link to Orphaned Trigger Words (Appendix (Indicator List, Indicator Peers, Trigger Words, Type/Vulnerability/Indicator Overlay)

Applicable Type / Vulnerability / Indicator Overlay for this Input

Vulnerability Type	Vulnerability	Indicator	# Matches
Political	Illegal Activity	unlawful	8
Political	criminal	criminal	35
Political	political affiliation	party	11
Political	political affiliation	political	8
Political	vulnerable	vulnerable	1
Health	Drug Usage	substance	2
Health	Mentally Disabled	disability	2
Health	Mentally Incapacitated	incapable	4
Health	Motherhood/Family	family	1
Health	Physically Disabled	physically	3
Health	patients in emergency situations	emergencies	1
Social	Access to Social Goods	access	46
Social	Age	age	4
Social	Child	child	17
Social	Child	children	8
Social	Ethnicity	ethnic	4
Social	Incarcerated	restricted	5
Social	Linguistic Proficiency	language	10
Social	Linguistic Proficiency	linguistic	1
Social	Marital Status	single	15
Social	Occupation	occupation	2
Social	Police Officer	officer	15
Social	Property Ownership	home	1
Social	Property Ownership	property	2
Social	Racial Minority	racial	5
Social	Religion	religion	3
Social	Religion	religious	8
Social	Trade Union Membership	union	221
Social	Unemployment	unemployment	1
Social	Victim of Abuse	abuse	1
Social	Youth/Minors	minor	1
Social	education	education	1
Social	education	educational	1
Social	employees	employees	7
Social	philosophical differences/differences of opinion	opinion	40
General/Other	Dependent	dependent	1
General/Other	Public Emergency	emergency	1
General/Other	Relationship to Authority	authority	383

Political / Illegal Activity

Searching for indicator unlawful:

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p.(None): data subject can reasonably expect at the time and in the context of the collection of the personal data that processing for that
p.(None): purpose may take place. The interests and fundamental rights of the data subject could in particular override the interest of
p.(None): the data controller where personal data are processed in circumstances where data subjects do not reasonably expect further
p.(None): processing. Given that it is for the legislator to provide by law for the legal basis for public authorities to process personal data,
p.(None): that legal basis should not apply to the processing by public authorities in the performance of their tasks. The processing of
p.(None): personal data strictly necessary for the purposes of preventing fraud also constitutes a legitimate interest of the data controller
p.(None): concerned. The processing of personal data for direct marketing purposes may be regarded as carried out for a legitimate
p.(None): interest.
p.(None): (48) Controllers that are part of a group of undertakings or institutions aﬃliated to a central body may have a legitimate interest in
p.(None): transmitting personal data within the group of undertakings for internal administrative purposes, including the processing of
p.(None): clients' or employees' personal data. The general principles for the transfer of personal data, within a group of undertakings, to
p.(None): an undertaking located in a third country remain unaffected.
p.(None): (49) The processing of personal data to the extent strictly necessary and proportionate for the purposes of ensuring network and
p.(None): information security, i.e. the ability of a network or an information system to resist, at a given level of conﬁdence, accidental
p.(None): events or unlawful or malicious actions that compromise the availability, authenticity, integrity and conﬁdentiality of stored or
p.(None): transmitted personal data, and the security of the related services oﬀered by, or accessible via, those networks and systems,
p.(None): by public authorities, by computer emergency response teams (CERTs), computer security incident response teams
p.(None): (CSIRTs), by providers of electronic communications networks and services and by providers of security technologies and
p.(None): services, constitutes a legitimate interest of the data controller concerned. This could, for example, include preventing
p.(None): unauthorised access to electronic communications networks and malicious code distribution and stopping ‘denial of service’
p.(None): attacks and damage to computer and electronic communication systems.
p.(None): (50) The processing of personal data for purposes other than those for which the personal data were initially collected should be
p.(None): allowed only where the processing is compatible with the purposes for which the personal data were initially collected. In such
p.(None): a case, no legal basis separate from that which allowed the collection of the personal data is required. If the processing is
p.(None): necessary for the performance of a task carried out in the public interest or in the exercise of oﬃcial authority vested in the
p.(None): controller, Union or Member State law may determine and specify the tasks and purposes for which the further processing
p.(None): should be regarded as compatible and lawful. Further processing for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientiﬁc or
...

p.(None): may choose to use an individual contract or standard contractual clauses which are adopted either directly by the Commission
p.(None): or by a supervisory authority in accordance with the consistency mechanism and then adopted by the Commission. After the
p.(None): completion of the processing on behalf of the controller, the processor should, at the choice of the controller, return or delete
p.(None): the personal data, unless there is a requirement to store the personal data under Union or Member State law to which the
p.(None): processor is subject.
p.(None): (82) In order to demonstrate compliance with this Regulation, the controller or processor should maintain records of processing
p.(None): activities under its responsibility. Each controller and processor should be obliged to cooperate with the supervisory authority
p.(None): and make those records, on request, available to it, so that it might serve for monitoring those processing operations.
p.(None): (83) In order to maintain security and to prevent processing in infringement of this Regulation, the controller or processor should
p.(None): evaluate the risks inherent in the processing and implement measures to mitigate those risks, such as encryption. Those
p.(None): measures should ensure an appropriate level of security, including conﬁdentiality, taking into account the state of the art and
p.(None): the costs of implementation in relation to the risks and the nature of the personal data to be protected. In assessing data
p.(None): security risk, consideration should be given to the risks that are presented by personal data processing, such as accidental or
p.(None): unlawful destruction, loss, alteration, unauthorised disclosure of, or access to, personal data transmitted, stored or otherwise
p.(None): processed which may in particular lead to physical, material or non-material damage.
p.(None): (84) In order to enhance compliance with this Regulation where processing operations are likely to result in a high risk to the rights
p.(None): and freedoms of natural persons, the controller should be responsible for the carrying-out of a data protection impact
p.(None): assessment to evaluate, in particular, the origin, nature, particularity and severity of that risk. The outcome of the assessment
p.(None): should be taken into account when determining the appropriate measures to be taken in order to demonstrate that the
p.(None): processing of personal data complies with this Regulation. Where a data-protection impact assessment indicates that
p.(None): processing operations involve a high risk which the controller cannot mitigate by appropriate measures in terms of available
p.(None): technology and costs of implementation, a consultation of the supervisory authority should take place prior to the processing.
p.(None): (85) A personal data breach may, if not addressed in an appropriate and timely manner, result in physical, material or non-material
p.(None): damage to natural persons such as loss of control over their personal data or limitation of their rights, discrimination, identity
...

p.(None): (115)Some third countries adopt laws, regulations and other legal acts which purport to directly regulate the processing activities of
p.(None): natural and legal persons under the jurisdiction of the Member States. This may include judgments of courts or tribunals or
p.(None): decisions of administrative authorities in third countries requiring a controller or processor to transfer or disclose personal
p.(None): data, and which are not based on an international agreement, such as a mutual legal assistance treaty, in force between the
p.(None): requesting third country and the Union or a Member State. The extraterritorial application of those laws, regulations and other
p.(None): legal acts may be in breach of international law and may impede the attainment of the protection of natural persons ensured in
p.(None): the Union by this Regulation. Transfers should only be allowed where the conditions of this Regulation for a transfer to third
p.(None): countries are met. This may be the case, inter alia, where disclosure is necessary for an important ground of public interest
p.(None): recognised in Union or Member State law to which the controller is subject.
p.(None): (116)When personal data moves across borders outside the Union it may put at increased risk the ability of natural persons to
p.(None): exercise data protection rights in particular to protect themselves from the unlawful use or disclosure of that information. At the
p.(None): same time, supervisory authorities may ﬁnd that they are unable to pursue complaints or conduct investigations relating to the
p.(None): activities outside their borders. Their eﬀorts to work together in the cross-border context may also be hampered by insuﬃcient
p.(None): preventative or remedial powers, inconsistent legal regimes, and practical obstacles like resource constraints. Therefore, there
p.(None): is a need to promote closer cooperation among data protection supervisory authorities to help them exchange information and
p.(None): carry out investigations with their international counterparts. For the purposes of developing international cooperation
p.(None): mechanisms to facilitate and provide international mutual assistance for the enforcement of legislation for the protection of
p.(None): personal data, the Commission and the supervisory authorities should exchange information and cooperate in activities
p.(None): related to the exercise of their powers with competent authorities in third countries, based on reciprocity and in accordance
p.(None): with this Regulation.
p.(None): (117)The establishment of supervisory authorities in Member States, empowered to perform their tasks and exercise their powers
p.(None): with complete independence, is an essential component of the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of
p.(None): their personal data. Member States should be able to establish more than one supervisory authority, to reﬂect their
p.(None): constitutional, organisational and administrative structure.
...

p.(None): the controller;
p.(None): (9) ‘recipient’ means a natural or legal person, public authority, agency or another body, to which the personal data are disclosed,
p.(None): whether a third party or not. However, public authorities which may receive personal data in the framework of a particular
p.(None): inquiry in accordance with Union or Member State law shall not be regarded as recipients; the processing of those data by
p.(None): those public authorities shall be in compliance with the applicable data protection rules according to the purposes of the
p.(None): processing;
p.(None): (10) ‘third party’ means a natural or legal person, public authority, agency or body other than the data subject, controller, processor
p.(None): and persons who, under the direct authority of the controller or processor, are authorised to process personal data;
p.(None): (11) ‘consent’ of the data subject means any freely given, speciﬁc, informed and unambiguous indication of the data subject's
p.(None): wishes by which he or she, by a statement or by a clear aﬃrmative action, signiﬁes agreement to the processing of personal
p.(None): data relating to him or her;
p.(None): (12) ‘personal data breach’ means a breach of security leading to the accidental or unlawful destruction, loss, alteration,
p.(None): unauthorised disclosure of, or access to, personal data transmitted, stored or otherwise processed;
p.(None): (13) ‘genetic data’ means personal data relating to the inherited or acquired genetic characteristics of a natural person which give
p.(None): unique information about the physiology or the health of that natural person and which result, in particular, from an analysis of
p.(None): a biological sample from the natural person in question;
p.(None): (14) ‘biometric data’ means personal data resulting from speciﬁc technical processing relating to the physical, physiological or
p.(None): behavioural characteristics of a natural person, which allow or conﬁrm the unique identiﬁcation of that natural person, such as
p.(None): facial images or dactyloscopic data;
p.(None): (15) ‘data concerning health’ means personal data related to the physical or mental health of a natural person, including the
p.(None): provision of health care services, which reveal information about his or her health status;
p.(None): (16) ‘main establishment’ means:
p.(None): (a) as regards a controller with establishments in more than one Member State, the place of its central administration in the
p.(None): Union, unless the decisions on the purposes and means of the processing of personal data are taken in another
p.(None): establishment of the controller in the Union and the latter establishment has the power to have such decisions
p.(None): implemented, in which case the establishment having taken such decisions is to be considered to be the main
p.(None): establishment;
p.(None): (b) as regards a processor with establishments in more than one Member State, the place of its central administration in the
...

p.(None): (a) processed lawfully, fairly and in a transparent manner in relation to the data subject (‘lawfulness, fairness and transparency’);
p.(None): (b) collected for speciﬁed, explicit and legitimate purposes and not further processed in a manner that is incompatible with those
p.(None): purposes; further processing for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientiﬁc or historical research purposes or
p.(None): statistical purposes shall, in accordance with Article 89(1), not be considered to be incompatible with the initial purposes
p.(None): (‘purpose limitation’);
p.(None): (c) adequate, relevant and limited to what is necessary in relation to the purposes for which they are processed (‘data
p.(None): minimisation’);
p.(None): (d) accurate and, where necessary, kept up to date; every reasonable step must be taken to ensure that personal data that are
p.(None): inaccurate, having regard to the purposes for which they are processed, are erased or rectified without delay (‘accuracy’);
p.(None): (e) kept in a form which permits identiﬁcation of data subjects for no longer than is necessary for the purposes for which the
p.(None): personal data are processed; personal data may be stored for longer periods insofar as the personal data will be processed
p.(None): solely for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientiﬁc or historical research purposes or statistical purposes in
p.(None): accordance with Article 89(1) subject to implementation of the appropriate technical and organisational measures required by
p.(None): this Regulation in order to safeguard the rights and freedoms of the data subject (‘storage limitation’);
p.(None): (f) processed in a manner that ensures appropriate security of the personal data, including protection against unauthorised or
p.(None): unlawful processing and against accidental loss, destruction or damage, using appropriate technical or organisational
p.(None): measures (‘integrity and confidentiality’).
p.(None): 2. The controller shall be responsible for, and be able to demonstrate compliance with, paragraph 1 (‘accountability’).
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 6
p.(None): Lawfulness of processing
p.(None): 1. Processing shall be lawful only if and to the extent that at least one of the following applies:
p.(None): (a) the data subject has given consent to the processing of his or her personal data for one or more specific purposes;
p.(None): (b) processing is necessary for the performance of a contract to which the data subject is party or in order to take steps at the
p.(None): request of the data subject prior to entering into a contract;
p.(None): (c) processing is necessary for compliance with a legal obligation to which the controller is subject;
p.(None): (d) processing is necessary in order to protect the vital interests of the data subject or of another natural person;
p.(None): (e) processing is necessary for the performance of a task carried out in the public interest or in the exercise of oﬃcial authority
p.(None): vested in the controller;
p.(None): (f) processing is necessary for the purposes of the legitimate interests pursued by the controller or by a third party, except where
p.(None): such interests are overridden by the interests or fundamental rights and freedoms of the data subject which require protection
...

p.(None): measures, to inform controllers which are processing the personal data that the data subject has requested the erasure by such
p.(None): controllers of any links to, or copy or replication of, those personal data.
p.(None): 3. Paragraphs 1 and 2 shall not apply to the extent that processing is necessary:
p.(None): (a) for exercising the right of freedom of expression and information;
p.(None): (b) for compliance with a legal obligation which requires processing by Union or Member State law to which the controller is
p.(None): subject or for the performance of a task carried out in the public interest or in the exercise of oﬃcial authority vested in the
p.(None): controller;
p.(None): (c) for reasons of public interest in the area of public health in accordance with points (h) and (i) of Article 9(2) as well as Article
p.(None): 9(3);
p.(None): (d) for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientiﬁc or historical research purposes or statistical purposes in accordance
p.(None): with Article 89(1) in so far as the right referred to in paragraph 1 is likely to render impossible or seriously impair the
p.(None): achievement of the objectives of that processing; or
p.(None): (e) for the establishment, exercise or defence of legal claims.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 18
p.(None): Right to restriction of processing
p.(None): 1. The data subject shall have the right to obtain from the controller restriction of processing where one of the following applies:
p.(None): (a) the accuracy of the personal data is contested by the data subject, for a period enabling the controller to verify the accuracy of
p.(None): the personal data;
p.(None): (b) the processing is unlawful and the data subject opposes the erasure of the personal data and requests the restriction of their
p.(None): use instead;
p.(None): (c) the controller no longer needs the personal data for the purposes of the processing, but they are required by the data subject
p.(None): for the establishment, exercise or defence of legal claims;
p.(None): (d) the data subject has objected to processing pursuant to Article 21(1) pending the veriﬁcation whether the legitimate grounds
p.(None): of the controller override those of the data subject.
p.(None): 2. Where processing has been restricted under paragraph 1, such personal data shall, with the exception of storage, only be
p.(None): processed with the data subject's consent or for the establishment, exercise or defence of legal claims or for the protection of the
p.(None): rights of another natural or legal person or for reasons of important public interest of the Union or of a Member State.
p.(None): 3. A data subject who has obtained restriction of processing pursuant to paragraph 1 shall be informed by the controller before the
p.(None): restriction of processing is lifted.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 19
p.(None): Notification obligation regarding rectification or erasure of personal data or restriction of processing
p.(None): The controller shall communicate any rectiﬁcation or erasure of personal data or restriction of processing carried out in accordance
p.(None): with Article 16, Article 17(1) and Article 18 to each recipient to whom the personal data have been disclosed, unless this proves
p.(None): impossible or involves disproportionate eﬀort. The controller shall inform the data subject about those recipients if the data subject
...

p.(None): safeguarding against and the prevention of threats to public security;
p.(None): (e) other important objectives of general public interest of the Union or of a Member State, in particular an important economic or
p.(None): ﬁnancial interest of the Union or of a Member State, including monetary, budgetary and taxation a matters, public health and
p.(None): social security;
p.(None): (f) the protection of judicial independence and judicial proceedings;
p.(None): (g) the prevention, investigation, detection and prosecution of breaches of ethics for regulated professions;
p.(None): (h) a monitoring, inspection or regulatory function connected, even occasionally, to the exercise of oﬃcial authority in the cases
p.(None): referred to in points (a) to (e) and (g);
p.(None): (i) the protection of the data subject or the rights and freedoms of others;
p.(None): (j) the enforcement of civil law claims.
p.(None): 2. In particular, any legislative measure referred to in paragraph 1 shall contain specific provisions at least, where relevant, as to:
p.(None): (a) the purposes of the processing or categories of processing;
p.(None): (b) the categories of personal data;
p.(None): (c) the scope of the restrictions introduced;
p.(None): (d) the safeguards to prevent abuse or unlawful access or transfer;
p.(None): (e) the specification of the controller or categories of controllers;
p.(None): (f) the storage periods and the applicable safeguards taking into account the nature, scope and purposes of the processing or
p.(None): categories of processing;
p.(None): (g) the risks to the rights and freedoms of data subjects; and
p.(None): (h) the right of data subjects to be informed about the restriction, unless that may be prejudicial to the purpose of the restriction.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): CHAPTER IV
p.(None): Controller and processor
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Section 1
p.(None): General obligations
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 24
p.(None): Responsibility of the controller
p.(None): 1. Taking into account the nature, scope, context and purposes of processing as well as the risks of varying likelihood and severity
p.(None): for the rights and freedoms of natural persons, the controller shall implement appropriate technical and organisational measures to
p.(None): ensure and to be able to demonstrate that processing is performed in accordance with this Regulation. Those measures shall be
p.(None): reviewed and updated where necessary.
p.(None): 2. Where proportionate in relation to processing activities, the measures referred to in paragraph 1 shall include the
p.(None): implementation of appropriate data protection policies by the controller.
p.(None): 3. Adherence to approved codes of conduct as referred to in Article 40 or approved certiﬁcation mechanisms as referred to in
p.(None): Article 42 may be used as an element by which to demonstrate compliance with the obligations of the controller.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 25
p.(None): Data protection by design and by default
...

p.(None): Cooperation with the supervisory authority
p.(None): The controller and the processor and, where applicable, their representatives, shall cooperate, on request, with the supervisory
p.(None): authority in the performance of its tasks.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Section 2
p.(None): Security of personal data
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 32
p.(None): Security of processing
p.(None): 1. Taking into account the state of the art, the costs of implementation and the nature, scope, context and purposes of processing
p.(None): as well as the risk of varying likelihood and severity for the rights and freedoms of natural persons, the controller and the processor
p.(None): shall implement appropriate technical and organisational measures to ensure a level of security appropriate to the risk, including
p.(None): inter alia as appropriate:
p.(None): (a) the pseudonymisation and encryption of personal data;
p.(None): (b) the ability to ensure the ongoing confidentiality, integrity, availability and resilience of processing systems and services;
p.(None): (c) the ability to restore the availability and access to personal data in a timely manner in the event of a physical or technical
p.(None): incident;
p.(None): (d) a process for regularly testing, assessing and evaluating the eﬀectiveness of technical and organisational measures for
p.(None): ensuring the security of the processing.
p.(None): 2. In assessing the appropriate level of security account shall be taken in particular of the risks that are presented by processing,
p.(None): in particular from accidental or unlawful destruction, loss, alteration, unauthorised disclosure of, or access to personal data
p.(None): transmitted, stored or otherwise processed.
p.(None): 3. Adherence to an approved code of conduct as referred to in Article 40 or an approved certiﬁcation mechanism as referred to in
p.(None): Article 42 may be used as an element by which to demonstrate compliance with the requirements set out in paragraph 1 of this
p.(None): Article.
p.(None): 4. The controller and processor shall take steps to ensure that any natural person acting under the authority of the controller or the
p.(None): processor who has access to personal data does not process them except on instructions from the controller, unless he or she is
p.(None): required to do so by Union or Member State law.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 33
p.(None): Notification of a personal data breach to the supervisory authority
p.(None): 1. In the case of a personal data breach, the controller shall without undue delay and, where feasible, not later than 72 hours after
p.(None): having become aware of it, notify the personal data breach to the supervisory authority competent in accordance with Article 55,
p.(None): unless the personal data breach is unlikely to result in a risk to the rights and freedoms of natural persons. Where the notiﬁcation to
p.(None): the supervisory authority is not made within 72 hours, it shall be accompanied by reasons for the delay.
...

Political / criminal

Searching for indicator criminal:

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p.(None): (17) Regulation (EC) No 45/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council(6) applies to the processing of personal data by
p.(None): the Union institutions, bodies, oﬃces and agencies. Regulation (EC) No 45/2001 and other Union legal acts applicable to such
p.(None): processing of personal data should be adapted to the principles and rules established in this Regulation and applied in the
p.(None): light of this Regulation. In order to provide a strong and coherent data protection framework in the Union, the necessary
p.(None): adaptations of Regulation (EC) No 45/2001 should follow after the adoption of this Regulation, in order to allow application at
p.(None): the same time as this Regulation.
p.(None): (18) This Regulation does not apply to the processing of personal data by a natural person in the course of a purely personal or
p.(None): household activity and thus with no connection to a professional or commercial activity. Personal or household activities could
p.(None): include correspondence and the holding of addresses, or social networking and online activity undertaken within the context of
p.(None): such activities. However, this Regulation applies to controllers or processors which provide the means for processing personal
p.(None): data for such personal or household activities.
p.(None): (19) The protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data by competent authorities for the purposes of
p.(None): the prevention, investigation, detection or prosecution of criminal oﬀences or the execution of criminal penalties, including the
p.(None): safeguarding against and the prevention of threats to public security and the free movement of such data, is the subject of a
p.(None): speciﬁc Union legal act. This Regulation should not, therefore, apply to processing activities for those purposes. However,
p.(None): personal data processed by public authorities under this Regulation should, when used for those purposes, be governed by a
p.(None): more speciﬁc Union legal act, namely Directive (EU) 2016/680 of the European Parliament and of the Council (7).
p.(None): Member States may entrust competent authorities within the meaning of Directive (EU) 2016/680 with tasks which are not
p.(None): necessarily carried out for the purposes of the prevention, investigation, detection or prosecution of criminal oﬀences or the
p.(None): execution of criminal penalties, including the safeguarding against and prevention of threats to public security, so that the
p.(None): processing of personal data for those other purposes, in so far as it is within the scope of Union law, falls within the scope of
p.(None): this Regulation.
p.(None): With regard to the processing of personal data by those competent authorities for purposes falling within scope of this
p.(None): Regulation, Member States should be able to maintain or introduce more speciﬁc provisions to adapt the application of the
p.(None): rules of this Regulation. Such provisions may determine more precisely speciﬁc requirements for the processing of personal
p.(None): data by those competent authorities for those other purposes, taking into account the constitutional, organisational and
p.(None): administrative structure of the respective Member State. When the processing of personal data by private bodies falls within
p.(None): the scope of this Regulation, this Regulation should provide for the possibility for Member States under speciﬁc conditions to
p.(None): restrict by law certain obligations and rights when such a restriction constitutes a necessary and proportionate measure in a
p.(None): democratic society to safeguard speciﬁc important interests including public security and the prevention, investigation,
p.(None): detection or prosecution of criminal oﬀences or the execution of criminal penalties, including the safeguarding against and the
p.(None): prevention of threats to public security. This is relevant for instance in the framework of anti-money laundering or the activities
p.(None): of forensic laboratories.
p.(None): (20) While this Regulation applies, inter alia, to the activities of courts and other judicial authorities, Union or Member State law
p.(None): could specify the processing operations and processing procedures in relation to the processing of personal data by courts
p.(None): and other judicial authorities. The competence of the supervisory authorities should not cover the processing of personal data
p.(None): when courts are acting in their judicial capacity, in order to safeguard the independence of the judiciary in the performance of
p.(None): its judicial tasks, including decision-making. It should be possible to entrust supervision of such data processing operations to
p.(None): speciﬁc bodies within the judicial system of the Member State, which should, in particular ensure compliance with the rules of
p.(None): this Regulation, enhance awareness among members of the judiciary of their obligations under this Regulation and handle
p.(None): complaints in relation to such data processing operations.
p.(None): (21) This Regulation is without prejudice to the application of Directive 2000/31/EC of the European Parliament and of the
p.(None): Council (8), in particular of the liability rules of intermediary service providers in Articles 12 to 15 of that Directive. That
p.(None): Directive seeks to contribute to the proper functioning of the internal market by ensuring the free movement of information
p.(None): society services between Member States.
...

p.(None): legal basis provided by Union or Member State law for the processing of personal data may also provide a legal basis for
p.(None): further processing. In order to ascertain whether a purpose of further processing is compatible with the purpose for which the
p.(None): personal data are initially collected, the controller, after having met all the requirements for the lawfulness of the original
p.(None): processing, should take into account, inter alia: any link between those purposes and the purposes of the intended further
p.(None): processing; the context in which the personal data have been collected, in particular the reasonable expectations of data
p.(None): subjects based on their relationship with the controller as to their further use; the nature of the personal data; the
p.(None): consequences of the intended further processing for data subjects; and the existence of appropriate safeguards in both the
p.(None): original and intended further processing operations.
p.(None): Where the data subject has given consent or the processing is based on Union or Member State law which constitutes a
p.(None): necessary and proportionate measure in a democratic society to safeguard, in particular, important objectives of general
p.(None): public interest, the controller should be allowed to further process the personal data irrespective of the compatibility of the
p.(None): purposes. In any case, the application of the principles set out in this Regulation and in particular the information of the data
p.(None): subject on those other purposes and on his or her rights including the right to object, should be ensured. Indicating possible
p.(None): criminal acts or threats to public security by the controller and transmitting the relevant personal data in individual cases or in
p.(None): several cases relating to the same criminal act or threats to public security to a competent authority should be regarded as
p.(None): being in the legitimate interest pursued by the controller. However, such transmission in the legitimate interest of the controller
p.(None): or further processing of personal data should be prohibited if the processing is not compatible with a legal, professional or
p.(None): other binding obligation of secrecy.
p.(None): (51) Personal data which are, by their nature, particularly sensitive in relation to fundamental rights and freedoms merit speciﬁc
p.(None): protection as the context of their processing could create signiﬁcant risks to the fundamental rights and freedoms. Those
p.(None): personal data should include personal data revealing racial or ethnic origin, whereby the use of the term ‘racial origin’ in this
p.(None): Regulation does not imply an acceptance by the Union of theories which attempt to determine the existence of separate
p.(None): human races. The processing of photographs should not systematically be considered to be processing of special categories
p.(None): of personal data as they are covered by the deﬁnition of biometric data only when processed through a speciﬁc technical
p.(None): means allowing the unique identiﬁcation or authentication of a natural person. Such personal data should not be processed,
p.(None): unless processing is allowed in speciﬁc cases set out in this Regulation, taking into account that Member States law may lay
...

p.(None): beliefs, trade union membership, genetic or health status or sexual orientation, or that result in measures having such an
p.(None): eﬀect. Automated decision-making and proﬁling based on special categories of personal data should be allowed only under
p.(None): specific conditions.
p.(None): (72) Proﬁling is subject to the rules of this Regulation governing the processing of personal data, such as the legal grounds for
p.(None): processing or data protection principles. The European Data Protection Board established by this Regulation (the ‘Board’)
p.(None): should be able to issue guidance in that context.
p.(None): (73) Restrictions concerning speciﬁc principles and the rights of information, access to and rectiﬁcation or erasure of personal
p.(None): data, the right to data portability, the right to object, decisions based on proﬁling, as well as the communication of a personal
p.(None): data breach to a data subject and certain related obligations of the controllers may be imposed by Union or Member State law,
p.(None): as far as necessary and proportionate in a democratic society to safeguard public security, including the protection of human
p.(None): life especially in response to natural or manmade disasters, the prevention, investigation and prosecution of criminal oﬀences
p.(None): or the execution of criminal penalties, including the safeguarding against and the prevention of threats to public security, or of
p.(None): breaches of ethics for regulated professions, other important objectives of general public interest of the Union or of a Member
p.(None): State, in particular an important economic or ﬁnancial interest of the Union or of a Member State, the keeping of public
p.(None): registers kept for reasons of general public interest, further processing of archived personal data to provide speciﬁc
p.(None): information related to the political behaviour under former totalitarian state regimes or the protection of the data subject or the
p.(None): rights and freedoms of others, including social protection, public health and humanitarian purposes. Those restrictions should
p.(None): be in accordance with the requirements set out in the Charter and in the European Convention for the Protection of Human
p.(None): Rights and Fundamental Freedoms.
p.(None): (74) The responsibility and liability of the controller for any processing of personal data carried out by the controller or on the
p.(None): controller's behalf should be established. In particular, the controller should be obliged to implement appropriate and eﬀective
p.(None): measures and be able to demonstrate the compliance of processing activities with this Regulation, including the eﬀectiveness
p.(None): of the measures. Those measures should take into account the nature, scope, context and purposes of the processing and
p.(None): the risk to the rights and freedoms of natural persons.
p.(None): (75) The risk to the rights and freedoms of natural persons, of varying likelihood and severity, may result from personal data
p.(None): processing which could lead to physical, material or non-material damage, in particular: where the processing may give rise to
p.(None): discrimination, identity theft or fraud, ﬁnancial loss, damage to the reputation, loss of conﬁdentiality of personal data protected
p.(None): by professional secrecy, unauthorised reversal of pseudonymisation, or any other signiﬁcant economic or social disadvantage;
p.(None): where data subjects might be deprived of their rights and freedoms or prevented from exercising control over their personal
p.(None): data; where personal data are processed which reveal racial or ethnic origin, political opinions, religion or philosophical
p.(None): beliefs, trade union membership, and the processing of genetic data, data concerning health or data concerning sex life or
p.(None): criminal convictions and oﬀences or related security measures; where personal aspects are evaluated, in particular analysing
p.(None): or predicting aspects concerning performance at work, economic situation, health, personal preferences or interests, reliability
p.(None): or behaviour, location or movements, in order to create or use personal proﬁles; where personal data of vulnerable natural
p.(None): persons, in particular of children, are processed; or where processing involves a large amount of personal data and aﬀects a
p.(None): large number of data subjects.
p.(None): (76) The likelihood and severity of the risk to the rights and freedoms of the data subject should be determined by reference to the
p.(None): nature, scope, context and purposes of the processing. Risk should be evaluated on the basis of an objective assessment, by
p.(None): which it is established whether data processing operations involve a risk or a high risk.
p.(None): (77) Guidance on the implementation of appropriate measures and on the demonstration of compliance by the controller or the
p.(None): processor, especially as regards the identiﬁcation of the risk related to the processing, their assessment in terms of origin,
p.(None): nature, likelihood and severity, and the identiﬁcation of best practices to mitigate the risk, could be provided in particular by
p.(None): means of approved codes of conduct, approved certiﬁcations, guidelines provided by the Board or indications provided by a
...

p.(None): art, to make sure that controllers and processors are able to fulﬁl their data protection obligations. The principles of data
p.(None): protection by design and by default should also be taken into consideration in the context of public tenders.
p.(None): (79) The protection of the rights and freedoms of data subjects as well as the responsibility and liability of controllers and
p.(None): processors, also in relation to the monitoring by and measures of supervisory authorities, requires a clear allocation of the
p.(None): responsibilities under this Regulation, including where a controller determines the purposes and means of the processing
p.(None): jointly with other controllers or where a processing operation is carried out on behalf of a controller.
p.(None): (80) Where a controller or a processor not established in the Union is processing personal data of data subjects who are in the
p.(None): Union whose processing activities are related to the oﬀering of goods or services, irrespective of whether a payment of the
p.(None): data subject is required, to such data subjects in the Union, or to the monitoring of their behaviour as far as their behaviour
p.(None): takes place within the Union, the controller or the processor should designate a representative, unless the processing is
p.(None): occasional, does not include processing, on a large scale, of special categories of personal data or the processing of personal
p.(None): data relating to criminal convictions and oﬀences, and is unlikely to result in a risk to the rights and freedoms of natural
p.(None): persons, taking into account the nature, context, scope and purposes of the processing or if the controller is a public authority
p.(None): or body. The representative should act on behalf of the controller or the processor and may be addressed by any supervisory
p.(None): authority. The representative should be explicitly designated by a written mandate of the controller or of the processor to act
p.(None): on its behalf with regard to its obligations under this Regulation. The designation of such a representative does not aﬀect the
p.(None): responsibility or liability of the controller or of the processor under this Regulation. Such a representative should perform its
p.(None): tasks according to the mandate received from the controller or processor, including cooperating with the competent
p.(None): supervisory authorities with regard to any action taken to ensure compliance with this Regulation. The designated
p.(None): representative should be subject to enforcement proceedings in the event of non-compliance by the controller or processor.
p.(None): (81) To ensure compliance with the requirements of this Regulation in respect of the processing to be carried out by the processor
p.(None): on behalf of the controller, when entrusting a processor with processing activities, the controller should use only processors
p.(None): providing suﬃcient guarantees, in particular in terms of expert knowledge, reliability and resources, to implement technical
p.(None): and organisational measures which will meet the requirements of this Regulation, including for the security of processing. The
...

p.(None): the processing and the sources of the risk. That impact assessment should include, in particular, the measures, safeguards
p.(None): and mechanisms envisaged for mitigating that risk, ensuring the protection of personal data and demonstrating compliance
p.(None): with this Regulation.
p.(None): (91) This should in particular apply to large-scale processing operations which aim to process a considerable amount of personal
p.(None): data at regional, national or supranational level and which could aﬀect a large number of data subjects and which are likely to
p.(None): result in a high risk, for example, on account of their sensitivity, where in accordance with the achieved state of technological
p.(None): knowledge a new technology is used on a large scale as well as to other processing operations which result in a high risk to
p.(None): the rights and freedoms of data subjects, in particular where those operations render it more diﬃcult for data subjects to
p.(None): exercise their rights. A data protection impact assessment should also be made where personal data are processed for taking
p.(None): decisions regarding speciﬁc natural persons following any systematic and extensive evaluation of personal aspects relating to
p.(None): natural persons based on proﬁling those data or following the processing of special categories of personal data, biometric
p.(None): data, or data on criminal convictions and oﬀences or related security measures. A data protection impact assessment is
p.(None): equally required for monitoring publicly accessible areas on a large scale, especially when using optic-electronic devices or for
p.(None): any other operations where the competent supervisory authority considers that the processing is likely to result in a high risk
p.(None): to the rights and freedoms of data subjects, in particular because they prevent data subjects from exercising a right or using a
p.(None): service or a contract, or because they are carried out systematically on a large scale. The processing of personal data should
p.(None): not be considered to be on a large scale if the processing concerns personal data from patients or clients by an individual
p.(None): physician, other health care professional or lawyer. In such cases, a data protection impact assessment should not be
p.(None): mandatory.
p.(None): (92) There are circumstances under which it may be reasonable and economical for the subject of a data protection impact
p.(None): assessment to be broader than a single project, for example where public authorities or bodies intend to establish a common
p.(None): application or processing platform or where several controllers plan to introduce a common application or processing
p.(None): environment across an industry sector or segment or for a widely used horizontal activity.
...

p.(None): may be submitted to the supervisory authority, in particular the measures envisaged to mitigate the risk to the rights and
p.(None): freedoms of natural persons.
p.(None): (95) The processor should assist the controller, where necessary and upon request, in ensuring compliance with the obligations
p.(None): deriving from the carrying out of data protection impact assessments and from prior consultation of the supervisory authority.
p.(None): (96) A consultation of the supervisory authority should also take place in the course of the preparation of a legislative or regulatory
p.(None): measure which provides for the processing of personal data, in order to ensure compliance of the intended processing with
p.(None): this Regulation and in particular to mitigate the risk involved for the data subject.
p.(None): (97) Where the processing is carried out by a public authority, except for courts or independent judicial authorities when acting in
p.(None): their judicial capacity, where, in the private sector, processing is carried out by a controller whose core activities consist of
p.(None): processing operations that require regular and systematic monitoring of the data subjects on a large scale, or where the core
p.(None): activities of the controller or the processor consist of processing on a large scale of special categories of personal data and
p.(None): data relating to criminal convictions and oﬀences, a person with expert knowledge of data protection law and practices should
p.(None): assist the controller or processor to monitor internal compliance with this Regulation. In the private sector, the core activities of
p.(None): a controller relate to its primary activities and do not relate to the processing of personal data as ancillary activities. The
p.(None): necessary level of expert knowledge should be determined in particular according to the data processing operations carried
p.(None): out and the protection required for the personal data processed by the controller or the processor. Such data protection
p.(None): oﬃcers, whether or not they are an employee of the controller, should be in a position to perform their duties and tasks in an
p.(None): independent manner.
p.(None): (98) Associations or other bodies representing categories of controllers or processors should be encouraged to draw up codes of
p.(None): conduct, within the limits of this Regulation, so as to facilitate the eﬀective application of this Regulation, taking account of the
p.(None): speciﬁc characteristics of the processing carried out in certain sectors and the speciﬁc needs of micro, small and medium
p.(None): enterprises. In particular, such codes of conduct could calibrate the obligations of controllers and processors, taking into
p.(None): account the risk likely to result from the processing for the rights and freedoms of natural persons.
p.(None): (99) When drawing up a code of conduct, or when amending or extending such a code, associations and other bodies representing
...

p.(None): (103)The Commission may decide with eﬀect for the entire Union that a third country, a territory or speciﬁed sector within a third
p.(None): country, or an international organisation, oﬀers an adequate level of data protection, thus providing legal certainty and
p.(None): uniformity throughout the Union as regards the third country or international organisation which is considered to provide such
p.(None): level of protection. In such cases, transfers of personal data to that third country or international organisation may take place
p.(None): without the need to obtain any further authorisation. The Commission may also decide, having given notice and a full
p.(None): statement setting out the reasons to the third country or international organisation, to revoke such a decision.
p.(None): (104)In line with the fundamental values on which the Union is founded, in particular the protection of human rights, the
p.(None): Commission should, in its assessment of the third country, or of a territory or speciﬁed sector within a third country, take into
p.(None): account how a particular third country respects the rule of law, access to justice as well as international human rights norms
p.(None): and standards and its general and sectoral law, including legislation concerning public security, defence and national security
p.(None): as well as public order and criminal law. The adoption of an adequacy decision with regard to a territory or a speciﬁed sector
p.(None): in a third country should take into account clear and objective criteria, such as speciﬁc processing activities and the scope of
p.(None): applicable legal standards and legislation in force in the third country. The third country should oﬀer guarantees ensuring an
p.(None): adequate level of protection essentially equivalent to that ensured within the Union, in particular where personal data are
p.(None): processed in one or several speciﬁc sectors. In particular, the third country should ensure eﬀective independent data
p.(None): protection supervision and should provide for cooperation mechanisms with the Member States' data protection authorities,
p.(None): and the data subjects should be provided with eﬀective and enforceable rights and eﬀective administrative and judicial
p.(None): redress.
p.(None): (105)Apart from the international commitments the third country or international organisation has entered into, the Commission
p.(None): should take account of obligations arising from the third country's or international organisation's participation in multilateral or
p.(None): regional systems in particular in relation to the protection of personal data, as well as the implementation of such obligations.
p.(None): In particular, the third country's accession to the Council of Europe Convention of 28 January 1981 for the Protection of
p.(None): Individuals with regard to the Automatic Processing of Personal Data and its Additional Protocol should be taken into account.
...

p.(None): No 1215/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council (13) should not prejudice the application of such specific rules.
p.(None): (148)In order to strengthen the enforcement of the rules of this Regulation, penalties including administrative ﬁnes should be
p.(None): imposed for any infringement of this Regulation, in addition to, or instead of appropriate measures imposed by the supervisory
p.(None): authority pursuant to this Regulation. In a case of a minor infringement or if the ﬁne likely to be imposed would constitute a
p.(None): disproportionate burden to a natural person, a reprimand may be issued instead of a ﬁne. Due regard should however be
p.(None): given to the nature, gravity and duration of the infringement, the intentional character of the infringement, actions taken to
p.(None): mitigate the damage suﬀered, degree of responsibility or any relevant previous infringements, the manner in which the
p.(None): infringement became known to the supervisory authority, compliance with measures ordered against the controller or
p.(None): processor, adherence to a code of conduct and any other aggravating or mitigating factor. The imposition of penalties
p.(None): including administrative ﬁnes should be subject to appropriate procedural safeguards in accordance with the general
p.(None): principles of Union law and the Charter, including effective judicial protection and due process.
p.(None): (149)Member States should be able to lay down the rules on criminal penalties for infringements of this Regulation, including for
p.(None): infringements of national rules adopted pursuant to and within the limits of this Regulation. Those criminal penalties may also
p.(None): allow for the deprivation of the proﬁts obtained through infringements of this Regulation. However, the imposition of criminal
p.(None): penalties for infringements of such national rules and of administrative penalties should not lead to a breach of the principle of
p.(None): ne bis in idem, as interpreted by the Court of Justice.
p.(None): (150)In order to strengthen and harmonise administrative penalties for infringements of this Regulation, each supervisory authority
p.(None): should have the power to impose administrative ﬁnes. This Regulation should indicate infringements and the upper limit and
p.(None): criteria for setting the related administrative ﬁnes, which should be determined by the competent supervisory authority in each
p.(None): individual case, taking into account all relevant circumstances of the speciﬁc situation, with due regard in particular to the
p.(None): nature, gravity and duration of the infringement and of its consequences and the measures taken to ensure compliance with
p.(None): the obligations under this Regulation and to prevent or mitigate the consequences of the infringement. Where administrative
p.(None): ﬁnes are imposed on an undertaking, an undertaking should be understood to be an undertaking in accordance with
p.(None): Articles 101 and 102 TFEU for those purposes. Where administrative ﬁnes are imposed on persons that are not an
p.(None): undertaking, the supervisory authority should take account of the general level of income in the Member State as well as the
p.(None): economic situation of the person in considering the appropriate amount of the ﬁne. The consistency mechanism may also be
p.(None): used to promote a consistent application of administrative ﬁnes. It should be for the Member States to determine whether and
p.(None): to which extent public authorities should be subject to administrative ﬁnes. Imposing an administrative ﬁne or giving a warning
p.(None): does not affect the application of other powers of the supervisory authorities or of other penalties under this Regulation.
p.(None): (151)The legal systems of Denmark and Estonia do not allow for administrative ﬁnes as set out in this Regulation. The rules on
p.(None): administrative ﬁnes may be applied in such a manner that in Denmark the ﬁne is imposed by competent national courts as a
p.(None): criminal penalty and in Estonia the ﬁne is imposed by the supervisory authority in the framework of a misdemeanour
p.(None): procedure, provided that such an application of the rules in those Member States has an equivalent eﬀect to administrative
p.(None): ﬁnes imposed by supervisory authorities. Therefore the competent national courts should take into account the
p.(None): recommendation by the supervisory authority initiating the ﬁne. In any event, the ﬁnes imposed should be eﬀective,
p.(None): proportionate and dissuasive.
p.(None): (152)Where this Regulation does not harmonise administrative penalties or where necessary in other cases, for example in cases
p.(None): of serious infringements of this Regulation, Member States should implement a system which provides for eﬀective,
p.(None): proportionate and dissuasive penalties. The nature of such penalties, criminal or administrative, should be determined by
p.(None): Member State law.
p.(None): (153)Member States law should reconcile the rules governing freedom of expression and information, including journalistic,
p.(None): academic, artistic and or literary expression with the right to the protection of personal data pursuant to this Regulation. The
p.(None): processing of personal data solely for journalistic purposes, or for the purposes of academic, artistic or literary expression
p.(None): should be subject to derogations or exemptions from certain provisions of this Regulation if necessary to reconcile the right to
p.(None): the protection of personal data with the right to freedom of expression and information, as enshrined in Article 11 of the
p.(None): Charter. This should apply in particular to the processing of personal data in the audiovisual ﬁeld and in news archives and
p.(None): press libraries. Therefore, Member States should adopt legislative measures which lay down the exemptions and derogations
p.(None): necessary for the purpose of balancing those fundamental rights. Member States should adopt such exemptions and
p.(None): derogations on general principles, the rights of the data subject, the controller and the processor, the transfer of personal data
p.(None): to third countries or international organisations, the independent supervisory authorities, cooperation and consistency, and
p.(None): speciﬁc data-processing situations. Where such exemptions or derogations diﬀer from one Member State to another, the law
p.(None): of the Member State to which the controller is subject should apply. In order to take account of the importance of the right to
p.(None): freedom of expression in every democratic society, it is necessary to interpret notions relating to that freedom, such as
...

p.(None): General provisions
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 1
p.(None): Subject-matter and objectives
p.(None): 1. This Regulation lays down rules relating to the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and
p.(None): rules relating to the free movement of personal data.
p.(None): 2. This Regulation protects fundamental rights and freedoms of natural persons and in particular their right to the protection of
p.(None): personal data.
p.(None): 3. The free movement of personal data within the Union shall be neither restricted nor prohibited for reasons connected with the
p.(None): protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 2
p.(None): Material scope
p.(None): 1. This Regulation applies to the processing of personal data wholly or partly by automated means and to the processing other
p.(None): than by automated means of personal data which form part of a filing system or are intended to form part of a filing system.
p.(None): 2. This Regulation does not apply to the processing of personal data:
p.(None): (a) in the course of an activity which falls outside the scope of Union law;
p.(None): (b) by the Member States when carrying out activities which fall within the scope of Chapter 2 of Title V of the TEU;
p.(None): (c) by a natural person in the course of a purely personal or household activity;
p.(None): (d) by competent authorities for the purposes of the prevention, investigation, detection or prosecution of criminal oﬀences or the
p.(None): execution of criminal penalties, including the safeguarding against and the prevention of threats to public security.
p.(None): 3. For the processing of personal data by the Union institutions, bodies, oﬃces and agencies, Regulation (EC) No 45/2001
p.(None): applies. Regulation (EC) No 45/2001 and other Union legal acts applicable to such processing of personal data shall be adapted to
p.(None): the principles and rules of this Regulation in accordance with Article 98.
p.(None): 4. This Regulation shall be without prejudice to the application of Directive 2000/31/EC, in particular of the liability rules of
p.(None): intermediary service providers in Articles 12 to 15 of that Directive.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 3
p.(None): Territorial scope
p.(None): 1. This Regulation applies to the processing of personal data in the context of the activities of an establishment of a controller or a
p.(None): processor in the Union, regardless of whether the processing takes place in the Union or not.
p.(None): 2. This Regulation applies to the processing of personal data of data subjects who are in the Union by a controller or processor
p.(None): not established in the Union, where the processing activities are related to:
p.(None): (a) the oﬀering of goods or services, irrespective of whether a payment of the data subject is required, to such data subjects in
p.(None): the Union; or
p.(None): (b) the monitoring of their behaviour as far as their behaviour takes place within the Union.
...

p.(None): processing; the data subjects concerned; the entities to, and the purposes for which, the personal data may be disclosed; the
p.(None): purpose limitation; storage periods; and processing operations and processing procedures, including measures to ensure lawful
p.(None): and fair processing such as those for other speciﬁc processing situations as provided for in Chapter IX. The Union or the
p.(None): Member State law shall meet an objective of public interest and be proportionate to the legitimate aim pursued.
p.(None): 4. Where the processing for a purpose other than that for which the personal data have been collected is not based on the data
p.(None): subject's consent or on a Union or Member State law which constitutes a necessary and proportionate measure in a democratic
p.(None): society to safeguard the objectives referred to in Article 23(1), the controller shall, in order to ascertain whether processing for
p.(None): another purpose is compatible with the purpose for which the personal data are initially collected, take into account, inter alia:
p.(None): (a) any link between the purposes for which the personal data have been collected and the purposes of the intended further
p.(None): processing;
p.(None): (b) the context in which the personal data have been collected, in particular regarding the relationship between data subjects and
p.(None): the controller;
p.(None): (c) the nature of the personal data, in particular whether special categories of personal data are processed, pursuant to Article 9,
p.(None): or whether personal data related to criminal convictions and offences are processed, pursuant to Article 10;
p.(None): (d) the possible consequences of the intended further processing for data subjects;
p.(None): (e) the existence of appropriate safeguards, which may include encryption or pseudonymisation.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 7
p.(None): Conditions for consent
p.(None): 1. Where processing is based on consent, the controller shall be able to demonstrate that the data subject has consented to
p.(None): processing of his or her personal data.
p.(None): 2. If the data subject's consent is given in the context of a written declaration which also concerns other matters, the request for
p.(None): consent shall be presented in a manner which is clearly distinguishable from the other matters, in an intelligible and easily
p.(None): accessible form, using clear and plain language. Any part of such a declaration which constitutes an infringement of this Regulation
p.(None): shall not be binding.
p.(None): 3. The data subject shall have the right to withdraw his or her consent at any time. The withdrawal of consent shall not aﬀect the
p.(None): lawfulness of processing based on consent before its withdrawal. Prior to giving consent, the data subject shall be informed thereof.
p.(None): It shall be as easy to withdraw as to give consent.
...

p.(None): devices, on the basis of Union or Member State law which provides for suitable and speciﬁc measures to safeguard the rights
p.(None): and freedoms of the data subject, in particular professional secrecy;
p.(None): (j) processing is necessary for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientiﬁc or historical research purposes or statistical
p.(None): purposes in accordance with Article 89(1) based on Union or Member State law which shall be proportionate to the aim
p.(None): pursued, respect the essence of the right to data protection and provide for suitable and speciﬁc measures to safeguard the
p.(None): fundamental rights and the interests of the data subject.
p.(None): 3. Personal data referred to in paragraph 1 may be processed for the purposes referred to in point (h) of paragraph 2 when those
p.(None): data are processed by or under the responsibility of a professional subject to the obligation of professional secrecy under Union or
p.(None): Member State law or rules established by national competent bodies or by another person also subject to an obligation of secrecy
p.(None): under Union or Member State law or rules established by national competent bodies.
p.(None): 4. Member States may maintain or introduce further conditions, including limitations, with regard to the processing of genetic data,
p.(None): biometric data or data concerning health.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 10
p.(None): Processing of personal data relating to criminal convictions and offences
p.(None): Processing of personal data relating to criminal convictions and oﬀences or related security measures based on Article 6(1) shall be
p.(None): carried out only under the control of oﬃcial authority or when the processing is authorised by Union or Member State law providing
p.(None): for appropriate safeguards for the rights and freedoms of data subjects. Any comprehensive register of criminal convictions shall be
p.(None): kept only under the control of official authority.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 11
p.(None): Processing which does not require identification
p.(None): 1. If the purposes for which a controller processes personal data do not or do no longer require the identiﬁcation of a data subject
p.(None): by the controller, the controller shall not be obliged to maintain, acquire or process additional information in order to identify the
p.(None): data subject for the sole purpose of complying with this Regulation.
p.(None): 2. Where, in cases referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article, the controller is able to demonstrate that it is not in a position to
p.(None): identify the data subject, the controller shall inform the data subject accordingly, if possible. In such cases, Articles 15 to 20 shall
p.(None): not apply except where the data subject, for the purpose of exercising his or her rights under those articles, provides additional
p.(None): information enabling his or her identification.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): CHAPTER III
p.(None): Rights of the data subject
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Section 1
p.(None): Transparency and modalities
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 12
p.(None): Transparent information, communication and modalities for the exercise of the rights of the data subject
p.(None): 1. The controller shall take appropriate measures to provide any information referred to in Articles 13 and 14 and any
p.(None): communication under Articles 15 to 22 and 34 relating to processing to the data subject in a concise, transparent, intelligible and
p.(None): easily accessible form, using clear and plain language, in particular for any information addressed speciﬁcally to a child. The
...

p.(None): safeguard the data subject's rights and freedoms and legitimate interests; or
p.(None): (c) is based on the data subject's explicit consent.
p.(None): 3. In the cases referred to in points (a) and (c) of paragraph 2, the data controller shall implement suitable measures to safeguard
p.(None): the data subject's rights and freedoms and legitimate interests, at least the right to obtain human intervention on the part of the
p.(None): controller, to express his or her point of view and to contest the decision.
p.(None): 4. Decisions referred to in paragraph 2 shall not be based on special categories of personal data referred to in Article 9(1), unless
p.(None): point (a) or (g) of Article 9(2) applies and suitable measures to safeguard the data subject's rights and freedoms and legitimate
p.(None): interests are in place.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Section 5
p.(None): Restrictions
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 23
p.(None): Restrictions
p.(None): 1. Union or Member State law to which the data controller or processor is subject may restrict by way of a legislative measure the
p.(None): scope of the obligations and rights provided for in Articles 12 to 22 and Article 34, as well as Article 5 in so far as its provisions
p.(None): correspond to the rights and obligations provided for in Articles 12 to 22, when such a restriction respects the essence of the
p.(None): fundamental rights and freedoms and is a necessary and proportionate measure in a democratic society to safeguard:
p.(None): (a) national security;
p.(None): (b) defence;
p.(None): (c) public security;
p.(None): (d) the prevention, investigation, detection or prosecution of criminal oﬀences or the execution of criminal penalties, including the
p.(None): safeguarding against and the prevention of threats to public security;
p.(None): (e) other important objectives of general public interest of the Union or of a Member State, in particular an important economic or
p.(None): ﬁnancial interest of the Union or of a Member State, including monetary, budgetary and taxation a matters, public health and
p.(None): social security;
p.(None): (f) the protection of judicial independence and judicial proceedings;
p.(None): (g) the prevention, investigation, detection and prosecution of breaches of ethics for regulated professions;
p.(None): (h) a monitoring, inspection or regulatory function connected, even occasionally, to the exercise of oﬃcial authority in the cases
p.(None): referred to in points (a) to (e) and (g);
p.(None): (i) the protection of the data subject or the rights and freedoms of others;
p.(None): (j) the enforcement of civil law claims.
p.(None): 2. In particular, any legislative measure referred to in paragraph 1 shall contain specific provisions at least, where relevant, as to:
p.(None): (a) the purposes of the processing or categories of processing;
p.(None): (b) the categories of personal data;
p.(None): (c) the scope of the restrictions introduced;
p.(None): (d) the safeguards to prevent abuse or unlawful access or transfer;
...

p.(None): shall in a transparent manner determine their respective responsibilities for compliance with the obligations under this Regulation, in
p.(None): particular as regards the exercising of the rights of the data subject and their respective duties to provide the information referred to
p.(None): in Articles 13 and 14, by means of an arrangement between them unless, and in so far as, the respective responsibilities of the
p.(None): controllers are determined by Union or Member State law to which the controllers are subject. The arrangement may designate a
p.(None): contact point for data subjects.
p.(None): 2. The arrangement referred to in paragraph 1 shall duly reﬂect the respective roles and relationships of the joint controllersvis-à-
p.(None): vis the data subjects. The essence of the arrangement shall be made available to the data subject.
p.(None): 3. Irrespective of the terms of the arrangement referred to in paragraph 1, the data subject may exercise his or her rights under
p.(None): this Regulation in respect of and against each of the controllers.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 27
p.(None): Representatives of controllers or processors not established in the Union
p.(None): 1. Where Article 3(2) applies, the controller or the processor shall designate in writing a representative in the Union.
p.(None): 2. The obligation laid down in paragraph 1 of this Article shall not apply to:
p.(None): (a) processing which is occasional, does not include, on a large scale, processing of special categories of data as referred to in
p.(None): Article 9(1) or processing of personal data relating to criminal convictions and oﬀences referred to in Article 10, and is unlikely
p.(None): to result in a risk to the rights and freedoms of natural persons, taking into account the nature, context, scope and purposes of
p.(None): the processing; or
p.(None): (b) a public authority or body.
p.(None): 3. The representative shall be established in one of the Member States where the data subjects, whose personal data are
p.(None): processed in relation to the offering of goods or services to them, or whose behaviour is monitored, are.
p.(None): 4. The representative shall be mandated by the controller or processor to be addressed in addition to or instead of the controller or
p.(None): the processor by, in particular, supervisory authorities and data subjects, on all issues related to processing, for the purposes of
p.(None): ensuring compliance with this Regulation.
p.(None): 5. The designation of a representative by the controller or processor shall be without prejudice to legal actions which could be
p.(None): initiated against the controller or the processor themselves.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 28
p.(None): Processor
p.(None): 1. Where processing is to be carried out on behalf of a controller, the controller shall use only processors providing suﬃcient
p.(None): guarantees to implement appropriate technical and organisational measures in such a manner that processing will meet the
p.(None): requirements of this Regulation and ensure the protection of the rights of the data subject.
p.(None): 2. The processor shall not engage another processor without prior speciﬁc or general written authorisation of the controller. In the
...

p.(None): activities carried out on behalf of a controller, containing:
p.(None): (a) the name and contact details of the processor or processors and of each controller on behalf of which the processor is acting,
p.(None): and, where applicable, of the controller's or the processor's representative, and the data protection officer;
p.(None): (b) the categories of processing carried out on behalf of each controller;
p.(None): (c) where applicable, transfers of personal data to a third country or an international organisation, including the identiﬁcation of
p.(None): that third country or international organisation and, in the case of transfers referred to in the second subparagraph of
p.(None): Article 49(1), the documentation of suitable safeguards;
p.(None): (d) where possible, a general description of the technical and organisational security measures referred to in Article 32(1).
p.(None): 3. The records referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2 shall be in writing, including in electronic form.
p.(None): 4. The controller or the processor and, where applicable, the controller's or the processor's representative, shall make the record
p.(None): available to the supervisory authority on request.
p.(None): 5. The obligations referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2 shall not apply to an enterprise or an organisation employing fewer than 250
p.(None): persons unless the processing it carries out is likely to result in a risk to the rights and freedoms of data subjects, the processing is
p.(None): not occasional, or the processing includes special categories of data as referred to in Article 9(1) or personal data relating to
p.(None): criminal convictions and offences referred to in Article 10.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 31
p.(None): Cooperation with the supervisory authority
p.(None): The controller and the processor and, where applicable, their representatives, shall cooperate, on request, with the supervisory
p.(None): authority in the performance of its tasks.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Section 2
p.(None): Security of personal data
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 32
p.(None): Security of processing
p.(None): 1. Taking into account the state of the art, the costs of implementation and the nature, scope, context and purposes of processing
p.(None): as well as the risk of varying likelihood and severity for the rights and freedoms of natural persons, the controller and the processor
p.(None): shall implement appropriate technical and organisational measures to ensure a level of security appropriate to the risk, including
p.(None): inter alia as appropriate:
p.(None): (a) the pseudonymisation and encryption of personal data;
p.(None): (b) the ability to ensure the ongoing confidentiality, integrity, availability and resilience of processing systems and services;
p.(None): (c) the ability to restore the availability and access to personal data in a timely manner in the event of a physical or technical
p.(None): incident;
p.(None): (d) a process for regularly testing, assessing and evaluating the eﬀectiveness of technical and organisational measures for
p.(None): ensuring the security of the processing.
p.(None): 2. In assessing the appropriate level of security account shall be taken in particular of the risks that are presented by processing,
...

p.(None): Section 3
p.(None): Data protection impact assessment and prior consultation
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 35
p.(None): Data protection impact assessment
p.(None): 1. Where a type of processing in particular using new technologies, and taking into account the nature, scope, context and
p.(None): purposes of the processing, is likely to result in a high risk to the rights and freedoms of natural persons, the controller shall, prior to
p.(None): the processing, carry out an assessment of the impact of the envisaged processing operations on the protection of personal data. A
p.(None): single assessment may address a set of similar processing operations that present similar high risks.
p.(None): 2. The controller shall seek the advice of the data protection oﬃcer, where designated, when carrying out a data protection impact
p.(None): assessment.
p.(None): 3. A data protection impact assessment referred to in paragraph 1 shall in particular be required in the case of:
p.(None): (a) a systematic and extensive evaluation of personal aspects relating to natural persons which is based on automated
p.(None): processing, including proﬁling, and on which decisions are based that produce legal eﬀects concerning the natural person or
p.(None): similarly significantly affect the natural person;
p.(None): (b) processing on a large scale of special categories of data referred to in Article 9(1), or of personal data relating to criminal
p.(None): convictions and offences referred to in Article 10; or
p.(None): (c) a systematic monitoring of a publicly accessible area on a large scale.
p.(None): 4. The supervisory authority shall establish and make public a list of the kind of processing operations which are subject to the
p.(None): requirement for a data protection impact assessment pursuant to paragraph 1. The supervisory authority shall communicate those
p.(None): lists to the Board referred to in Article 68.
p.(None): 5. The supervisory authority may also establish and make public a list of the kind of processing operations for which no data
p.(None): protection impact assessment is required. The supervisory authority shall communicate those lists to the Board.
p.(None): 6. Prior to the adoption of the lists referred to in paragraphs 4 and 5, the competent supervisory authority shall apply the
p.(None): consistency mechanism referred to in Article 63 where such lists involve processing activities which are related to the oﬀering of
p.(None): goods or services to data subjects or to the monitoring of their behaviour in several Member States, or may substantially aﬀect the
p.(None): free movement of personal data within the Union.
p.(None): 7. The assessment shall contain at least:
p.(None): (a) a systematic description of the envisaged processing operations and the purposes of the processing, including, where
p.(None): applicable, the legitimate interest pursued by the controller;
...

p.(None): 5. Notwithstanding paragraph 1, Member State law may require controllers to consult with, and obtain prior authorisation from, the
p.(None): supervisory authority in relation to processing by a controller for the performance of a task carried out by the controller in the public
p.(None): interest, including processing in relation to social protection and public health.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Section 4
p.(None): Data protection officer
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 37
p.(None): Designation of the data protection officer
p.(None): 1. The controller and the processor shall designate a data protection officer in any case where:
p.(None): (a) the processing is carried out by a public authority or body, except for courts acting in their judicial capacity;
p.(None): (b) the core activities of the controller or the processor consist of processing operations which, by virtue of their nature, their
p.(None): scope and/or their purposes, require regular and systematic monitoring of data subjects on a large scale; or
p.(None): (c) the core activities of the controller or the processor consist of processing on a large scale of special categories of data
p.(None): pursuant to Article 9 and personal data relating to criminal convictions and offences referred to in Article 10.
p.(None): 2. A group of undertakings may appoint a single data protection oﬃcer provided that a data protection oﬃcer is easily accessible
p.(None): from each establishment.
p.(None): 3. Where the controller or the processor is a public authority or body, a single data protection oﬃcer may be designated for
p.(None): several such authorities or bodies, taking account of their organisational structure and size.
p.(None): 4. In cases other than those referred to in paragraph 1, the controller or processor or associations and other bodies representing
p.(None): categories of controllers or processors may or, where required by Union or Member State law shall, designate a data protection
p.(None): officer. The data protection officer may act for such associations and other bodies representing controllers or processors.
p.(None): 5. The data protection oﬃcer shall be designated on the basis of professional qualities and, in particular, expert knowledge of data
p.(None): protection law and practices and the ability to fulfil the tasks referred to in Article 39.
...

p.(None):
p.(None): Article 44
p.(None): General principle for transfers
p.(None): Any transfer of personal data which are undergoing processing or are intended for processing after transfer to a third country or to
p.(None): an international organisation shall take place only if, subject to the other provisions of this Regulation, the conditions laid down in
p.(None): this Chapter are complied with by the controller and processor, including for onward transfers of personal data from the third
p.(None): country or an international organisation to another third country or to another international organisation. All provisions in this
p.(None): Chapter shall be applied in order to ensure that the level of protection of natural persons guaranteed by this Regulation is not
p.(None): undermined.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 45
p.(None): Transfers on the basis of an adequacy decision
p.(None): 1. A transfer of personal data to a third country or an international organisation may take place where the Commission has
p.(None): decided that the third country, a territory or one or more speciﬁed sectors within that third country, or the international organisation
p.(None): in question ensures an adequate level of protection. Such a transfer shall not require any specific authorisation.
p.(None): 2. When assessing the adequacy of the level of protection, the Commission shall, in particular, take account of the following
p.(None): elements:
p.(None): (a) the rule of law, respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, relevant legislation, both general and sectoral, including
p.(None): concerning public security, defence, national security and criminal law and the access of public authorities to personal data, as
p.(None): well as the implementation of such legislation, data protection rules, professional rules and security measures, including rules
p.(None): for the onward transfer of personal data to another third country or international organisation which are complied with in that
p.(None): country or international organisation, case-law, as well as eﬀective and enforceable data subject rights and eﬀective
p.(None): administrative and judicial redress for the data subjects whose personal data are being transferred;
p.(None): (b) the existence and eﬀective functioning of one or more independent supervisory authorities in the third country or to which an
p.(None): international organisation is subject, with responsibility for ensuring and enforcing compliance with the data protection rules,
p.(None): including adequate enforcement powers, for assisting and advising the data subjects in exercising their rights and for
p.(None): cooperation with the supervisory authorities of the Member States; and
p.(None): (c) the international commitments the third country or international organisation concerned has entered into, or other obligations
p.(None): arising from legally binding conventions or instruments as well as from its participation in multilateral or regional systems, in
p.(None): particular in relation to the protection of personal data.
p.(None): 3. The Commission, after assessing the adequacy of the level of protection, may decide, by means of implementing act, that a
...

p.(None): Done at Brussels, 27 April 2016.
p.(None): For the European Parliament
p.(None): The President
p.(None): M. SCHULZ
p.(None): For the Council
p.(None): The President
p.(None): J.A. HENNIS-PLASSCHAERT
p.(None):
p.(None): (1) OJ C 229, 31.7.2012, p. 90.
p.(None): (2) OJ C 391, 18.12.2012, p. 127 .
p.(None): (3) Position of the European Parliament of 12 March 2014 (not yet published in the Oﬃcial Journal) and position of the Council at ﬁrst reading of 8 April 2016 (not
p.(None): yet published in the Official Journal). Position of the European Parliament of 14 April 2016.
p.(None): (4) Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal
p.(None): data and on the free movement of such data (OJ L 281, 23.11.1995, p. 31 ).
p.(None): (5) Commission Recommendation of 6 May 2003 concerning the definition of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (C(2003) 1422) ( OJ L 124, 20.5.2003, p.
p.(None): 36).
p.(None): (6) Regulation (EC) No 45/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2000 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing
p.(None): of personal data by the Community institutions and bodies and on the free movement of such data (OJ L 8, 12.1.2001, p. 1).
p.(None): (7) Directive (EU) 2016/680 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of
p.(None): personal data by competent authorities for the purposes of prevention, investigation, detection or prosecution of criminal oﬀences or the execution of criminal
p.(None): penalties, and the free movement of such data and repealing Council Framework Decision 2008/977/JHA (see page 89 of this Official Journal).
p.(None): (8) Directive 2000/31/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2000 on certain legal aspects of information society services, in particular
p.(None): electronic commerce, in the Internal Market (‘Directive on electronic commerce’) (OJ L 178, 17.7.2000, p. 1 ).
p.(None): (9) Directive 2011/24/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 2011 on the application of patients' rights in cross-border healthcare ( OJ L 88,
p.(None): 4.4.2011, p. 45).
p.(None): (10) Council Directive 93/13/EEC of 5 April 1993 on unfair terms in consumer contracts ( OJ L 95, 21.4.1993, p. 29).
p.(None): (11) Regulation (EC) No 1338/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on Community statistics on public health and health and
p.(None): safety at work (OJ L 354, 31.12.2008, p. 70).
p.(None): (12) Regulation (EU) No 182/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 February 2011 laying down the rules and general principles concerning
p.(None): mechanisms for control by Member States of the Commission's exercise of implementing powers (OJ L 55, 28.2.2011, p. 13).
p.(None): (13) Regulation (EU) No 1215/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2012 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of
p.(None): judgments in civil and commercial matters (OJ L 351, 20.12.2012, p. 1 ).
p.(None): (14) Directive 2003/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 November 2003 on the re-use of public sector information ( OJ L 345, 31.12.2003,
p.(None): p. 90).
p.(None): (15) Regulation (EU) No 536/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 April 2014 on clinical trials on medicinal products for human use, and
...

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p.(None): rights in relation to such processing. In particular, the speciﬁc purposes for which personal data are processed should be
p.(None): explicit and legitimate and determined at the time of the collection of the personal data. The personal data should be
p.(None): adequate, relevant and limited to what is necessary for the purposes for which they are processed. This requires, in particular,
p.(None): ensuring that the period for which the personal data are stored is limited to a strict minimum. Personal data should be
p.(None): processed only if the purpose of the processing could not reasonably be fulﬁlled by other means. In order to ensure that the
p.(None): personal data are not kept longer than necessary, time limits should be established by the controller for erasure or for a
p.(None): periodic review. Every reasonable step should be taken to ensure that personal data which are inaccurate are rectiﬁed or
p.(None): deleted. Personal data should be processed in a manner that ensures appropriate security and conﬁdentiality of the personal
p.(None): data, including for preventing unauthorised access to or use of personal data and the equipment used for the processing.
p.(None): (40) In order for processing to be lawful, personal data should be processed on the basis of the consent of the data subject
p.(None): concerned or some other legitimate basis, laid down by law, either in this Regulation or in other Union or Member State law as
p.(None): referred to in this Regulation, including the necessity for compliance with the legal obligation to which the controller is subject
p.(None): or the necessity for the performance of a contract to which the data subject is party or in order to take steps at the request of
p.(None): the data subject prior to entering into a contract.
p.(None): (41) Where this Regulation refers to a legal basis or a legislative measure, this does not necessarily require a legislative act
p.(None): adopted by a parliament, without prejudice to requirements pursuant to the constitutional order of the Member State
p.(None): concerned. However, such a legal basis or legislative measure should be clear and precise and its application should be
p.(None): foreseeable to persons subject to it, in accordance with the case-law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (the ‘Court
p.(None): of Justice’) and the European Court of Human Rights.
p.(None): (42) Where processing is based on the data subject's consent, the controller should be able to demonstrate that the data subject
p.(None): has given consent to the processing operation. In particular in the context of a written declaration on another matter,
p.(None): safeguards should ensure that the data subject is aware of the fact that and the extent to which consent is given. In
p.(None): accordance with Council Directive 93/13/EEC (10) a declaration of consent pre-formulated by the controller should be provided
p.(None): in an intelligible and easily accessible form, using clear and plain language and it should not contain unfair terms. For consent
...

p.(None): to determine whether the controller performing a task carried out in the public interest or in the exercise of oﬃcial authority
p.(None): should be a public authority or another natural or legal person governed by public law, or, where it is in the public interest to do
p.(None): so, including for health purposes such as public health and social protection and the management of health care services, by
p.(None): private law, such as a professional association.
p.(None): (46) The processing of personal data should also be regarded to be lawful where it is necessary to protect an interest which is
p.(None): essential for the life of the data subject or that of another natural person. Processing of personal data based on the vital
p.(None): interest of another natural person should in principle take place only where the processing cannot be manifestly based on
p.(None): another legal basis. Some types of processing may serve both important grounds of public interest and the vital interests of
p.(None): the data subject as for instance when processing is necessary for humanitarian purposes, including for monitoring epidemics
p.(None): and their spread or in situations of humanitarian emergencies, in particular in situations of natural and man-made disasters.
p.(None): (47) The legitimate interests of a controller, including those of a controller to which the personal data may be disclosed, or of a
p.(None): third party, may provide a legal basis for processing, provided that the interests or the fundamental rights and freedoms of the
p.(None): data subject are not overriding, taking into consideration the reasonable expectations of data subjects based on their
p.(None): relationship with the controller. Such legitimate interest could exist for example where there is a relevant and appropriate
p.(None): relationship between the data subject and the controller in situations such as where the data subject is a client or in the
p.(None): service of the controller. At any rate the existence of a legitimate interest would need careful assessment including whether a
p.(None): data subject can reasonably expect at the time and in the context of the collection of the personal data that processing for that
p.(None): purpose may take place. The interests and fundamental rights of the data subject could in particular override the interest of
p.(None): the data controller where personal data are processed in circumstances where data subjects do not reasonably expect further
p.(None): processing. Given that it is for the legislator to provide by law for the legal basis for public authorities to process personal data,
p.(None): that legal basis should not apply to the processing by public authorities in the performance of their tasks. The processing of
p.(None): personal data strictly necessary for the purposes of preventing fraud also constitutes a legitimate interest of the data controller
p.(None): concerned. The processing of personal data for direct marketing purposes may be regarded as carried out for a legitimate
p.(None): interest.
p.(None): (48) Controllers that are part of a group of undertakings or institutions aﬃliated to a central body may have a legitimate interest in
p.(None): transmitting personal data within the group of undertakings for internal administrative purposes, including the processing of
...

p.(None): compliance with a legal obligation to which the controller is subject or for the performance of a task carried out in the public
p.(None): interest or in the exercise of an oﬃcial authority vested in the controller. The data subject's right to transmit or receive
p.(None): personal data concerning him or her should not create an obligation for the controllers to adopt or maintain processing
p.(None): systems which are technically compatible. Where, in a certain set of personal data, more than one data subject is concerned,
p.(None): the right to receive the personal data should be without prejudice to the rights and freedoms of other data subjects in
p.(None): accordance with this Regulation. Furthermore, that right should not prejudice the right of the data subject to obtain the erasure
p.(None): of personal data and the limitations of that right as set out in this Regulation and should, in particular, not imply the erasure of
p.(None): personal data concerning the data subject which have been provided by him or her for the performance of a contract to the
p.(None): extent that and for as long as the personal data are necessary for the performance of that contract. Where technically
p.(None): feasible, the data subject should have the right to have the personal data transmitted directly from one controller to another.
p.(None): (69) Where personal data might lawfully be processed because processing is necessary for the performance of a task carried out
p.(None): in the public interest or in the exercise of oﬃcial authority vested in the controller, or on grounds of the legitimate interests of a
p.(None): controller or a third party, a data subject should, nevertheless, be entitled to object to the processing of any personal data
p.(None): relating to his or her particular situation. It should be for the controller to demonstrate that its compelling legitimate interest
p.(None): overrides the interests or the fundamental rights and freedoms of the data subject.
p.(None): (70) Where personal data are processed for the purposes of direct marketing, the data subject should have the right to object to
p.(None): such processing, including proﬁling to the extent that it is related to such direct marketing, whether with regard to initial or
p.(None): further processing, at any time and free of charge. That right should be explicitly brought to the attention of the data subject
p.(None): and presented clearly and separately from any other information.
p.(None): (71) The data subject should have the right not to be subject to a decision, which may include a measure, evaluating personal
p.(None): aspects relating to him or her which is based solely on automated processing and which produces legal eﬀects concerning
p.(None): him or her or similarly signiﬁcantly aﬀects him or her, such as automatic refusal of an online credit application or e-recruiting
p.(None): practices without any human intervention. Such processing includes ‘proﬁling’ that consists of any form of automated
p.(None): processing of personal data evaluating the personal aspects relating to a natural person, in particular to analyse or predict
p.(None): aspects concerning the data subject's performance at work, economic situation, health, personal preferences or interests,
p.(None): reliability or behaviour, location or movements, where it produces legal eﬀects concerning him or her or similarly signiﬁcantly
p.(None): aﬀects him or her. However, decision-making based on such processing, including proﬁling, should be allowed where
...

p.(None): supervisory authority and supervisory authorities concerned on the merits of the case, in particular whether there is an
p.(None): infringement of this Regulation.
p.(None): (137)There may be an urgent need to act in order to protect the rights and freedoms of data subjects, in particular when the danger
p.(None): exists that the enforcement of a right of a data subject could be considerably impeded. A supervisory authority should
p.(None): therefore be able to adopt duly justiﬁed provisional measures on its territory with a speciﬁed period of validity which should not
p.(None): exceed three months.
p.(None): (138)The application of such mechanism should be a condition for the lawfulness of a measure intended to produce legal eﬀects by
p.(None): a supervisory authority in those cases where its application is mandatory. In other cases of cross-border relevance, the
p.(None): cooperation mechanism between the lead supervisory authority and supervisory authorities concerned should be applied and
p.(None): mutual assistance and joint operations might be carried out between the supervisory authorities concerned on a bilateral or
p.(None): multilateral basis without triggering the consistency mechanism.
p.(None): (139)In order to promote the consistent application of this Regulation, the Board should be set up as an independent body of the
p.(None): Union. To fulﬁl its objectives, the Board should have legal personality. The Board should be represented by its Chair. It should
p.(None): replace the Working Party on the Protection of Individuals with Regard to the Processing of Personal Data established by
p.(None): Directive 95/46/EC. It should consist of the head of a supervisory authority of each Member State and the European Data
p.(None): Protection Supervisor or their respective representatives. The Commission should participate in the Board's activities without
p.(None): voting rights and the European Data Protection Supervisor should have speciﬁc voting rights. The Board should contribute to
p.(None): the consistent application of this Regulation throughout the Union, including by advising the Commission, in particular on the
p.(None): level of protection in third countries or international organisations, and promoting cooperation of the supervisory authorities
p.(None): throughout the Union. The Board should act independently when performing its tasks.
p.(None): (140)The Board should be assisted by a secretariat provided by the European Data Protection Supervisor. The staﬀ of the
p.(None): European Data Protection Supervisor involved in carrying out the tasks conferred on the Board by this Regulation should
p.(None): perform its tasks exclusively under the instructions of, and report to, the Chair of the Board.
...

p.(None): performance at work, economic situation, health, personal preferences, interests, reliability, behaviour, location or movements;
p.(None): (5) ‘pseudonymisation’ means the processing of personal data in such a manner that the personal data can no longer be
p.(None): attributed to a speciﬁc data subject without the use of additional information, provided that such additional information is kept
p.(None): separately and is subject to technical and organisational measures to ensure that the personal data are not attributed to an
p.(None): identified or identifiable natural person;
p.(None): (6) ‘ﬁling system’ means any structured set of personal data which are accessible according to speciﬁc criteria, whether
p.(None): centralised, decentralised or dispersed on a functional or geographical basis;
p.(None): (7) ‘controller’ means the natural or legal person, public authority, agency or other body which, alone or jointly with others,
p.(None): determines the purposes and means of the processing of personal data; where the purposes and means of such processing
p.(None): are determined by Union or Member State law, the controller or the speciﬁc criteria for its nomination may be provided for by
p.(None): Union or Member State law;
p.(None): (8) ‘processor’ means a natural or legal person, public authority, agency or other body which processes personal data on behalf of
p.(None): the controller;
p.(None): (9) ‘recipient’ means a natural or legal person, public authority, agency or another body, to which the personal data are disclosed,
p.(None): whether a third party or not. However, public authorities which may receive personal data in the framework of a particular
p.(None): inquiry in accordance with Union or Member State law shall not be regarded as recipients; the processing of those data by
p.(None): those public authorities shall be in compliance with the applicable data protection rules according to the purposes of the
p.(None): processing;
p.(None): (10) ‘third party’ means a natural or legal person, public authority, agency or body other than the data subject, controller, processor
p.(None): and persons who, under the direct authority of the controller or processor, are authorised to process personal data;
p.(None): (11) ‘consent’ of the data subject means any freely given, speciﬁc, informed and unambiguous indication of the data subject's
p.(None): wishes by which he or she, by a statement or by a clear aﬃrmative action, signiﬁes agreement to the processing of personal
p.(None): data relating to him or her;
p.(None): (12) ‘personal data breach’ means a breach of security leading to the accidental or unlawful destruction, loss, alteration,
p.(None): unauthorised disclosure of, or access to, personal data transmitted, stored or otherwise processed;
p.(None): (13) ‘genetic data’ means personal data relating to the inherited or acquired genetic characteristics of a natural person which give
p.(None): unique information about the physiology or the health of that natural person and which result, in particular, from an analysis of
p.(None): a biological sample from the natural person in question;
p.(None): (14) ‘biometric data’ means personal data resulting from speciﬁc technical processing relating to the physical, physiological or
p.(None): behavioural characteristics of a natural person, which allow or conﬁrm the unique identiﬁcation of that natural person, such as
p.(None): facial images or dactyloscopic data;
p.(None): (15) ‘data concerning health’ means personal data related to the physical or mental health of a natural person, including the
...

p.(None): inaccurate, having regard to the purposes for which they are processed, are erased or rectified without delay (‘accuracy’);
p.(None): (e) kept in a form which permits identiﬁcation of data subjects for no longer than is necessary for the purposes for which the
p.(None): personal data are processed; personal data may be stored for longer periods insofar as the personal data will be processed
p.(None): solely for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientiﬁc or historical research purposes or statistical purposes in
p.(None): accordance with Article 89(1) subject to implementation of the appropriate technical and organisational measures required by
p.(None): this Regulation in order to safeguard the rights and freedoms of the data subject (‘storage limitation’);
p.(None): (f) processed in a manner that ensures appropriate security of the personal data, including protection against unauthorised or
p.(None): unlawful processing and against accidental loss, destruction or damage, using appropriate technical or organisational
p.(None): measures (‘integrity and confidentiality’).
p.(None): 2. The controller shall be responsible for, and be able to demonstrate compliance with, paragraph 1 (‘accountability’).
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 6
p.(None): Lawfulness of processing
p.(None): 1. Processing shall be lawful only if and to the extent that at least one of the following applies:
p.(None): (a) the data subject has given consent to the processing of his or her personal data for one or more specific purposes;
p.(None): (b) processing is necessary for the performance of a contract to which the data subject is party or in order to take steps at the
p.(None): request of the data subject prior to entering into a contract;
p.(None): (c) processing is necessary for compliance with a legal obligation to which the controller is subject;
p.(None): (d) processing is necessary in order to protect the vital interests of the data subject or of another natural person;
p.(None): (e) processing is necessary for the performance of a task carried out in the public interest or in the exercise of oﬃcial authority
p.(None): vested in the controller;
p.(None): (f) processing is necessary for the purposes of the legitimate interests pursued by the controller or by a third party, except where
p.(None): such interests are overridden by the interests or fundamental rights and freedoms of the data subject which require protection
p.(None): of personal data, in particular where the data subject is a child.
p.(None): Point (f) of the first subparagraph shall not apply to processing carried out by public authorities in the performance of their tasks.
p.(None): 2. Member States may maintain or introduce more speciﬁc provisions to adapt the application of the rules of this Regulation with
p.(None): regard to processing for compliance with points (c) and (e) of paragraph 1 by determining more precisely speciﬁc requirements for
p.(None): the processing and other measures to ensure lawful and fair processing including for other speciﬁc processing situations as
p.(None): provided for in Chapter IX.
p.(None): 3. The basis for the processing referred to in point (c) and (e) of paragraph 1 shall be laid down by:
p.(None): (a) Union law; or
p.(None): (b) Member State law to which the controller is subject.
p.(None): The purpose of the processing shall be determined in that legal basis or, as regards the processing referred to in point (e) of
p.(None): paragraph 1, shall be necessary for the performance of a task carried out in the public interest or in the exercise of oﬃcial authority
p.(None): vested in the controller. That legal basis may contain speciﬁc provisions to adapt the application of rules of this Regulation, inter
p.(None): alia: the general conditions governing the lawfulness of processing by the controller; the types of data which are subject to the
...

p.(None): the identity of the data subject.
p.(None): 7. The information to be provided to data subjects pursuant to Articles 13 and 14 may be provided in combination with
p.(None): standardised icons in order to give in an easily visible, intelligible and clearly legible manner a meaningful overview of the intended
p.(None): processing. Where the icons are presented electronically they shall be machine-readable.
p.(None): 8. The Commission shall be empowered to adopt delegated acts in accordance with Article 92 for the purpose of determining the
p.(None): information to be presented by the icons and the procedures for providing standardised icons.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Section 2
p.(None): Information and access to personal data
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 13
p.(None): Information to be provided where personal data are collected from the data subject
p.(None): 1. Where personal data relating to a data subject are collected from the data subject, the controller shall, at the time when
p.(None): personal data are obtained, provide the data subject with all of the following information:
p.(None): (a) the identity and the contact details of the controller and, where applicable, of the controller's representative;
p.(None): (b) the contact details of the data protection officer, where applicable;
p.(None): (c) the purposes of the processing for which the personal data are intended as well as the legal basis for the processing;
p.(None): (d) where the processing is based on point (f) of Article 6(1), the legitimate interests pursued by the controller or by a third party;
p.(None): (e) the recipients or categories of recipients of the personal data, if any;
p.(None): (f) where applicable, the fact that the controller intends to transfer personal data to a third country or international organisation
p.(None): and the existence or absence of an adequacy decision by the Commission, or in the case of transfers referred to in Article 46
p.(None): or 47, or the second subparagraph of Article 49(1), reference to the appropriate or suitable safeguards and the means by
p.(None): which to obtain a copy of them or where they have been made available.
p.(None): 2. In addition to the information referred to in paragraph 1, the controller shall, at the time when personal data are obtained,
p.(None): provide the data subject with the following further information necessary to ensure fair and transparent processing:
p.(None): (a) the period for which the personal data will be stored, or if that is not possible, the criteria used to determine that period;
p.(None): (b) the existence of the right to request from the controller access to and rectiﬁcation or erasure of personal data or restriction of
p.(None): processing concerning the data subject or to object to processing as well as the right to data portability;
p.(None): (c) where the processing is based on point (a) of Article 6(1) or point (a) of Article 9(2), the existence of the right to withdraw
p.(None): consent at any time, without affecting the lawfulness of processing based on consent before its withdrawal;
p.(None): (d) the right to lodge a complaint with a supervisory authority;
...

p.(None): 1. Where personal data have not been obtained from the data subject, the controller shall provide the data subject with the
p.(None): following information:
p.(None): (a) the identity and the contact details of the controller and, where applicable, of the controller's representative;
p.(None): (b) the contact details of the data protection officer, where applicable;
p.(None): (c) the purposes of the processing for which the personal data are intended as well as the legal basis for the processing;
p.(None): (d) the categories of personal data concerned;
p.(None): (e) the recipients or categories of recipients of the personal data, if any;
p.(None): (f) where applicable, that the controller intends to transfer personal data to a recipient in a third country or international
p.(None): organisation and the existence or absence of an adequacy decision by the Commission, or in the case of transfers referred to
p.(None): in Article 46 or 47, or the second subparagraph of Article 49(1), reference to the appropriate or suitable safeguards and the
p.(None): means to obtain a copy of them or where they have been made available.
p.(None): 2. In addition to the information referred to in paragraph 1, the controller shall provide the data subject with the following
p.(None): information necessary to ensure fair and transparent processing in respect of the data subject:
p.(None): (a) the period for which the personal data will be stored, or if that is not possible, the criteria used to determine that period;
p.(None): (b) where the processing is based on point (f) of Article 6(1), the legitimate interests pursued by the controller or by a third party;
p.(None): (c) the existence of the right to request from the controller access to and rectiﬁcation or erasure of personal data or restriction of
p.(None): processing concerning the data subject and to object to processing as well as the right to data portability;
p.(None): (d) where processing is based on point (a) of Article 6(1) or point (a) of Article 9(2), the existence of the right to withdraw consent
p.(None): at any time, without affecting the lawfulness of processing based on consent before its withdrawal;
p.(None): (e) the right to lodge a complaint with a supervisory authority;
p.(None): (f) from which source the personal data originate, and if applicable, whether it came from publicly accessible sources;
p.(None): (g) the existence of automated decision-making, including proﬁling, referred to in Article 22(1) and (4) and, at least in those
p.(None): cases, meaningful information about the logic involved, as well as the signiﬁcance and the envisaged consequences of such
p.(None): processing for the data subject.
p.(None): 3. The controller shall provide the information referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2:
p.(None): (a) within a reasonable period after obtaining the personal data, but at the latest within one month, having regard to the speciﬁc
p.(None): circumstances in which the personal data are processed;
p.(None): (b) if the personal data are to be used for communication with the data subject, at the latest at the time of the ﬁrst communication
p.(None): to that data subject; or
p.(None): (c) if a disclosure to another recipient is envisaged, at the latest when the personal data are first disclosed.
...

p.(None): day following that of its publication in the Oﬃcial Journal of the European Union or at a later date speciﬁed therein. It shall not aﬀect
p.(None): the validity of any delegated acts already in force.
p.(None): 4. As soon as it adopts a delegated act, the Commission shall notify it simultaneously to the European Parliament and to the
p.(None): Council.
p.(None): 5. A delegated act adopted pursuant to Article 12(8) and Article 43(8) shall enter into force only if no objection has been expressed
p.(None): by either the European Parliament or the Council within a period of three months of notiﬁcation of that act to the European
p.(None): Parliament and the Council or if, before the expiry of that period, the European Parliament and the Council have both informed the
p.(None): Commission that they will not object. That period shall be extended by three months at the initiative of the European Parliament or
p.(None): of the Council.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 93
p.(None): Committee procedure
p.(None): 1. The Commission shall be assisted by a committee. That committee shall be a committee within the meaning of Regulation (EU)
p.(None): No 182/2011.
p.(None): 2. Where reference is made to this paragraph, Article 5 of Regulation (EU) No 182/2011 shall apply.
p.(None): 3. Where reference is made to this paragraph, Article 8 of Regulation (EU) No 182/2011, in conjunction with Article 5 thereof, shall
p.(None): apply.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): CHAPTER XI
p.(None): Final provisions
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 94
p.(None): Repeal of Directive 95/46/EC
p.(None): 1. Directive 95/46/EC is repealed with effect from 25 May 2018.
p.(None): 2. References to the repealed Directive shall be construed as references to this Regulation. References to the Working Party on
p.(None): the Protection of Individuals with regard to the Processing of Personal Data established by Article 29 of Directive 95/46/EC shall be
p.(None): construed as references to the European Data Protection Board established by this Regulation.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 95
p.(None): Relationship with Directive 2002/58/EC
p.(None): This Regulation shall not impose additional obligations on natural or legal persons in relation to processing in connection with the
p.(None): provision of publicly available electronic communications services in public communication networks in the Union in relation to
p.(None): matters for which they are subject to specific obligations with the same objective set out in Directive 2002/58/EC.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 96
p.(None): Relationship with previously concluded Agreements
p.(None): International agreements involving the transfer of personal data to third countries or international organisations which were
p.(None): concluded by Member States prior to 24 May 2016, and which comply with Union law as applicable prior to that date, shall remain in
p.(None): force until amended, replaced or revoked.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 97
p.(None): Commission reports
p.(None): 1. By 25 May 2020 and every four years thereafter, the Commission shall submit a report on the evaluation and review of this
p.(None): Regulation to the European Parliament and to the Council. The reports shall be made public.
p.(None): 2. In the context of the evaluations and reviews referred to in paragraph 1, the Commission shall examine, in particular, the
p.(None): application and functioning of:
...

Searching for indicator political:

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p.(None): apply to cross-border processing of such data.
p.(None): (54) The processing of special categories of personal data may be necessary for reasons of public interest in the areas of public
p.(None): health without consent of the data subject. Such processing should be subject to suitable and speciﬁc measures so as to
p.(None): protect the rights and freedoms of natural persons. In that context, ‘public health’ should be interpreted as deﬁned in
p.(None): Regulation (EC) No 1338/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council (11), namely all elements related to health,
p.(None): namely health status, including morbidity and disability, the determinants having an eﬀect on that health status, health care
p.(None): needs, resources allocated to health care, the provision of, and universal access to, health care as well as health care
p.(None): expenditure and ﬁnancing, and the causes of mortality. Such processing of data concerning health for reasons of public
p.(None): interest should not result in personal data being processed for other purposes by third parties such as employers or insurance
p.(None): and banking companies.
p.(None): (55) Moreover, the processing of personal data by oﬃcial authorities for the purpose of achieving the aims, laid down by
p.(None): constitutional law or by international public law, of oﬃcially recognised religious associations, is carried out on grounds of
p.(None): public interest.
p.(None): (56) Where in the course of electoral activities, the operation of the democratic system in a Member State requires that political
p.(None): parties compile personal data on people's political opinions, the processing of such data may be permitted for reasons of
p.(None): public interest, provided that appropriate safeguards are established.
p.(None): (57) If the personal data processed by a controller do not permit the controller to identify a natural person, the data controller
p.(None): should not be obliged to acquire additional information in order to identify the data subject for the sole purpose of complying
p.(None): with any provision of this Regulation. However, the controller should not refuse to take additional information provided by the
p.(None): data subject in order to support the exercise of his or her rights. Identiﬁcation should include the digital identiﬁcation of a data
p.(None): subject, for example through authentication mechanism such as the same credentials, used by the data subject to log-in to the
p.(None): on-line service offered by the data controller.
p.(None): (58) The principle of transparency requires that any information addressed to the public or to the data subject be concise, easily
p.(None): accessible and easy to understand, and that clear and plain language and, additionally, where appropriate, visualisation be
p.(None): used. Such information could be provided in electronic form, for example, when addressed to the public, through a website.
p.(None): This is of particular relevance in situations where the proliferation of actors and the technological complexity of practice make
p.(None): it diﬃcult for the data subject to know and understand whether, by whom and for what purpose personal data relating to him or
p.(None): her are being collected, such as in the case of online advertising. Given that children merit speciﬁc protection, any information
...

p.(None): institutions or national oversight bodies and to ensure the security and reliability of a service provided by the controller, or
p.(None): necessary for the entering or performance of a contract between the data subject and a controller, or when the data subject
p.(None): has given his or her explicit consent. In any case, such processing should be subject to suitable safeguards, which should
p.(None): include speciﬁc information to the data subject and the right to obtain human intervention, to express his or her point of view,
p.(None): to obtain an explanation of the decision reached after such assessment and to challenge the decision. Such measure should
p.(None): not concern a child.
p.(None): In order to ensure fair and transparent processing in respect of the data subject, taking into account the speciﬁc
p.(None): circumstances and context in which the personal data are processed, the controller should use appropriate mathematical or
p.(None): statistical procedures for the proﬁling, implement technical and organisational measures appropriate to ensure, in particular,
p.(None): that factors which result in inaccuracies in personal data are corrected and the risk of errors is minimised, secure personal
p.(None): data in a manner that takes account of the potential risks involved for the interests and rights of the data subject and that
p.(None): prevents, inter alia, discriminatory eﬀects on natural persons on the basis of racial or ethnic origin, political opinion, religion or
p.(None): beliefs, trade union membership, genetic or health status or sexual orientation, or that result in measures having such an
p.(None): eﬀect. Automated decision-making and proﬁling based on special categories of personal data should be allowed only under
p.(None): specific conditions.
p.(None): (72) Proﬁling is subject to the rules of this Regulation governing the processing of personal data, such as the legal grounds for
p.(None): processing or data protection principles. The European Data Protection Board established by this Regulation (the ‘Board’)
p.(None): should be able to issue guidance in that context.
p.(None): (73) Restrictions concerning speciﬁc principles and the rights of information, access to and rectiﬁcation or erasure of personal
p.(None): data, the right to data portability, the right to object, decisions based on proﬁling, as well as the communication of a personal
p.(None): data breach to a data subject and certain related obligations of the controllers may be imposed by Union or Member State law,
p.(None): as far as necessary and proportionate in a democratic society to safeguard public security, including the protection of human
p.(None): life especially in response to natural or manmade disasters, the prevention, investigation and prosecution of criminal oﬀences
p.(None): or the execution of criminal penalties, including the safeguarding against and the prevention of threats to public security, or of
p.(None): breaches of ethics for regulated professions, other important objectives of general public interest of the Union or of a Member
p.(None): State, in particular an important economic or ﬁnancial interest of the Union or of a Member State, the keeping of public
p.(None): registers kept for reasons of general public interest, further processing of archived personal data to provide speciﬁc
p.(None): information related to the political behaviour under former totalitarian state regimes or the protection of the data subject or the
p.(None): rights and freedoms of others, including social protection, public health and humanitarian purposes. Those restrictions should
p.(None): be in accordance with the requirements set out in the Charter and in the European Convention for the Protection of Human
p.(None): Rights and Fundamental Freedoms.
p.(None): (74) The responsibility and liability of the controller for any processing of personal data carried out by the controller or on the
p.(None): controller's behalf should be established. In particular, the controller should be obliged to implement appropriate and eﬀective
p.(None): measures and be able to demonstrate the compliance of processing activities with this Regulation, including the eﬀectiveness
p.(None): of the measures. Those measures should take into account the nature, scope, context and purposes of the processing and
p.(None): the risk to the rights and freedoms of natural persons.
p.(None): (75) The risk to the rights and freedoms of natural persons, of varying likelihood and severity, may result from personal data
p.(None): processing which could lead to physical, material or non-material damage, in particular: where the processing may give rise to
p.(None): discrimination, identity theft or fraud, ﬁnancial loss, damage to the reputation, loss of conﬁdentiality of personal data protected
p.(None): by professional secrecy, unauthorised reversal of pseudonymisation, or any other signiﬁcant economic or social disadvantage;
p.(None): where data subjects might be deprived of their rights and freedoms or prevented from exercising control over their personal
p.(None): data; where personal data are processed which reveal racial or ethnic origin, political opinions, religion or philosophical
p.(None): beliefs, trade union membership, and the processing of genetic data, data concerning health or data concerning sex life or
p.(None): criminal convictions and oﬀences or related security measures; where personal aspects are evaluated, in particular analysing
p.(None): or predicting aspects concerning performance at work, economic situation, health, personal preferences or interests, reliability
p.(None): or behaviour, location or movements, in order to create or use personal proﬁles; where personal data of vulnerable natural
p.(None): persons, in particular of children, are processed; or where processing involves a large amount of personal data and aﬀects a
p.(None): large number of data subjects.
p.(None): (76) The likelihood and severity of the risk to the rights and freedoms of the data subject should be determined by reference to the
p.(None): nature, scope, context and purposes of the processing. Risk should be evaluated on the basis of an objective assessment, by
p.(None): which it is established whether data processing operations involve a risk or a high risk.
p.(None): (77) Guidance on the implementation of appropriate measures and on the demonstration of compliance by the controller or the
...

p.(None): enhanced, as they draw on a larger population. Within social science, research on the basis of registries enables researchers
p.(None): to obtain essential knowledge about the long-term correlation of a number of social conditions such as unemployment and
p.(None): education with other life conditions. Research results obtained through registries provide solid, high-quality knowledge which
p.(None): can provide the basis for the formulation and implementation of knowledge-based policy, improve the quality of life for a
p.(None): number of people and improve the eﬃciency of social services. In order to facilitate scientiﬁc research, personal data can be
p.(None): processed for scientiﬁc research purposes, subject to appropriate conditions and safeguards set out in Union or
p.(None): Member State law.
p.(None): (158)Where personal data are processed for archiving purposes, this Regulation should also apply to that processing, bearing in
p.(None): mind that this Regulation should not apply to deceased persons. Public authorities or public or private bodies that hold
p.(None): records of public interest should be services which, pursuant to Union or Member State law, have a legal obligation to acquire,
p.(None): preserve, appraise, arrange, describe, communicate, promote, disseminate and provide access to records of enduring value
p.(None): for general public interest. Member States should also be authorised to provide for the further processing of personal data for
p.(None): archiving purposes, for example with a view to providing speciﬁc information related to the political behaviour under former
p.(None): totalitarian state regimes, genocide, crimes against humanity, in particular the Holocaust, or war crimes.
p.(None): (159)Where personal data are processed for scientiﬁc research purposes, this Regulation should also apply to that processing. For
p.(None): the purposes of this Regulation, the processing of personal data for scientiﬁc research purposes should be interpreted in a
p.(None): broad manner including for example technological development and demonstration, fundamental research, applied research
p.(None): and privately funded research. In addition, it should take into account the Union's objective under Article 179(1) TFEU of
p.(None): achieving a European Research Area. Scientiﬁc research purposes should also include studies conducted in the public
p.(None): interest in the area of public health. To meet the speciﬁcities of processing personal data for scientiﬁc research purposes,
p.(None): speciﬁc conditions should apply in particular as regards the publication or otherwise disclosure of personal data in the context
p.(None): of scientiﬁc research purposes. If the result of scientiﬁc research in particular in the health context gives reason for further
p.(None): measures in the interest of the data subject, the general rules of this Regulation should apply in view of those measures.
p.(None): (160)Where personal data are processed for historical research purposes, this Regulation should also apply to that processing.
p.(None): This should also include historical research and research for genealogical purposes, bearing in mind that this Regulation
p.(None): should not apply to deceased persons.
p.(None): (161)For the purpose of consenting to the participation in scientiﬁc research activities in clinical trials, the relevant provisions of
...

p.(None): the personal data of a child shall be lawful where the child is at least 16 years old. Where the child is below the age of 16 years,
p.(None): such processing shall be lawful only if and to the extent that consent is given or authorised by the holder of parental responsibility
p.(None): over the child.
p.(None): Member States may provide by law for a lower age for those purposes provided that such lower age is not below 13 years.
p.(None): 2. The controller shall make reasonable eﬀorts to verify in such cases that consent is given or authorised by the holder of parental
p.(None): responsibility over the child, taking into consideration available technology.
p.(None): 3. Paragraph 1 shall not aﬀect the general contract law of Member States such as the rules on the validity, formation or eﬀect of a
p.(None): contract in relation to a child.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 9
p.(None): Processing of special categories of personal data
p.(None): 1. Processing of personal data revealing racial or ethnic origin, political opinions, religious or philosophical beliefs, or trade union
p.(None): membership, and the processing of genetic data, biometric data for the purpose of uniquely identifying a natural person, data
p.(None): concerning health or data concerning a natural person's sex life or sexual orientation shall be prohibited.
p.(None): 2. Paragraph 1 shall not apply if one of the following applies:
p.(None): (a) the data subject has given explicit consent to the processing of those personal data for one or more speciﬁed purposes,
p.(None): except where Union or Member State law provide that the prohibition referred to in paragraph 1 may not be lifted by the data
p.(None): subject;
p.(None): (b) processing is necessary for the purposes of carrying out the obligations and exercising speciﬁc rights of the controller or of the
p.(None): data subject in the ﬁeld of employment and social security and social protection law in so far as it is authorised by Union or
p.(None): Member State law or a collective agreement pursuant to Member State law providing for appropriate safeguards for the
p.(None): fundamental rights and the interests of the data subject;
p.(None): (c) processing is necessary to protect the vital interests of the data subject or of another natural person where the data subject is
p.(None): physically or legally incapable of giving consent;
p.(None): (d) processing is carried out in the course of its legitimate activities with appropriate safeguards by a foundation, association or
p.(None): any other not-for-proﬁt body with a political, philosophical, religious or trade union aim and on condition that the processing
p.(None): relates solely to the members or to former members of the body or to persons who have regular contact with it in connection
p.(None): with its purposes and that the personal data are not disclosed outside that body without the consent of the data subjects;
p.(None): (e) processing relates to personal data which are manifestly made public by the data subject;
p.(None): (f) processing is necessary for the establishment, exercise or defence of legal claims or whenever courts are acting in their
p.(None): judicial capacity;
p.(None): (g) processing is necessary for reasons of substantial public interest, on the basis of Union or Member State law which shall be
p.(None): proportionate to the aim pursued, respect the essence of the right to data protection and provide for suitable and speciﬁc
p.(None): measures to safeguard the fundamental rights and the interests of the data subject;
p.(None): (h) processing is necessary for the purposes of preventive or occupational medicine, for the assessment of the working capacity
p.(None): of the employee, medical diagnosis, the provision of health or social care or treatment or the management of health or social
p.(None): care systems and services on the basis of Union or Member State law or pursuant to contract with a health professional and
p.(None): subject to the conditions and safeguards referred to in paragraph 3;
...

Political / vulnerable

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p.(None): the risk to the rights and freedoms of natural persons.
p.(None): (75) The risk to the rights and freedoms of natural persons, of varying likelihood and severity, may result from personal data
p.(None): processing which could lead to physical, material or non-material damage, in particular: where the processing may give rise to
p.(None): discrimination, identity theft or fraud, ﬁnancial loss, damage to the reputation, loss of conﬁdentiality of personal data protected
p.(None): by professional secrecy, unauthorised reversal of pseudonymisation, or any other signiﬁcant economic or social disadvantage;
p.(None): where data subjects might be deprived of their rights and freedoms or prevented from exercising control over their personal
p.(None): data; where personal data are processed which reveal racial or ethnic origin, political opinions, religion or philosophical
p.(None): beliefs, trade union membership, and the processing of genetic data, data concerning health or data concerning sex life or
p.(None): criminal convictions and oﬀences or related security measures; where personal aspects are evaluated, in particular analysing
p.(None): or predicting aspects concerning performance at work, economic situation, health, personal preferences or interests, reliability
p.(None): or behaviour, location or movements, in order to create or use personal proﬁles; where personal data of vulnerable natural
p.(None): persons, in particular of children, are processed; or where processing involves a large amount of personal data and aﬀects a
p.(None): large number of data subjects.
p.(None): (76) The likelihood and severity of the risk to the rights and freedoms of the data subject should be determined by reference to the
p.(None): nature, scope, context and purposes of the processing. Risk should be evaluated on the basis of an objective assessment, by
p.(None): which it is established whether data processing operations involve a risk or a high risk.
p.(None): (77) Guidance on the implementation of appropriate measures and on the demonstration of compliance by the controller or the
p.(None): processor, especially as regards the identiﬁcation of the risk related to the processing, their assessment in terms of origin,
p.(None): nature, likelihood and severity, and the identiﬁcation of best practices to mitigate the risk, could be provided in particular by
p.(None): means of approved codes of conduct, approved certiﬁcations, guidelines provided by the Board or indications provided by a
p.(None): data protection oﬃcer. The Board may also issue guidelines on processing operations that are considered to be unlikely to
p.(None): result in a high risk to the rights and freedoms of natural persons and indicate what measures may be suﬃcient in such cases
...

Health / Drug Usage

Searching for indicator substance:

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p.(None): (33) It is often not possible to fully identify the purpose of personal data processing for scientiﬁc research purposes at the time of
p.(None): data collection. Therefore, data subjects should be allowed to give their consent to certain areas of scientiﬁc research when in
p.(None): keeping with recognised ethical standards for scientiﬁc research. Data subjects should have the opportunity to give their
p.(None): consent only to certain areas of research or parts of research projects to the extent allowed by the intended purpose.
p.(None): (34) Genetic data should be deﬁned as personal data relating to the inherited or acquired genetic characteristics of a natural
p.(None): person which result from the analysis of a biological sample from the natural person in question, in particular chromosomal,
p.(None): deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA) analysis, or from the analysis of another element enabling equivalent
p.(None): information to be obtained.
p.(None): (35) Personal data concerning health should include all data pertaining to the health status of a data subject which reveal
p.(None): information relating to the past, current or future physical or mental health status of the data subject. This includes information
p.(None): about the natural person collected in the course of the registration for, or the provision of, health care services as referred to in
p.(None): Directive 2011/24/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council (9) to that natural person; a number, symbol or particular
p.(None): assigned to a natural person to uniquely identify the natural person for health purposes; information derived from the testing or
p.(None): examination of a body part or bodily substance, including from genetic data and biological samples; and any information on,
p.(None): for example, a disease, disability, disease risk, medical history, clinical treatment or the physiological or biomedical state of
p.(None): the data subject independent of its source, for example from a physician or other health professional, a hospital, a medical
p.(None): device or an in vitro diagnostic test.
p.(None): (36) The main establishment of a controller in the Union should be the place of its central administration in the Union, unless the
p.(None): decisions on the purposes and means of the processing of personal data are taken in another establishment of the controller
p.(None): in the Union, in which case that other establishment should be considered to be the main establishment. The main
p.(None): establishment of a controller in the Union should be determined according to objective criteria and should imply the eﬀective
p.(None): and real exercise of management activities determining the main decisions as to the purposes and means of processing
p.(None): through stable arrangements. That criterion should not depend on whether the processing of personal data is carried out at
p.(None): that location. The presence and use of technical means and technologies for processing personal data or processing activities
p.(None): do not, in themselves, constitute a main establishment and are therefore not determining criteria for a main establishment. The
...

p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Section 3
p.(None): European data protection board
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 68
p.(None): European Data Protection Board
p.(None): 1. The European Data Protection Board (the ‘Board’) is hereby established as a body of the Union and shall have legal personality.
p.(None): 2. The Board shall be represented by its Chair.
p.(None): 3. The Board shall be composed of the head of one supervisory authority of each Member State and of the European Data
p.(None): Protection Supervisor, or their respective representatives.
p.(None): 4. Where in a Member State more than one supervisory authority is responsible for monitoring the application of the provisions
p.(None): pursuant to this Regulation, a joint representative shall be appointed in accordance with that Member State's law.
p.(None): 5. The Commission shall have the right to participate in the activities and meetings of the Board without voting right. The
p.(None): Commission shall designate a representative. The Chair of the Board shall communicate to the Commission the activities of the
p.(None): Board.
p.(None): 6. In the cases referred to in Article 65, the European Data Protection Supervisor shall have voting rights only on decisions which
p.(None): concern principles and rules applicable to the Union institutions, bodies, oﬃces and agencies which correspond in substance to
p.(None): those of this Regulation.
p.(None): Article 69
p.(None): Independence
p.(None): 1. The Board shall act independently when performing its tasks or exercising its powers pursuant to Articles 70 and 71.
p.(None): 2. Without prejudice to requests by the Commission referred to in point (b) of Article 70(1) and in Article 70(2), the Board shall, in
p.(None): the performance of its tasks or the exercise of its powers, neither seek nor take instructions from anybody.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 70
p.(None): Tasks of the Board
p.(None): 1. The Board shall ensure the consistent application of this Regulation. To that end, the Board shall, on its own initiative or, where
p.(None): relevant, at the request of the Commission, in particular:
p.(None): (a) monitor and ensure the correct application of this Regulation in the cases provided for in Articles 64 and 65 without prejudice
p.(None): to the tasks of national supervisory authorities;
p.(None): (b) advise the Commission on any issue related to the protection of personal data in the Union, including on any proposed
p.(None): amendment of this Regulation;
p.(None): (c) advise the Commission on the format and procedures for the exchange of information between controllers, processors and
p.(None): supervisory authorities for binding corporate rules;
p.(None): (d) issue guidelines, recommendations, and best practices on procedures for erasing links, copies or replications of personal data
p.(None): from publicly available communication services as referred to in Article 17(2);
p.(None): (e) examine, on its own initiative, on request of one of its members or on request of the Commission, any question covering the
p.(None): application of this Regulation and issue guidelines, recommendations and best practices in order to encourage consistent
...

Health / Mentally Disabled

Searching for indicator disability:

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p.(None): data collection. Therefore, data subjects should be allowed to give their consent to certain areas of scientiﬁc research when in
p.(None): keeping with recognised ethical standards for scientiﬁc research. Data subjects should have the opportunity to give their
p.(None): consent only to certain areas of research or parts of research projects to the extent allowed by the intended purpose.
p.(None): (34) Genetic data should be deﬁned as personal data relating to the inherited or acquired genetic characteristics of a natural
p.(None): person which result from the analysis of a biological sample from the natural person in question, in particular chromosomal,
p.(None): deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA) analysis, or from the analysis of another element enabling equivalent
p.(None): information to be obtained.
p.(None): (35) Personal data concerning health should include all data pertaining to the health status of a data subject which reveal
p.(None): information relating to the past, current or future physical or mental health status of the data subject. This includes information
p.(None): about the natural person collected in the course of the registration for, or the provision of, health care services as referred to in
p.(None): Directive 2011/24/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council (9) to that natural person; a number, symbol or particular
p.(None): assigned to a natural person to uniquely identify the natural person for health purposes; information derived from the testing or
p.(None): examination of a body part or bodily substance, including from genetic data and biological samples; and any information on,
p.(None): for example, a disease, disability, disease risk, medical history, clinical treatment or the physiological or biomedical state of
p.(None): the data subject independent of its source, for example from a physician or other health professional, a hospital, a medical
p.(None): device or an in vitro diagnostic test.
p.(None): (36) The main establishment of a controller in the Union should be the place of its central administration in the Union, unless the
p.(None): decisions on the purposes and means of the processing of personal data are taken in another establishment of the controller
p.(None): in the Union, in which case that other establishment should be considered to be the main establishment. The main
p.(None): establishment of a controller in the Union should be determined according to objective criteria and should imply the eﬀective
p.(None): and real exercise of management activities determining the main decisions as to the purposes and means of processing
p.(None): through stable arrangements. That criterion should not depend on whether the processing of personal data is carried out at
p.(None): that location. The presence and use of technical means and technologies for processing personal data or processing activities
p.(None): do not, in themselves, constitute a main establishment and are therefore not determining criteria for a main establishment. The
p.(None): main establishment of the processor should be the place of its central administration in the Union or, if it has no central
...

p.(None): well as for studies conducted in the public interest in the area of public health. Therefore, this Regulation should provide for
p.(None): harmonised conditions for the processing of special categories of personal data concerning health, in respect of speciﬁc
p.(None): needs, in particular where the processing of such data is carried out for certain health-related purposes by persons subject to
p.(None): a legal obligation of professional secrecy. Union or Member State law should provide for speciﬁc and suitable measures so as
p.(None): to protect the fundamental rights and the personal data of natural persons. Member States should be allowed to maintain or
p.(None): introduce further conditions, including limitations, with regard to the processing of genetic data, biometric data or data
p.(None): concerning health. However, this should not hamper the free ﬂow of personal data within the Union when those conditions
p.(None): apply to cross-border processing of such data.
p.(None): (54) The processing of special categories of personal data may be necessary for reasons of public interest in the areas of public
p.(None): health without consent of the data subject. Such processing should be subject to suitable and speciﬁc measures so as to
p.(None): protect the rights and freedoms of natural persons. In that context, ‘public health’ should be interpreted as deﬁned in
p.(None): Regulation (EC) No 1338/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council (11), namely all elements related to health,
p.(None): namely health status, including morbidity and disability, the determinants having an eﬀect on that health status, health care
p.(None): needs, resources allocated to health care, the provision of, and universal access to, health care as well as health care
p.(None): expenditure and ﬁnancing, and the causes of mortality. Such processing of data concerning health for reasons of public
p.(None): interest should not result in personal data being processed for other purposes by third parties such as employers or insurance
p.(None): and banking companies.
p.(None): (55) Moreover, the processing of personal data by oﬃcial authorities for the purpose of achieving the aims, laid down by
p.(None): constitutional law or by international public law, of oﬃcially recognised religious associations, is carried out on grounds of
p.(None): public interest.
p.(None): (56) Where in the course of electoral activities, the operation of the democratic system in a Member State requires that political
p.(None): parties compile personal data on people's political opinions, the processing of such data may be permitted for reasons of
p.(None): public interest, provided that appropriate safeguards are established.
p.(None): (57) If the personal data processed by a controller do not permit the controller to identify a natural person, the data controller
p.(None): should not be obliged to acquire additional information in order to identify the data subject for the sole purpose of complying
p.(None): with any provision of this Regulation. However, the controller should not refuse to take additional information provided by the
p.(None): data subject in order to support the exercise of his or her rights. Identiﬁcation should include the digital identiﬁcation of a data
...

Health / Mentally Incapacitated

Searching for indicator incapable:

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p.(None): in a judicial procedure or whether in an administrative or any out-of-court procedure, including procedures before regulatory
p.(None): bodies. Provision should also be made for the possibility for transfers where important grounds of public interest laid down by
p.(None): Union or Member State law so require or where the transfer is made from a register established by law and intended for
p.(None): consultation by the public or persons having a legitimate interest. In the latter case, such a transfer should not involve the
p.(None): entirety of the personal data or entire categories of the data contained in the register and, when the register is intended for
p.(None): consultation by persons having a legitimate interest, the transfer should be made only at the request of those persons or, if
p.(None): they are to be the recipients, taking into full account the interests and fundamental rights of the data subject.
p.(None): (112)Those derogations should in particular apply to data transfers required and necessary for important reasons of public interest,
p.(None): for example in cases of international data exchange between competition authorities, tax or customs administrations, between
p.(None): ﬁnancial supervisory authorities, between services competent for social security matters, or for public health, for example in
p.(None): the case of contact tracing for contagious diseases or in order to reduce and/or eliminate doping in sport. A transfer of
p.(None): personal data should also be regarded as lawful where it is necessary to protect an interest which is essential for the data
p.(None): subject's or another person's vital interests, including physical integrity or life, if the data subject is incapable of giving consent.
p.(None): In the absence of an adequacy decision, Union or Member State law may, for important reasons of public interest, expressly
p.(None): set limits to the transfer of speciﬁc categories of data to a third country or an international organisation. Member States should
p.(None): notify such provisions to the Commission. Any transfer to an international humanitarian organisation of personal data of a data
p.(None): subject who is physically or legally incapable of giving consent, with a view to accomplishing a task incumbent under the
p.(None): Geneva Conventions or to complying with international humanitarian law applicable in armed conﬂicts, could be considered to
p.(None): be necessary for an important reason of public interest or because it is in the vital interest of the data subject.
p.(None): (113)Transfers which can be qualiﬁed as not repetitive and that only concern a limited number of data subjects, could also be
p.(None): possible for the purposes of the compelling legitimate interests pursued by the controller, when those interests are not
p.(None): overridden by the interests or rights and freedoms of the data subject and when the controller has assessed all the
p.(None): circumstances surrounding the data transfer. The controller should give particular consideration to the nature of the personal
p.(None): data, the purpose and duration of the proposed processing operation or operations, as well as the situation in the country of
p.(None): origin, the third country and the country of ﬁnal destination, and should provide suitable safeguards to protect fundamental
p.(None): rights and freedoms of natural persons with regard to the processing of their personal data. Such transfers should be possible
p.(None): only in residual cases where none of the other grounds for transfer are applicable. For scientiﬁc or historical research
p.(None): purposes or statistical purposes, the legitimate expectations of society for an increase of knowledge should be taken into
p.(None): consideration. The controller should inform the supervisory authority and the data subject about the transfer.
...

p.(None): membership, and the processing of genetic data, biometric data for the purpose of uniquely identifying a natural person, data
p.(None): concerning health or data concerning a natural person's sex life or sexual orientation shall be prohibited.
p.(None): 2. Paragraph 1 shall not apply if one of the following applies:
p.(None): (a) the data subject has given explicit consent to the processing of those personal data for one or more speciﬁed purposes,
p.(None): except where Union or Member State law provide that the prohibition referred to in paragraph 1 may not be lifted by the data
p.(None): subject;
p.(None): (b) processing is necessary for the purposes of carrying out the obligations and exercising speciﬁc rights of the controller or of the
p.(None): data subject in the ﬁeld of employment and social security and social protection law in so far as it is authorised by Union or
p.(None): Member State law or a collective agreement pursuant to Member State law providing for appropriate safeguards for the
p.(None): fundamental rights and the interests of the data subject;
p.(None): (c) processing is necessary to protect the vital interests of the data subject or of another natural person where the data subject is
p.(None): physically or legally incapable of giving consent;
p.(None): (d) processing is carried out in the course of its legitimate activities with appropriate safeguards by a foundation, association or
p.(None): any other not-for-proﬁt body with a political, philosophical, religious or trade union aim and on condition that the processing
p.(None): relates solely to the members or to former members of the body or to persons who have regular contact with it in connection
p.(None): with its purposes and that the personal data are not disclosed outside that body without the consent of the data subjects;
p.(None): (e) processing relates to personal data which are manifestly made public by the data subject;
p.(None): (f) processing is necessary for the establishment, exercise or defence of legal claims or whenever courts are acting in their
p.(None): judicial capacity;
p.(None): (g) processing is necessary for reasons of substantial public interest, on the basis of Union or Member State law which shall be
p.(None): proportionate to the aim pursued, respect the essence of the right to data protection and provide for suitable and speciﬁc
p.(None): measures to safeguard the fundamental rights and the interests of the data subject;
p.(None): (h) processing is necessary for the purposes of preventive or occupational medicine, for the assessment of the working capacity
...

p.(None): agreement, such as a mutual legal assistance treaty, in force between the requesting third country and the Union or a
p.(None): Member State, without prejudice to other grounds for transfer pursuant to this Chapter.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 49
p.(None): Derogations for specific situations
p.(None): 1. In the absence of an adequacy decision pursuant to Article 45(3), or of appropriate safeguards pursuant to Article 46, including
p.(None): binding corporate rules, a transfer or a set of transfers of personal data to a third country or an international organisation shall take
p.(None): place only on one of the following conditions:
p.(None): (a) the data subject has explicitly consented to the proposed transfer, after having been informed of the possible risks of such
p.(None): transfers for the data subject due to the absence of an adequacy decision and appropriate safeguards;
p.(None): (b) the transfer is necessary for the performance of a contract between the data subject and the controller or the implementation
p.(None): of pre-contractual measures taken at the data subject's request;
p.(None): (c) the transfer is necessary for the conclusion or performance of a contract concluded in the interest of the data subject between
p.(None): the controller and another natural or legal person;
p.(None): (d) the transfer is necessary for important reasons of public interest;
p.(None): (e) the transfer is necessary for the establishment, exercise or defence of legal claims;
p.(None): (f) the transfer is necessary in order to protect the vital interests of the data subject or of other persons, where the data subject is
p.(None): physically or legally incapable of giving consent;
p.(None): (g) the transfer is made from a register which according to Union or Member State law is intended to provide information to the
p.(None): public and which is open to consultation either by the public in general or by any person who can demonstrate a legitimate
p.(None): interest, but only to the extent that the conditions laid down by Union or Member State law for consultation are fulﬁlled in the
p.(None): particular case.
p.(None): Where a transfer could not be based on a provision in Article 45 or 46, including the provisions on binding corporate rules, and
p.(None): none of the derogations for a speciﬁc situation referred to in the ﬁrst subparagraph of this paragraph is applicable, a transfer to a
p.(None): third country or an international organisation may take place only if the transfer is not repetitive, concerns only a limited number of
p.(None): data subjects, is necessary for the purposes of compelling legitimate interests pursued by the controller which are not overridden by
p.(None): the interests or rights and freedoms of the data subject, and the controller has assessed all the circumstances surrounding the data
p.(None): transfer and has on the basis of that assessment provided suitable safeguards with regard to the protection of personal data. The
p.(None): controller shall inform the supervisory authority of the transfer. The controller shall, in addition to providing the information referred
p.(None): to in Articles 13 and 14, inform the data subject of the transfer and on the compelling legitimate interests pursued.
...

Health / Motherhood/Family

Searching for indicator family:

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p.(None): (2) The principles of, and rules on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of their personal data should,
p.(None): whatever their nationality or residence, respect their fundamental rights and freedoms, in particular their right to the protection
p.(None): of personal data. This Regulation is intended to contribute to the accomplishment of an area of freedom, security and justice
p.(None): and of an economic union, to economic and social progress, to the strengthening and the convergence of the economies
p.(None): within the internal market, and to the well-being of natural persons.
p.(None): (3) Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council(4) seeks to harmonise the protection of fundamental rights
p.(None): and freedoms of natural persons in respect of processing activities and to ensure the free ﬂow of personal data between
p.(None): Member States.
p.(None): (4) The processing of personal data should be designed to serve mankind. The right to the protection of personal data is not an
p.(None): absolute right; it must be considered in relation to its function in society and be balanced against other fundamental rights, in
p.(None): accordance with the principle of proportionality. This Regulation respects all fundamental rights and observes the freedoms
p.(None): and principles recognised in the Charter as enshrined in the Treaties, in particular the respect for private and family life, home
p.(None): and communications, the protection of personal data, freedom of thought, conscience and religion, freedom of expression and
p.(None): information, freedom to conduct a business, the right to an eﬀective remedy and to a fair trial, and cultural, religious and
p.(None): linguistic diversity.
p.(None): (5) The economic and social integration resulting from the functioning of the internal market has led to a substantial increase in
p.(None): cross-border ﬂows of personal data. The exchange of personal data between public and private actors, including natural
p.(None): persons, associations and undertakings across the Union has increased. National authorities in the Member States are being
p.(None): called upon by Union law to cooperate and exchange personal data so as to be able to perform their duties or carry out tasks
p.(None): on behalf of an authority in another Member State.
p.(None): (6) Rapid technological developments and globalisation have brought new challenges for the protection of personal data. The
p.(None): scale of the collection and sharing of personal data has increased signiﬁcantly. Technology allows both private companies
p.(None): and public authorities to make use of personal data on an unprecedented scale in order to pursue their activities. Natural
...

Health / Physically Disabled

Searching for indicator physically:

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p.(None): entirety of the personal data or entire categories of the data contained in the register and, when the register is intended for
p.(None): consultation by persons having a legitimate interest, the transfer should be made only at the request of those persons or, if
p.(None): they are to be the recipients, taking into full account the interests and fundamental rights of the data subject.
p.(None): (112)Those derogations should in particular apply to data transfers required and necessary for important reasons of public interest,
p.(None): for example in cases of international data exchange between competition authorities, tax or customs administrations, between
p.(None): ﬁnancial supervisory authorities, between services competent for social security matters, or for public health, for example in
p.(None): the case of contact tracing for contagious diseases or in order to reduce and/or eliminate doping in sport. A transfer of
p.(None): personal data should also be regarded as lawful where it is necessary to protect an interest which is essential for the data
p.(None): subject's or another person's vital interests, including physical integrity or life, if the data subject is incapable of giving consent.
p.(None): In the absence of an adequacy decision, Union or Member State law may, for important reasons of public interest, expressly
p.(None): set limits to the transfer of speciﬁc categories of data to a third country or an international organisation. Member States should
p.(None): notify such provisions to the Commission. Any transfer to an international humanitarian organisation of personal data of a data
p.(None): subject who is physically or legally incapable of giving consent, with a view to accomplishing a task incumbent under the
p.(None): Geneva Conventions or to complying with international humanitarian law applicable in armed conﬂicts, could be considered to
p.(None): be necessary for an important reason of public interest or because it is in the vital interest of the data subject.
p.(None): (113)Transfers which can be qualiﬁed as not repetitive and that only concern a limited number of data subjects, could also be
p.(None): possible for the purposes of the compelling legitimate interests pursued by the controller, when those interests are not
p.(None): overridden by the interests or rights and freedoms of the data subject and when the controller has assessed all the
p.(None): circumstances surrounding the data transfer. The controller should give particular consideration to the nature of the personal
p.(None): data, the purpose and duration of the proposed processing operation or operations, as well as the situation in the country of
p.(None): origin, the third country and the country of ﬁnal destination, and should provide suitable safeguards to protect fundamental
p.(None): rights and freedoms of natural persons with regard to the processing of their personal data. Such transfers should be possible
p.(None): only in residual cases where none of the other grounds for transfer are applicable. For scientiﬁc or historical research
p.(None): purposes or statistical purposes, the legitimate expectations of society for an increase of knowledge should be taken into
p.(None): consideration. The controller should inform the supervisory authority and the data subject about the transfer.
...

p.(None): membership, and the processing of genetic data, biometric data for the purpose of uniquely identifying a natural person, data
p.(None): concerning health or data concerning a natural person's sex life or sexual orientation shall be prohibited.
p.(None): 2. Paragraph 1 shall not apply if one of the following applies:
p.(None): (a) the data subject has given explicit consent to the processing of those personal data for one or more speciﬁed purposes,
p.(None): except where Union or Member State law provide that the prohibition referred to in paragraph 1 may not be lifted by the data
p.(None): subject;
p.(None): (b) processing is necessary for the purposes of carrying out the obligations and exercising speciﬁc rights of the controller or of the
p.(None): data subject in the ﬁeld of employment and social security and social protection law in so far as it is authorised by Union or
p.(None): Member State law or a collective agreement pursuant to Member State law providing for appropriate safeguards for the
p.(None): fundamental rights and the interests of the data subject;
p.(None): (c) processing is necessary to protect the vital interests of the data subject or of another natural person where the data subject is
p.(None): physically or legally incapable of giving consent;
p.(None): (d) processing is carried out in the course of its legitimate activities with appropriate safeguards by a foundation, association or
p.(None): any other not-for-proﬁt body with a political, philosophical, religious or trade union aim and on condition that the processing
p.(None): relates solely to the members or to former members of the body or to persons who have regular contact with it in connection
p.(None): with its purposes and that the personal data are not disclosed outside that body without the consent of the data subjects;
p.(None): (e) processing relates to personal data which are manifestly made public by the data subject;
p.(None): (f) processing is necessary for the establishment, exercise or defence of legal claims or whenever courts are acting in their
p.(None): judicial capacity;
p.(None): (g) processing is necessary for reasons of substantial public interest, on the basis of Union or Member State law which shall be
p.(None): proportionate to the aim pursued, respect the essence of the right to data protection and provide for suitable and speciﬁc
p.(None): measures to safeguard the fundamental rights and the interests of the data subject;
p.(None): (h) processing is necessary for the purposes of preventive or occupational medicine, for the assessment of the working capacity
...

p.(None): agreement, such as a mutual legal assistance treaty, in force between the requesting third country and the Union or a
p.(None): Member State, without prejudice to other grounds for transfer pursuant to this Chapter.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 49
p.(None): Derogations for specific situations
p.(None): 1. In the absence of an adequacy decision pursuant to Article 45(3), or of appropriate safeguards pursuant to Article 46, including
p.(None): binding corporate rules, a transfer or a set of transfers of personal data to a third country or an international organisation shall take
p.(None): place only on one of the following conditions:
p.(None): (a) the data subject has explicitly consented to the proposed transfer, after having been informed of the possible risks of such
p.(None): transfers for the data subject due to the absence of an adequacy decision and appropriate safeguards;
p.(None): (b) the transfer is necessary for the performance of a contract between the data subject and the controller or the implementation
p.(None): of pre-contractual measures taken at the data subject's request;
p.(None): (c) the transfer is necessary for the conclusion or performance of a contract concluded in the interest of the data subject between
p.(None): the controller and another natural or legal person;
p.(None): (d) the transfer is necessary for important reasons of public interest;
p.(None): (e) the transfer is necessary for the establishment, exercise or defence of legal claims;
p.(None): (f) the transfer is necessary in order to protect the vital interests of the data subject or of other persons, where the data subject is
p.(None): physically or legally incapable of giving consent;
p.(None): (g) the transfer is made from a register which according to Union or Member State law is intended to provide information to the
p.(None): public and which is open to consultation either by the public in general or by any person who can demonstrate a legitimate
p.(None): interest, but only to the extent that the conditions laid down by Union or Member State law for consultation are fulﬁlled in the
p.(None): particular case.
p.(None): Where a transfer could not be based on a provision in Article 45 or 46, including the provisions on binding corporate rules, and
p.(None): none of the derogations for a speciﬁc situation referred to in the ﬁrst subparagraph of this paragraph is applicable, a transfer to a
p.(None): third country or an international organisation may take place only if the transfer is not repetitive, concerns only a limited number of
p.(None): data subjects, is necessary for the purposes of compelling legitimate interests pursued by the controller which are not overridden by
p.(None): the interests or rights and freedoms of the data subject, and the controller has assessed all the circumstances surrounding the data
p.(None): transfer and has on the basis of that assessment provided suitable safeguards with regard to the protection of personal data. The
p.(None): controller shall inform the supervisory authority of the transfer. The controller shall, in addition to providing the information referred
p.(None): to in Articles 13 and 14, inform the data subject of the transfer and on the compelling legitimate interests pursued.
...

Health / patients in emergency situations

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p.(None): processing, establish speciﬁcations for determining the controller, the type of personal data which are subject to the
p.(None): processing, the data subjects concerned, the entities to which the personal data may be disclosed, the purpose limitations,
p.(None): the storage period and other measures to ensure lawful and fair processing. It should also be for Union or Member State law
p.(None): to determine whether the controller performing a task carried out in the public interest or in the exercise of oﬃcial authority
p.(None): should be a public authority or another natural or legal person governed by public law, or, where it is in the public interest to do
p.(None): so, including for health purposes such as public health and social protection and the management of health care services, by
p.(None): private law, such as a professional association.
p.(None): (46) The processing of personal data should also be regarded to be lawful where it is necessary to protect an interest which is
p.(None): essential for the life of the data subject or that of another natural person. Processing of personal data based on the vital
p.(None): interest of another natural person should in principle take place only where the processing cannot be manifestly based on
p.(None): another legal basis. Some types of processing may serve both important grounds of public interest and the vital interests of
p.(None): the data subject as for instance when processing is necessary for humanitarian purposes, including for monitoring epidemics
p.(None): and their spread or in situations of humanitarian emergencies, in particular in situations of natural and man-made disasters.
p.(None): (47) The legitimate interests of a controller, including those of a controller to which the personal data may be disclosed, or of a
p.(None): third party, may provide a legal basis for processing, provided that the interests or the fundamental rights and freedoms of the
p.(None): data subject are not overriding, taking into consideration the reasonable expectations of data subjects based on their
p.(None): relationship with the controller. Such legitimate interest could exist for example where there is a relevant and appropriate
p.(None): relationship between the data subject and the controller in situations such as where the data subject is a client or in the
p.(None): service of the controller. At any rate the existence of a legitimate interest would need careful assessment including whether a
p.(None): data subject can reasonably expect at the time and in the context of the collection of the personal data that processing for that
p.(None): purpose may take place. The interests and fundamental rights of the data subject could in particular override the interest of
p.(None): the data controller where personal data are processed in circumstances where data subjects do not reasonably expect further
p.(None): processing. Given that it is for the legislator to provide by law for the legal basis for public authorities to process personal data,
p.(None): that legal basis should not apply to the processing by public authorities in the performance of their tasks. The processing of
p.(None): personal data strictly necessary for the purposes of preventing fraud also constitutes a legitimate interest of the data controller
p.(None): concerned. The processing of personal data for direct marketing purposes may be regarded as carried out for a legitimate
p.(None): interest.
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p.(None): personal data be easily accessible and easy to understand, and that clear and plain language be used. That principle
p.(None): concerns, in particular, information to the data subjects on the identity of the controller and the purposes of the processing and
p.(None): further information to ensure fair and transparent processing in respect of the natural persons concerned and their right to
p.(None): obtain conﬁrmation and communication of personal data concerning them which are being processed. Natural persons should
p.(None): be made aware of risks, rules, safeguards and rights in relation to the processing of personal data and how to exercise their
p.(None): rights in relation to such processing. In particular, the speciﬁc purposes for which personal data are processed should be
p.(None): explicit and legitimate and determined at the time of the collection of the personal data. The personal data should be
p.(None): adequate, relevant and limited to what is necessary for the purposes for which they are processed. This requires, in particular,
p.(None): ensuring that the period for which the personal data are stored is limited to a strict minimum. Personal data should be
p.(None): processed only if the purpose of the processing could not reasonably be fulﬁlled by other means. In order to ensure that the
p.(None): personal data are not kept longer than necessary, time limits should be established by the controller for erasure or for a
p.(None): periodic review. Every reasonable step should be taken to ensure that personal data which are inaccurate are rectiﬁed or
p.(None): deleted. Personal data should be processed in a manner that ensures appropriate security and conﬁdentiality of the personal
p.(None): data, including for preventing unauthorised access to or use of personal data and the equipment used for the processing.
p.(None): (40) In order for processing to be lawful, personal data should be processed on the basis of the consent of the data subject
p.(None): concerned or some other legitimate basis, laid down by law, either in this Regulation or in other Union or Member State law as
p.(None): referred to in this Regulation, including the necessity for compliance with the legal obligation to which the controller is subject
p.(None): or the necessity for the performance of a contract to which the data subject is party or in order to take steps at the request of
p.(None): the data subject prior to entering into a contract.
p.(None): (41) Where this Regulation refers to a legal basis or a legislative measure, this does not necessarily require a legislative act
p.(None): adopted by a parliament, without prejudice to requirements pursuant to the constitutional order of the Member State
p.(None): concerned. However, such a legal basis or legislative measure should be clear and precise and its application should be
p.(None): foreseeable to persons subject to it, in accordance with the case-law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (the ‘Court
p.(None): of Justice’) and the European Court of Human Rights.
p.(None): (42) Where processing is based on the data subject's consent, the controller should be able to demonstrate that the data subject
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p.(None): concerned. The processing of personal data for direct marketing purposes may be regarded as carried out for a legitimate
p.(None): interest.
p.(None): (48) Controllers that are part of a group of undertakings or institutions aﬃliated to a central body may have a legitimate interest in
p.(None): transmitting personal data within the group of undertakings for internal administrative purposes, including the processing of
p.(None): clients' or employees' personal data. The general principles for the transfer of personal data, within a group of undertakings, to
p.(None): an undertaking located in a third country remain unaffected.
p.(None): (49) The processing of personal data to the extent strictly necessary and proportionate for the purposes of ensuring network and
p.(None): information security, i.e. the ability of a network or an information system to resist, at a given level of conﬁdence, accidental
p.(None): events or unlawful or malicious actions that compromise the availability, authenticity, integrity and conﬁdentiality of stored or
p.(None): transmitted personal data, and the security of the related services oﬀered by, or accessible via, those networks and systems,
p.(None): by public authorities, by computer emergency response teams (CERTs), computer security incident response teams
p.(None): (CSIRTs), by providers of electronic communications networks and services and by providers of security technologies and
p.(None): services, constitutes a legitimate interest of the data controller concerned. This could, for example, include preventing
p.(None): unauthorised access to electronic communications networks and malicious code distribution and stopping ‘denial of service’
p.(None): attacks and damage to computer and electronic communication systems.
p.(None): (50) The processing of personal data for purposes other than those for which the personal data were initially collected should be
p.(None): allowed only where the processing is compatible with the purposes for which the personal data were initially collected. In such
p.(None): a case, no legal basis separate from that which allowed the collection of the personal data is required. If the processing is
p.(None): necessary for the performance of a task carried out in the public interest or in the exercise of oﬃcial authority vested in the
p.(None): controller, Union or Member State law may determine and specify the tasks and purposes for which the further processing
p.(None): should be regarded as compatible and lawful. Further processing for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientiﬁc or
p.(None): historical research purposes or statistical purposes should be considered to be compatible lawful processing operations. The
p.(None): legal basis provided by Union or Member State law for the processing of personal data may also provide a legal basis for
p.(None): further processing. In order to ascertain whether a purpose of further processing is compatible with the purpose for which the
p.(None): personal data are initially collected, the controller, after having met all the requirements for the lawfulness of the original
p.(None): processing, should take into account, inter alia: any link between those purposes and the purposes of the intended further
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p.(None): needs, in particular where the processing of such data is carried out for certain health-related purposes by persons subject to
p.(None): a legal obligation of professional secrecy. Union or Member State law should provide for speciﬁc and suitable measures so as
p.(None): to protect the fundamental rights and the personal data of natural persons. Member States should be allowed to maintain or
p.(None): introduce further conditions, including limitations, with regard to the processing of genetic data, biometric data or data
p.(None): concerning health. However, this should not hamper the free ﬂow of personal data within the Union when those conditions
p.(None): apply to cross-border processing of such data.
p.(None): (54) The processing of special categories of personal data may be necessary for reasons of public interest in the areas of public
p.(None): health without consent of the data subject. Such processing should be subject to suitable and speciﬁc measures so as to
p.(None): protect the rights and freedoms of natural persons. In that context, ‘public health’ should be interpreted as deﬁned in
p.(None): Regulation (EC) No 1338/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council (11), namely all elements related to health,
p.(None): namely health status, including morbidity and disability, the determinants having an eﬀect on that health status, health care
p.(None): needs, resources allocated to health care, the provision of, and universal access to, health care as well as health care
p.(None): expenditure and ﬁnancing, and the causes of mortality. Such processing of data concerning health for reasons of public
p.(None): interest should not result in personal data being processed for other purposes by third parties such as employers or insurance
p.(None): and banking companies.
p.(None): (55) Moreover, the processing of personal data by oﬃcial authorities for the purpose of achieving the aims, laid down by
p.(None): constitutional law or by international public law, of oﬃcially recognised religious associations, is carried out on grounds of
p.(None): public interest.
p.(None): (56) Where in the course of electoral activities, the operation of the democratic system in a Member State requires that political
p.(None): parties compile personal data on people's political opinions, the processing of such data may be permitted for reasons of
p.(None): public interest, provided that appropriate safeguards are established.
p.(None): (57) If the personal data processed by a controller do not permit the controller to identify a natural person, the data controller
p.(None): should not be obliged to acquire additional information in order to identify the data subject for the sole purpose of complying
p.(None): with any provision of this Regulation. However, the controller should not refuse to take additional information provided by the
p.(None): data subject in order to support the exercise of his or her rights. Identiﬁcation should include the digital identiﬁcation of a data
p.(None): subject, for example through authentication mechanism such as the same credentials, used by the data subject to log-in to the
p.(None): on-line service offered by the data controller.
p.(None): (58) The principle of transparency requires that any information addressed to the public or to the data subject be concise, easily
p.(None): accessible and easy to understand, and that clear and plain language and, additionally, where appropriate, visualisation be
p.(None): used. Such information could be provided in electronic form, for example, when addressed to the public, through a website.
p.(None): This is of particular relevance in situations where the proliferation of actors and the technological complexity of practice make
p.(None): it diﬃcult for the data subject to know and understand whether, by whom and for what purpose personal data relating to him or
p.(None): her are being collected, such as in the case of online advertising. Given that children merit speciﬁc protection, any information
p.(None): and communication, where processing is addressed to a child, should be in such a clear and plain language that the child can
p.(None): easily understand.
p.(None): (59) Modalities should be provided for facilitating the exercise of the data subject's rights under this Regulation, including
p.(None): mechanisms to request and, if applicable, obtain, free of charge, in particular, access to and rectiﬁcation or erasure of
p.(None): personal data and the exercise of the right to object. The controller should also provide means for requests to be made
p.(None): electronically, especially where personal data are processed by electronic means. The controller should be obliged to respond
p.(None): to requests from the data subject without undue delay and at the latest within one month and to give reasons where the
p.(None): controller does not intend to comply with any such requests.
p.(None): (60) The principles of fair and transparent processing require that the data subject be informed of the existence of the processing
p.(None): operation and its purposes. The controller should provide the data subject with any further information necessary to ensure
p.(None): fair and transparent processing taking into account the speciﬁc circumstances and context in which the personal data are
p.(None): processed. Furthermore, the data subject should be informed of the existence of proﬁling and the consequences of such
p.(None): proﬁling. Where the personal data are collected from the data subject, the data subject should also be informed whether he or
p.(None): she is obliged to provide the personal data and of the consequences, where he or she does not provide such data. That
p.(None): information may be provided in combination with standardised icons in order to give in an easily visible, intelligible and clearly
p.(None): legible manner, a meaningful overview of the intended processing. Where the icons are presented electronically, they should
p.(None): be machine-readable.
p.(None): (61) The information in relation to the processing of personal data relating to the data subject should be given to him or her at the
p.(None): time of collection from the data subject, or, where the personal data are obtained from another source, within a reasonable
p.(None): period, depending on the circumstances of the case. Where personal data can be legitimately disclosed to another recipient,
p.(None): the data subject should be informed when the personal data are ﬁrst disclosed to the recipient. Where the controller intends to
p.(None): process the personal data for a purpose other than that for which they were collected, the controller should provide the data
p.(None): subject prior to that further processing with information on that other purpose and other necessary information. Where the
p.(None): origin of the personal data cannot be provided to the data subject because various sources have been used, general
p.(None): information should be provided.
p.(None): (62) However, it is not necessary to impose the obligation to provide information where the data subject already possesses the
p.(None): information, where the recording or disclosure of the personal data is expressly laid down by law or where the provision of
p.(None): information to the data subject proves to be impossible or would involve a disproportionate eﬀort. The latter could in particular
p.(None): be the case where processing is carried out for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientiﬁc or historical research
p.(None): purposes or statistical purposes. In that regard, the number of data subjects, the age of the data and any appropriate
p.(None): safeguards adopted should be taken into consideration.
p.(None): (63) A data subject should have the right of access to personal data which have been collected concerning him or her, and to
p.(None): exercise that right easily and at reasonable intervals, in order to be aware of, and verify, the lawfulness of the processing. This
p.(None): includes the right for data subjects to have access to data concerning their health, for example the data in their medical
p.(None): records containing information such as diagnoses, examination results, assessments by treating physicians and any treatment
p.(None): or interventions provided. Every data subject should therefore have the right to know and obtain communication in particular
p.(None): with regard to the purposes for which the personal data are processed, where possible the period for which the personal data
p.(None): are processed, the recipients of the personal data, the logic involved in any automatic personal data processing and, at least
p.(None): when based on proﬁling, the consequences of such processing. Where possible, the controller should be able to provide
p.(None): remote access to a secure system which would provide the data subject with direct access to his or her personal data. That
p.(None): right should not adversely aﬀect the rights or freedoms of others, including trade secrets or intellectual property and in
p.(None): particular the copyright protecting the software. However, the result of those considerations should not be a refusal to provide
p.(None): all information to the data subject. Where the controller processes a large quantity of information concerning the data subject,
p.(None): the controller should be able to request that, before the information is delivered, the data subject specify the information or
p.(None): processing activities to which the request relates.
p.(None): (64) The controller should use all reasonable measures to verify the identity of a data subject who requests access, in particular in
p.(None): the context of online services and online identiﬁers. A controller should not retain personal data for the sole purpose of being
p.(None): able to react to potential requests.
p.(None): (65) A data subject should have the right to have personal data concerning him or her rectiﬁed and a ‘right to be forgotten’ where
p.(None): the retention of such data infringes this Regulation or Union or Member State law to which the controller is subject. In
p.(None): particular, a data subject should have the right to have his or her personal data erased and no longer processed where the
p.(None): personal data are no longer necessary in relation to the purposes for which they are collected or otherwise processed, where
p.(None): a data subject has withdrawn his or her consent or objects to the processing of personal data concerning him or her, or where
p.(None): the processing of his or her personal data does not otherwise comply with this Regulation. That right is relevant in particular
p.(None): where the data subject has given his or her consent as a child and is not fully aware of the risks involved by the processing,
p.(None): and later wants to remove such personal data, especially on the internet. The data subject should be able to exercise that
p.(None): right notwithstanding the fact that he or she is no longer a child. However, the further retention of the personal data should be
p.(None): lawful where it is necessary, for exercising the right of freedom of expression and information, for compliance with a legal
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p.(None): statistical procedures for the proﬁling, implement technical and organisational measures appropriate to ensure, in particular,
p.(None): that factors which result in inaccuracies in personal data are corrected and the risk of errors is minimised, secure personal
p.(None): data in a manner that takes account of the potential risks involved for the interests and rights of the data subject and that
p.(None): prevents, inter alia, discriminatory eﬀects on natural persons on the basis of racial or ethnic origin, political opinion, religion or
p.(None): beliefs, trade union membership, genetic or health status or sexual orientation, or that result in measures having such an
p.(None): eﬀect. Automated decision-making and proﬁling based on special categories of personal data should be allowed only under
p.(None): specific conditions.
p.(None): (72) Proﬁling is subject to the rules of this Regulation governing the processing of personal data, such as the legal grounds for
p.(None): processing or data protection principles. The European Data Protection Board established by this Regulation (the ‘Board’)
p.(None): should be able to issue guidance in that context.
p.(None): (73) Restrictions concerning speciﬁc principles and the rights of information, access to and rectiﬁcation or erasure of personal
p.(None): data, the right to data portability, the right to object, decisions based on proﬁling, as well as the communication of a personal
p.(None): data breach to a data subject and certain related obligations of the controllers may be imposed by Union or Member State law,
p.(None): as far as necessary and proportionate in a democratic society to safeguard public security, including the protection of human
p.(None): life especially in response to natural or manmade disasters, the prevention, investigation and prosecution of criminal oﬀences
p.(None): or the execution of criminal penalties, including the safeguarding against and the prevention of threats to public security, or of
p.(None): breaches of ethics for regulated professions, other important objectives of general public interest of the Union or of a Member
p.(None): State, in particular an important economic or ﬁnancial interest of the Union or of a Member State, the keeping of public
p.(None): registers kept for reasons of general public interest, further processing of archived personal data to provide speciﬁc
p.(None): information related to the political behaviour under former totalitarian state regimes or the protection of the data subject or the
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p.(None): or by a supervisory authority in accordance with the consistency mechanism and then adopted by the Commission. After the
p.(None): completion of the processing on behalf of the controller, the processor should, at the choice of the controller, return or delete
p.(None): the personal data, unless there is a requirement to store the personal data under Union or Member State law to which the
p.(None): processor is subject.
p.(None): (82) In order to demonstrate compliance with this Regulation, the controller or processor should maintain records of processing
p.(None): activities under its responsibility. Each controller and processor should be obliged to cooperate with the supervisory authority
p.(None): and make those records, on request, available to it, so that it might serve for monitoring those processing operations.
p.(None): (83) In order to maintain security and to prevent processing in infringement of this Regulation, the controller or processor should
p.(None): evaluate the risks inherent in the processing and implement measures to mitigate those risks, such as encryption. Those
p.(None): measures should ensure an appropriate level of security, including conﬁdentiality, taking into account the state of the art and
p.(None): the costs of implementation in relation to the risks and the nature of the personal data to be protected. In assessing data
p.(None): security risk, consideration should be given to the risks that are presented by personal data processing, such as accidental or
p.(None): unlawful destruction, loss, alteration, unauthorised disclosure of, or access to, personal data transmitted, stored or otherwise
p.(None): processed which may in particular lead to physical, material or non-material damage.
p.(None): (84) In order to enhance compliance with this Regulation where processing operations are likely to result in a high risk to the rights
p.(None): and freedoms of natural persons, the controller should be responsible for the carrying-out of a data protection impact
p.(None): assessment to evaluate, in particular, the origin, nature, particularity and severity of that risk. The outcome of the assessment
p.(None): should be taken into account when determining the appropriate measures to be taken in order to demonstrate that the
p.(None): processing of personal data complies with this Regulation. Where a data-protection impact assessment indicates that
p.(None): processing operations involve a high risk which the controller cannot mitigate by appropriate measures in terms of available
p.(None): technology and costs of implementation, a consultation of the supervisory authority should take place prior to the processing.
p.(None): (85) A personal data breach may, if not addressed in an appropriate and timely manner, result in physical, material or non-material
p.(None): damage to natural persons such as loss of control over their personal data or limitation of their rights, discrimination, identity
p.(None): theft or fraud, ﬁnancial loss, unauthorised reversal of pseudonymisation, damage to reputation, loss of conﬁdentiality of
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p.(None): such agreements do not aﬀect this Regulation or any other provisions of Union law and include an appropriate level of
p.(None): protection for the fundamental rights of the data subjects.
p.(None): (103)The Commission may decide with eﬀect for the entire Union that a third country, a territory or speciﬁed sector within a third
p.(None): country, or an international organisation, oﬀers an adequate level of data protection, thus providing legal certainty and
p.(None): uniformity throughout the Union as regards the third country or international organisation which is considered to provide such
p.(None): level of protection. In such cases, transfers of personal data to that third country or international organisation may take place
p.(None): without the need to obtain any further authorisation. The Commission may also decide, having given notice and a full
p.(None): statement setting out the reasons to the third country or international organisation, to revoke such a decision.
p.(None): (104)In line with the fundamental values on which the Union is founded, in particular the protection of human rights, the
p.(None): Commission should, in its assessment of the third country, or of a territory or speciﬁed sector within a third country, take into
p.(None): account how a particular third country respects the rule of law, access to justice as well as international human rights norms
p.(None): and standards and its general and sectoral law, including legislation concerning public security, defence and national security
p.(None): as well as public order and criminal law. The adoption of an adequacy decision with regard to a territory or a speciﬁed sector
p.(None): in a third country should take into account clear and objective criteria, such as speciﬁc processing activities and the scope of
p.(None): applicable legal standards and legislation in force in the third country. The third country should oﬀer guarantees ensuring an
p.(None): adequate level of protection essentially equivalent to that ensured within the Union, in particular where personal data are
p.(None): processed in one or several speciﬁc sectors. In particular, the third country should ensure eﬀective independent data
p.(None): protection supervision and should provide for cooperation mechanisms with the Member States' data protection authorities,
p.(None): and the data subjects should be provided with eﬀective and enforceable rights and eﬀective administrative and judicial
p.(None): redress.
p.(None): (105)Apart from the international commitments the third country or international organisation has entered into, the Commission
p.(None): should take account of obligations arising from the third country's or international organisation's participation in multilateral or
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p.(None): Member State where the public authority or private body is established.
p.(None): (129)In order to ensure consistent monitoring and enforcement of this Regulation throughout the Union, the supervisory authorities
p.(None): should have in each Member State the same tasks and eﬀective powers, including powers of investigation, corrective powers
p.(None): and sanctions, and authorisation and advisory powers, in particular in cases of complaints from natural persons, and without
p.(None): prejudice to the powers of prosecutorial authorities under Member State law, to bring infringements of this Regulation to the
p.(None): attention of the judicial authorities and engage in legal proceedings. Such powers should also include the power to impose a
p.(None): temporary or deﬁnitive limitation, including a ban, on processing. Member States may specify other tasks related to the
p.(None): protection of personal data under this Regulation. The powers of supervisory authorities should be exercised in accordance
p.(None): with appropriate procedural safeguards set out in Union and Member State law, impartially, fairly and within a reasonable time.
p.(None): In particular each measure should be appropriate, necessary and proportionate in view of ensuring compliance with this
p.(None): Regulation, taking into account the circumstances of each individual case, respect the right of every person to be heard before
p.(None): any individual measure which would aﬀect him or her adversely is taken and avoid superﬂuous costs and excessive
p.(None): inconveniences for the persons concerned. Investigatory powers as regards access to premises should be exercised in
p.(None): accordance with speciﬁc requirements in Member State procedural law, such as the requirement to obtain a prior judicial
p.(None): authorisation. Each legally binding measure of the supervisory authority should be in writing, be clear and unambiguous,
p.(None): indicate the supervisory authority which has issued the measure, the date of issue of the measure, bear the signature of the
p.(None): head, or a member of the supervisory authority authorised by him or her, give the reasons for the measure, and refer to the
p.(None): right of an eﬀective remedy. This should not preclude additional requirements pursuant to Member State procedural law. The
p.(None): adoption of a legally binding decision implies that it may give rise to judicial review in the Member State of the supervisory
p.(None): authority that adopted the decision.
p.(None): (130)Where the supervisory authority with which the complaint has been lodged is not the lead supervisory authority, the lead
p.(None): supervisory authority should closely cooperate with the supervisory authority with which the complaint has been lodged in
p.(None): accordance with the provisions on cooperation and consistency laid down in this Regulation. In such cases, the lead
p.(None): supervisory authority should, when taking measures intended to produce legal eﬀects, including the imposition of
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p.(None): academic, artistic and or literary expression with the right to the protection of personal data pursuant to this Regulation. The
p.(None): processing of personal data solely for journalistic purposes, or for the purposes of academic, artistic or literary expression
p.(None): should be subject to derogations or exemptions from certain provisions of this Regulation if necessary to reconcile the right to
p.(None): the protection of personal data with the right to freedom of expression and information, as enshrined in Article 11 of the
p.(None): Charter. This should apply in particular to the processing of personal data in the audiovisual ﬁeld and in news archives and
p.(None): press libraries. Therefore, Member States should adopt legislative measures which lay down the exemptions and derogations
p.(None): necessary for the purpose of balancing those fundamental rights. Member States should adopt such exemptions and
p.(None): derogations on general principles, the rights of the data subject, the controller and the processor, the transfer of personal data
p.(None): to third countries or international organisations, the independent supervisory authorities, cooperation and consistency, and
p.(None): speciﬁc data-processing situations. Where such exemptions or derogations diﬀer from one Member State to another, the law
p.(None): of the Member State to which the controller is subject should apply. In order to take account of the importance of the right to
p.(None): freedom of expression in every democratic society, it is necessary to interpret notions relating to that freedom, such as
p.(None): journalism, broadly.
p.(None): (154)This Regulation allows the principle of public access to oﬃcial documents to be taken into account when applying this
p.(None): Regulation. Public access to oﬃcial documents may be considered to be in the public interest. Personal data in documents
p.(None): held by a public authority or a public body should be able to be publicly disclosed by that authority or body if the disclosure is
p.(None): provided for by Union or Member State law to which the public authority or public body is subject. Such laws should reconcile
p.(None): public access to oﬃcial documents and the reuse of public sector information with the right to the protection of personal data
p.(None): and may therefore provide for the necessary reconciliation with the right to the protection of personal data pursuant to this
p.(None): Regulation. The reference to public authorities and bodies should in that context include all authorities or other bodies covered
p.(None): by Member State law on public access to documents. Directive 2003/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (14)
p.(None): leaves intact and in no way aﬀects the level of protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data
p.(None): under the provisions of Union and Member State law, and in particular does not alter the obligations and rights set out in this
p.(None): Regulation. In particular, that Directive should not apply to documents to which access is excluded or restricted by virtue of
p.(None): the access regimes on the grounds of protection of personal data, and parts of documents accessible by virtue of those
p.(None): regimes which contain personal data the re-use of which has been provided for by law as being incompatible with the law
p.(None): concerning the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data.
p.(None): (155)Member State law or collective agreements, including ‘works agreements’, may provide for speciﬁc rules on the processing of
p.(None): employees' personal data in the employment context, in particular for the conditions under which personal data in the
p.(None): employment context may be processed on the basis of the consent of the employee, the purposes of the recruitment, the
p.(None): performance of the contract of employment, including discharge of obligations laid down by law or by collective agreements,
p.(None): management, planning and organisation of work, equality and diversity in the workplace, health and safety at work, and for
p.(None): the purposes of the exercise and enjoyment, on an individual or collective basis, of rights and beneﬁts related to employment,
p.(None): and for the purpose of the termination of the employment relationship.
p.(None): (156)The processing of personal data for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientiﬁc or historical research purposes or
p.(None): statistical purposes should be subject to appropriate safeguards for the rights and freedoms of the data subject pursuant to
p.(None): this Regulation. Those safeguards should ensure that technical and organisational measures are in place in order to ensure,
...

p.(None): such as on clinical trials.
p.(None): (157)By coupling information from registries, researchers can obtain new knowledge of great value with regard to widespread
p.(None): medical conditions such as cardiovascular disease, cancer and depression. On the basis of registries, research results can be
p.(None): enhanced, as they draw on a larger population. Within social science, research on the basis of registries enables researchers
p.(None): to obtain essential knowledge about the long-term correlation of a number of social conditions such as unemployment and
p.(None): education with other life conditions. Research results obtained through registries provide solid, high-quality knowledge which
p.(None): can provide the basis for the formulation and implementation of knowledge-based policy, improve the quality of life for a
p.(None): number of people and improve the eﬃciency of social services. In order to facilitate scientiﬁc research, personal data can be
p.(None): processed for scientiﬁc research purposes, subject to appropriate conditions and safeguards set out in Union or
p.(None): Member State law.
p.(None): (158)Where personal data are processed for archiving purposes, this Regulation should also apply to that processing, bearing in
p.(None): mind that this Regulation should not apply to deceased persons. Public authorities or public or private bodies that hold
p.(None): records of public interest should be services which, pursuant to Union or Member State law, have a legal obligation to acquire,
p.(None): preserve, appraise, arrange, describe, communicate, promote, disseminate and provide access to records of enduring value
p.(None): for general public interest. Member States should also be authorised to provide for the further processing of personal data for
p.(None): archiving purposes, for example with a view to providing speciﬁc information related to the political behaviour under former
p.(None): totalitarian state regimes, genocide, crimes against humanity, in particular the Holocaust, or war crimes.
p.(None): (159)Where personal data are processed for scientiﬁc research purposes, this Regulation should also apply to that processing. For
p.(None): the purposes of this Regulation, the processing of personal data for scientiﬁc research purposes should be interpreted in a
p.(None): broad manner including for example technological development and demonstration, fundamental research, applied research
p.(None): and privately funded research. In addition, it should take into account the Union's objective under Article 179(1) TFEU of
p.(None): achieving a European Research Area. Scientiﬁc research purposes should also include studies conducted in the public
p.(None): interest in the area of public health. To meet the speciﬁcities of processing personal data for scientiﬁc research purposes,
p.(None): speciﬁc conditions should apply in particular as regards the publication or otherwise disclosure of personal data in the context
p.(None): of scientiﬁc research purposes. If the result of scientiﬁc research in particular in the health context gives reason for further
p.(None): measures in the interest of the data subject, the general rules of this Regulation should apply in view of those measures.
p.(None): (160)Where personal data are processed for historical research purposes, this Regulation should also apply to that processing.
p.(None): This should also include historical research and research for genealogical purposes, bearing in mind that this Regulation
p.(None): should not apply to deceased persons.
p.(None): (161)For the purpose of consenting to the participation in scientiﬁc research activities in clinical trials, the relevant provisions of
p.(None): Regulation (EU) No 536/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council (15) should apply.
p.(None): (162)Where personal data are processed for statistical purposes, this Regulation should apply to that processing. Union or Member
p.(None): State law should, within the limits of this Regulation, determine statistical content, control of access, speciﬁcations for the
p.(None): processing of personal data for statistical purposes and appropriate measures to safeguard the rights and freedoms of the
p.(None): data subject and for ensuring statistical conﬁdentiality. Statistical purposes mean any operation of collection and the
p.(None): processing of personal data necessary for statistical surveys or for the production of statistical results. Those statistical results
p.(None): may further be used for diﬀerent purposes, including a scientiﬁc research purpose. The statistical purpose implies that the
p.(None): result of processing for statistical purposes is not personal data, but aggregate data, and that this result or the personal data
p.(None): are not used in support of measures or decisions regarding any particular natural person.
p.(None): (163)The conﬁdential information which the Union and national statistical authorities collect for the production of oﬃcial European
p.(None): and oﬃcial national statistics should be protected. European statistics should be developed, produced and disseminated in
p.(None): accordance with the statistical principles as set out in Article 338(2) TFEU, while national statistics should also comply with
p.(None): Member State law. Regulation (EC) No 223/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council (16) provides further
p.(None): specifications on statistical confidentiality for European statistics.
p.(None): (164)As regards the powers of the supervisory authorities to obtain from the controller or processor access to personal data and
p.(None): access to their premises, Member States may adopt by law, within the limits of this Regulation, speciﬁc rules in order to
p.(None): safeguard the professional or other equivalent secrecy obligations, in so far as necessary to reconcile the right to the
p.(None): protection of personal data with an obligation of professional secrecy. This is without prejudice to existing Member State
p.(None): obligations to adopt rules on professional secrecy where required by Union law.
p.(None): (165)This Regulation respects and does not prejudice the status under existing constitutional law of churches and religious
p.(None): associations or communities in the Member States, as recognised in Article 17 TFEU.
p.(None): (166)In order to fulﬁl the objectives of this Regulation, namely to protect the fundamental rights and freedoms of natural persons
p.(None): and in particular their right to the protection of personal data and to ensure the free movement of personal data within the
p.(None): Union, the power to adopt acts in accordance with Article 290 TFEU should be delegated to the Commission. In particular,
p.(None): delegated acts should be adopted in respect of criteria and requirements for certiﬁcation mechanisms, information to be
p.(None): presented by standardised icons and procedures for providing such icons. It is of particular importance that the Commission
p.(None): carry out appropriate consultations during its preparatory work, including at expert level. The Commission, when preparing
...

p.(None): the controller;
p.(None): (9) ‘recipient’ means a natural or legal person, public authority, agency or another body, to which the personal data are disclosed,
p.(None): whether a third party or not. However, public authorities which may receive personal data in the framework of a particular
p.(None): inquiry in accordance with Union or Member State law shall not be regarded as recipients; the processing of those data by
p.(None): those public authorities shall be in compliance with the applicable data protection rules according to the purposes of the
p.(None): processing;
p.(None): (10) ‘third party’ means a natural or legal person, public authority, agency or body other than the data subject, controller, processor
p.(None): and persons who, under the direct authority of the controller or processor, are authorised to process personal data;
p.(None): (11) ‘consent’ of the data subject means any freely given, speciﬁc, informed and unambiguous indication of the data subject's
p.(None): wishes by which he or she, by a statement or by a clear aﬃrmative action, signiﬁes agreement to the processing of personal
p.(None): data relating to him or her;
p.(None): (12) ‘personal data breach’ means a breach of security leading to the accidental or unlawful destruction, loss, alteration,
p.(None): unauthorised disclosure of, or access to, personal data transmitted, stored or otherwise processed;
p.(None): (13) ‘genetic data’ means personal data relating to the inherited or acquired genetic characteristics of a natural person which give
p.(None): unique information about the physiology or the health of that natural person and which result, in particular, from an analysis of
p.(None): a biological sample from the natural person in question;
p.(None): (14) ‘biometric data’ means personal data resulting from speciﬁc technical processing relating to the physical, physiological or
p.(None): behavioural characteristics of a natural person, which allow or conﬁrm the unique identiﬁcation of that natural person, such as
p.(None): facial images or dactyloscopic data;
p.(None): (15) ‘data concerning health’ means personal data related to the physical or mental health of a natural person, including the
p.(None): provision of health care services, which reveal information about his or her health status;
p.(None): (16) ‘main establishment’ means:
p.(None): (a) as regards a controller with establishments in more than one Member State, the place of its central administration in the
p.(None): Union, unless the decisions on the purposes and means of the processing of personal data are taken in another
p.(None): establishment of the controller in the Union and the latter establishment has the power to have such decisions
p.(None): implemented, in which case the establishment having taken such decisions is to be considered to be the main
p.(None): establishment;
p.(None): (b) as regards a processor with establishments in more than one Member State, the place of its central administration in the
...

p.(None): complaint with a supervisory authority and seeking a judicial remedy.
p.(None): 5. Information provided under Articles 13 and 14 and any communication and any actions taken under Articles 15 to 22 and 34
p.(None): shall be provided free of charge. Where requests from a data subject are manifestly unfounded or excessive, in particular because
p.(None): of their repetitive character, the controller may either:
p.(None): (a) charge a reasonable fee taking into account the administrative costs of providing the information or communication or taking
p.(None): the action requested; or
p.(None): (b) refuse to act on the request.
p.(None): The controller shall bear the burden of demonstrating the manifestly unfounded or excessive character of the request.
p.(None): 6. Without prejudice to Article 11, where the controller has reasonable doubts concerning the identity of the natural person making
p.(None): the request referred to in Articles 15 to 21, the controller may request the provision of additional information necessary to conﬁrm
p.(None): the identity of the data subject.
p.(None): 7. The information to be provided to data subjects pursuant to Articles 13 and 14 may be provided in combination with
p.(None): standardised icons in order to give in an easily visible, intelligible and clearly legible manner a meaningful overview of the intended
p.(None): processing. Where the icons are presented electronically they shall be machine-readable.
p.(None): 8. The Commission shall be empowered to adopt delegated acts in accordance with Article 92 for the purpose of determining the
p.(None): information to be presented by the icons and the procedures for providing standardised icons.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Section 2
p.(None): Information and access to personal data
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 13
p.(None): Information to be provided where personal data are collected from the data subject
p.(None): 1. Where personal data relating to a data subject are collected from the data subject, the controller shall, at the time when
p.(None): personal data are obtained, provide the data subject with all of the following information:
p.(None): (a) the identity and the contact details of the controller and, where applicable, of the controller's representative;
p.(None): (b) the contact details of the data protection officer, where applicable;
p.(None): (c) the purposes of the processing for which the personal data are intended as well as the legal basis for the processing;
p.(None): (d) where the processing is based on point (f) of Article 6(1), the legitimate interests pursued by the controller or by a third party;
p.(None): (e) the recipients or categories of recipients of the personal data, if any;
p.(None): (f) where applicable, the fact that the controller intends to transfer personal data to a third country or international organisation
p.(None): and the existence or absence of an adequacy decision by the Commission, or in the case of transfers referred to in Article 46
p.(None): or 47, or the second subparagraph of Article 49(1), reference to the appropriate or suitable safeguards and the means by
p.(None): which to obtain a copy of them or where they have been made available.
p.(None): 2. In addition to the information referred to in paragraph 1, the controller shall, at the time when personal data are obtained,
p.(None): provide the data subject with the following further information necessary to ensure fair and transparent processing:
p.(None): (a) the period for which the personal data will be stored, or if that is not possible, the criteria used to determine that period;
p.(None): (b) the existence of the right to request from the controller access to and rectiﬁcation or erasure of personal data or restriction of
p.(None): processing concerning the data subject or to object to processing as well as the right to data portability;
p.(None): (c) where the processing is based on point (a) of Article 6(1) or point (a) of Article 9(2), the existence of the right to withdraw
p.(None): consent at any time, without affecting the lawfulness of processing based on consent before its withdrawal;
p.(None): (d) the right to lodge a complaint with a supervisory authority;
p.(None): (e) whether the provision of personal data is a statutory or contractual requirement, or a requirement necessary to enter into a
p.(None): contract, as well as whether the data subject is obliged to provide the personal data and of the possible consequences of
p.(None): failure to provide such data;
p.(None): (f) the existence of automated decision-making, including proﬁling, referred to in Article 22(1) and (4) and, at least in those
p.(None): cases, meaningful information about the logic involved, as well as the signiﬁcance and the envisaged consequences of such
p.(None): processing for the data subject.
p.(None): 3. Where the controller intends to further process the personal data for a purpose other than that for which the personal data were
p.(None): collected, the controller shall provide the data subject prior to that further processing with information on that other purpose and with
p.(None): any relevant further information as referred to in paragraph 2.
p.(None): 4. Paragraphs 1, 2 and 3 shall not apply where and insofar as the data subject already has the information.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 14
p.(None): Information to be provided where personal data have not been obtained from the data subject
...

p.(None): following information:
p.(None): (a) the identity and the contact details of the controller and, where applicable, of the controller's representative;
p.(None): (b) the contact details of the data protection officer, where applicable;
p.(None): (c) the purposes of the processing for which the personal data are intended as well as the legal basis for the processing;
p.(None): (d) the categories of personal data concerned;
p.(None): (e) the recipients or categories of recipients of the personal data, if any;
p.(None): (f) where applicable, that the controller intends to transfer personal data to a recipient in a third country or international
p.(None): organisation and the existence or absence of an adequacy decision by the Commission, or in the case of transfers referred to
p.(None): in Article 46 or 47, or the second subparagraph of Article 49(1), reference to the appropriate or suitable safeguards and the
p.(None): means to obtain a copy of them or where they have been made available.
p.(None): 2. In addition to the information referred to in paragraph 1, the controller shall provide the data subject with the following
p.(None): information necessary to ensure fair and transparent processing in respect of the data subject:
p.(None): (a) the period for which the personal data will be stored, or if that is not possible, the criteria used to determine that period;
p.(None): (b) where the processing is based on point (f) of Article 6(1), the legitimate interests pursued by the controller or by a third party;
p.(None): (c) the existence of the right to request from the controller access to and rectiﬁcation or erasure of personal data or restriction of
p.(None): processing concerning the data subject and to object to processing as well as the right to data portability;
p.(None): (d) where processing is based on point (a) of Article 6(1) or point (a) of Article 9(2), the existence of the right to withdraw consent
p.(None): at any time, without affecting the lawfulness of processing based on consent before its withdrawal;
p.(None): (e) the right to lodge a complaint with a supervisory authority;
p.(None): (f) from which source the personal data originate, and if applicable, whether it came from publicly accessible sources;
p.(None): (g) the existence of automated decision-making, including proﬁling, referred to in Article 22(1) and (4) and, at least in those
p.(None): cases, meaningful information about the logic involved, as well as the signiﬁcance and the envisaged consequences of such
p.(None): processing for the data subject.
p.(None): 3. The controller shall provide the information referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2:
p.(None): (a) within a reasonable period after obtaining the personal data, but at the latest within one month, having regard to the speciﬁc
p.(None): circumstances in which the personal data are processed;
p.(None): (b) if the personal data are to be used for communication with the data subject, at the latest at the time of the ﬁrst communication
p.(None): to that data subject; or
p.(None): (c) if a disclosure to another recipient is envisaged, at the latest when the personal data are first disclosed.
p.(None): 4. Where the controller intends to further process the personal data for a purpose other than that for which the personal data were
p.(None): obtained, the controller shall provide the data subject prior to that further processing with information on that other purpose and with
p.(None): any relevant further information as referred to in paragraph 2.
p.(None): 5. Paragraphs 1 to 4 shall not apply where and insofar as:
p.(None): (a) the data subject already has the information;
p.(None): (b) the provision of such information proves impossible or would involve a disproportionate eﬀort, in particular for processing for
p.(None): archiving purposes in the public interest, scientiﬁc or historical research purposes or statistical purposes, subject to the
p.(None): conditions and safeguards referred to in Article 89(1) or in so far as the obligation referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article is
p.(None): likely to render impossible or seriously impair the achievement of the objectives of that processing. In such cases the
p.(None): controller shall take appropriate measures to protect the data subject's rights and freedoms and legitimate interests, including
p.(None): making the information publicly available;
p.(None): (c) obtaining or disclosure is expressly laid down by Union or Member State law to which the controller is subject and which
p.(None): provides appropriate measures to protect the data subject's legitimate interests; or
p.(None): (d) where the personal data must remain conﬁdential subject to an obligation of professional secrecy regulated by Union or
p.(None): Member State law, including a statutory obligation of secrecy.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 15
p.(None): Right of access by the data subject
p.(None): 1. The data subject shall have the right to obtain from the controller conﬁrmation as to whether or not personal data concerning
p.(None): him or her are being processed, and, where that is the case, access to the personal data and the following information:
p.(None): (a) the purposes of the processing;
p.(None): (b) the categories of personal data concerned;
p.(None): (c) the recipients or categories of recipient to whom the personal data have been or will be disclosed, in particular recipients in
p.(None): third countries or international organisations;
p.(None): (d) where possible, the envisaged period for which the personal data will be stored, or, if not possible, the criteria used to
p.(None): determine that period;
p.(None): (e) the existence of the right to request from the controller rectiﬁcation or erasure of personal data or restriction of processing of
p.(None): personal data concerning the data subject or to object to such processing;
p.(None): (f) the right to lodge a complaint with a supervisory authority;
p.(None): (g) where the personal data are not collected from the data subject, any available information as to their source;
p.(None): (h) the existence of automated decision-making, including proﬁling, referred to in Article 22(1) and (4) and, at least in those
p.(None): cases, meaningful information about the logic involved, as well as the signiﬁcance and the envisaged consequences of such
p.(None): processing for the data subject.
p.(None): 2. Where personal data are transferred to a third country or to an international organisation, the data subject shall have the right
p.(None): to be informed of the appropriate safeguards pursuant to Article 46 relating to the transfer.
p.(None): 3. The controller shall provide a copy of the personal data undergoing processing. For any further copies requested by the data
p.(None): subject, the controller may charge a reasonable fee based on administrative costs. Where the data subject makes the request by
...

p.(None): safeguarding against and the prevention of threats to public security;
p.(None): (e) other important objectives of general public interest of the Union or of a Member State, in particular an important economic or
p.(None): ﬁnancial interest of the Union or of a Member State, including monetary, budgetary and taxation a matters, public health and
p.(None): social security;
p.(None): (f) the protection of judicial independence and judicial proceedings;
p.(None): (g) the prevention, investigation, detection and prosecution of breaches of ethics for regulated professions;
p.(None): (h) a monitoring, inspection or regulatory function connected, even occasionally, to the exercise of oﬃcial authority in the cases
p.(None): referred to in points (a) to (e) and (g);
p.(None): (i) the protection of the data subject or the rights and freedoms of others;
p.(None): (j) the enforcement of civil law claims.
p.(None): 2. In particular, any legislative measure referred to in paragraph 1 shall contain specific provisions at least, where relevant, as to:
p.(None): (a) the purposes of the processing or categories of processing;
p.(None): (b) the categories of personal data;
p.(None): (c) the scope of the restrictions introduced;
p.(None): (d) the safeguards to prevent abuse or unlawful access or transfer;
p.(None): (e) the specification of the controller or categories of controllers;
p.(None): (f) the storage periods and the applicable safeguards taking into account the nature, scope and purposes of the processing or
p.(None): categories of processing;
p.(None): (g) the risks to the rights and freedoms of data subjects; and
p.(None): (h) the right of data subjects to be informed about the restriction, unless that may be prejudicial to the purpose of the restriction.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): CHAPTER IV
p.(None): Controller and processor
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Section 1
p.(None): General obligations
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 24
p.(None): Responsibility of the controller
p.(None): 1. Taking into account the nature, scope, context and purposes of processing as well as the risks of varying likelihood and severity
p.(None): for the rights and freedoms of natural persons, the controller shall implement appropriate technical and organisational measures to
p.(None): ensure and to be able to demonstrate that processing is performed in accordance with this Regulation. Those measures shall be
p.(None): reviewed and updated where necessary.
p.(None): 2. Where proportionate in relation to processing activities, the measures referred to in paragraph 1 shall include the
p.(None): implementation of appropriate data protection policies by the controller.
p.(None): 3. Adherence to approved codes of conduct as referred to in Article 40 or approved certiﬁcation mechanisms as referred to in
p.(None): Article 42 may be used as an element by which to demonstrate compliance with the obligations of the controller.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 25
p.(None): Data protection by design and by default
...

p.(None): referred to in Article 42 may be used as an element by which to demonstrate suﬃcient guarantees as referred to in paragraphs 1
p.(None): and 4 of this Article.
p.(None): 6. Without prejudice to an individual contract between the controller and the processor, the contract or the other legal act referred
p.(None): to in paragraphs 3 and 4 of this Article may be based, in whole or in part, on standard contractual clauses referred to in
p.(None): paragraphs 7 and 8 of this Article, including when they are part of a certiﬁcation granted to the controller or processor pursuant to
p.(None): Articles 42 and 43.
p.(None): 7. The Commission may lay down standard contractual clauses for the matters referred to in paragraph 3 and 4 of this Article and
p.(None): in accordance with the examination procedure referred to in Article 93(2).
p.(None): 8. A supervisory authority may adopt standard contractual clauses for the matters referred to in paragraph 3 and 4 of this Article
p.(None): and in accordance with the consistency mechanism referred to in Article 63.
p.(None): 9. The contract or the other legal act referred to in paragraphs 3 and 4 shall be in writing, including in electronic form.
p.(None): 10. Without prejudice to Articles 82, 83 and 84, if a processor infringes this Regulation by determining the purposes and means of
p.(None): processing, the processor shall be considered to be a controller in respect of that processing.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 29
p.(None): Processing under the authority of the controller or processor
p.(None): The processor and any person acting under the authority of the controller or of the processor, who has access to personal data,
p.(None): shall not process those data except on instructions from the controller, unless required to do so by Union or Member State law.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 30
p.(None): Records of processing activities
p.(None): 1. Each controller and, where applicable, the controller's representative, shall maintain a record of processing activities under its
p.(None): responsibility. That record shall contain all of the following information:
p.(None): (a) the name and contact details of the controller and, where applicable, the joint controller, the controller's representative and the
p.(None): data protection officer;
p.(None): (b) the purposes of the processing;
p.(None): (c) a description of the categories of data subjects and of the categories of personal data;
p.(None): (d) the categories of recipients to whom the personal data have been or will be disclosed including recipients in third countries or
p.(None): international organisations;
p.(None): (e) where applicable, transfers of personal data to a third country or an international organisation, including the identiﬁcation of
p.(None): that third country or international organisation and, in the case of transfers referred to in the second subparagraph of
p.(None): Article 49(1), the documentation of suitable safeguards;
p.(None): (f) where possible, the envisaged time limits for erasure of the different categories of data;
p.(None): (g) where possible, a general description of the technical and organisational security measures referred to in Article 32(1).
p.(None): 2. Each processor and, where applicable, the processor's representative shall maintain a record of all categories of processing
p.(None): activities carried out on behalf of a controller, containing:
...

p.(None): persons unless the processing it carries out is likely to result in a risk to the rights and freedoms of data subjects, the processing is
p.(None): not occasional, or the processing includes special categories of data as referred to in Article 9(1) or personal data relating to
p.(None): criminal convictions and offences referred to in Article 10.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 31
p.(None): Cooperation with the supervisory authority
p.(None): The controller and the processor and, where applicable, their representatives, shall cooperate, on request, with the supervisory
p.(None): authority in the performance of its tasks.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Section 2
p.(None): Security of personal data
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 32
p.(None): Security of processing
p.(None): 1. Taking into account the state of the art, the costs of implementation and the nature, scope, context and purposes of processing
p.(None): as well as the risk of varying likelihood and severity for the rights and freedoms of natural persons, the controller and the processor
p.(None): shall implement appropriate technical and organisational measures to ensure a level of security appropriate to the risk, including
p.(None): inter alia as appropriate:
p.(None): (a) the pseudonymisation and encryption of personal data;
p.(None): (b) the ability to ensure the ongoing confidentiality, integrity, availability and resilience of processing systems and services;
p.(None): (c) the ability to restore the availability and access to personal data in a timely manner in the event of a physical or technical
p.(None): incident;
p.(None): (d) a process for regularly testing, assessing and evaluating the eﬀectiveness of technical and organisational measures for
p.(None): ensuring the security of the processing.
p.(None): 2. In assessing the appropriate level of security account shall be taken in particular of the risks that are presented by processing,
p.(None): in particular from accidental or unlawful destruction, loss, alteration, unauthorised disclosure of, or access to personal data
p.(None): transmitted, stored or otherwise processed.
p.(None): 3. Adherence to an approved code of conduct as referred to in Article 40 or an approved certiﬁcation mechanism as referred to in
p.(None): Article 42 may be used as an element by which to demonstrate compliance with the requirements set out in paragraph 1 of this
p.(None): Article.
p.(None): 4. The controller and processor shall take steps to ensure that any natural person acting under the authority of the controller or the
p.(None): processor who has access to personal data does not process them except on instructions from the controller, unless he or she is
p.(None): required to do so by Union or Member State law.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 33
p.(None): Notification of a personal data breach to the supervisory authority
p.(None): 1. In the case of a personal data breach, the controller shall without undue delay and, where feasible, not later than 72 hours after
p.(None): having become aware of it, notify the personal data breach to the supervisory authority competent in accordance with Article 55,
p.(None): unless the personal data breach is unlikely to result in a risk to the rights and freedoms of natural persons. Where the notiﬁcation to
p.(None): the supervisory authority is not made within 72 hours, it shall be accompanied by reasons for the delay.
p.(None): 2. The processor shall notify the controller without undue delay after becoming aware of a personal data breach.
p.(None): 3. The notification referred to in paragraph 1 shall at least:
p.(None): (a) describe the nature of the personal data breach including where possible, the categories and approximate number of data
p.(None): subjects concerned and the categories and approximate number of personal data records concerned;
p.(None): (b) communicate the name and contact details of the data protection oﬃcer or other contact point where more information can be
p.(None): obtained;
p.(None): (c) describe the likely consequences of the personal data breach;
p.(None): (d) describe the measures taken or proposed to be taken by the controller to address the personal data breach, including, where
p.(None): appropriate, measures to mitigate its possible adverse effects.
p.(None): 4. Where, and in so far as, it is not possible to provide the information at the same time, the information may be provided in
p.(None): phases without undue further delay.
p.(None): 5. The controller shall document any personal data breaches, comprising the facts relating to the personal data breach, its eﬀects
p.(None): and the remedial action taken. That documentation shall enable the supervisory authority to verify compliance with this Article.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 34
p.(None): Communication of a personal data breach to the data subject
p.(None): 1. When the personal data breach is likely to result in a high risk to the rights and freedoms of natural persons, the controller shall
p.(None): communicate the personal data breach to the data subject without undue delay.
p.(None): 2. The communication to the data subject referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article shall describe in clear and plain language the
p.(None): nature of the personal data breach and contain at least the information and measures referred to in points (b), (c) and (d) of
p.(None): Article 33(3).
p.(None): 3. The communication to the data subject referred to in paragraph 1 shall not be required if any of the following conditions are met:
p.(None): (a) the controller has implemented appropriate technical and organisational protection measures, and those measures were
p.(None): applied to the personal data aﬀected by the personal data breach, in particular those that render the personal data
p.(None): unintelligible to any person who is not authorised to access it, such as encryption;
p.(None): (b) the controller has taken subsequent measures which ensure that the high risk to the rights and freedoms of data subjects
p.(None): referred to in paragraph 1 is no longer likely to materialise;
p.(None): (c) it would involve disproportionate eﬀort. In such a case, there shall instead be a public communication or similar measure
p.(None): whereby the data subjects are informed in an equally effective manner.
p.(None): 4. If the controller has not already communicated the personal data breach to the data subject, the supervisory authority, having
p.(None): considered the likelihood of the personal data breach resulting in a high risk, may require it to do so or may decide that any of the
p.(None): conditions referred to in paragraph 3 are met.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Section 3
p.(None): Data protection impact assessment and prior consultation
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 35
p.(None): Data protection impact assessment
p.(None): 1. Where a type of processing in particular using new technologies, and taking into account the nature, scope, context and
p.(None): purposes of the processing, is likely to result in a high risk to the rights and freedoms of natural persons, the controller shall, prior to
p.(None): the processing, carry out an assessment of the impact of the envisaged processing operations on the protection of personal data. A
...

p.(None): 5. The data protection oﬃcer shall be designated on the basis of professional qualities and, in particular, expert knowledge of data
p.(None): protection law and practices and the ability to fulfil the tasks referred to in Article 39.
p.(None): 6. The data protection oﬃcer may be a staﬀ member of the controller or processor, or fulﬁl the tasks on the basis of a service
p.(None): contract.
p.(None): 7. The controller or the processor shall publish the contact details of the data protection oﬃcer and communicate them to the
p.(None): supervisory authority.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 38
p.(None): Position of the data protection officer
p.(None): 1. The controller and the processor shall ensure that the data protection oﬃcer is involved, properly and in a timely manner, in all
p.(None): issues which relate to the protection of personal data.
p.(None): 2. The controller and processor shall support the data protection oﬃcer in performing the tasks referred to in Article 39 by
p.(None): providing resources necessary to carry out those tasks and access to personal data and processing operations, and to maintain his
p.(None): or her expert knowledge.
p.(None): 3. The controller and processor shall ensure that the data protection oﬃcer does not receive any instructions regarding the
p.(None): exercise of those tasks. He or she shall not be dismissed or penalised by the controller or the processor for performing his tasks.
p.(None): The data protection officer shall directly report to the highest management level of the controller or the processor.
p.(None): 4. Data subjects may contact the data protection oﬃcer with regard to all issues related to processing of their personal data and to
p.(None): the exercise of their rights under this Regulation.
p.(None): 5. The data protection oﬃcer shall be bound by secrecy or conﬁdentiality concerning the performance of his or her tasks, in
p.(None): accordance with Union or Member State law.
p.(None): 6. The data protection oﬃcer may fulﬁl other tasks and duties. The controller or processor shall ensure that any such tasks and
p.(None): duties do not result in a conflict of interests.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 39
p.(None): Tasks of the data protection officer
p.(None): 1. The data protection officer shall have at least the following tasks:
...

p.(None): appropriate safeguards provided by controllers or processors that are not subject to this Regulation pursuant to Article 3 within the
p.(None): framework of personal data transfers to third countries or international organisations under the terms referred to in point (f) of
p.(None): Article 46(2). Such controllers or processors shall make binding and enforceable commitments, via contractual or other legally
p.(None): binding instruments, to apply those appropriate safeguards, including with regard to the rights of data subjects.
p.(None): 3. The certification shall be voluntary and available via a process that is transparent.
p.(None): 4. A certiﬁcation pursuant to this Article does not reduce the responsibility of the controller or the processor for compliance with
p.(None): this Regulation and is without prejudice to the tasks and powers of the supervisory authorities which are competent pursuant to
p.(None): Article 55 or 56.
p.(None): 5. A certiﬁcation pursuant to this Article shall be issued by the certiﬁcation bodies referred to in Article 43 or by the competent
p.(None): supervisory authority, on the basis of criteria approved by that competent supervisory authority pursuant to Article 58(3) or by the
p.(None): Board pursuant to Article 63. Where the criteria are approved by the Board, this may result in a common certiﬁcation, the European
p.(None): Data Protection Seal.
p.(None): 6. The controller or processor which submits its processing to the certiﬁcation mechanism shall provide the certiﬁcation body
p.(None): referred to in Article 43, or where applicable, the competent supervisory authority, with all information and access to its processing
p.(None): activities which are necessary to conduct the certification procedure.
p.(None): 7. Certiﬁcation shall be issued to a controller or processor for a maximum period of three years and may be renewed, under the
p.(None): same conditions, provided that the relevant requirements continue to be met. Certiﬁcation shall be withdrawn, as applicable, by the
p.(None): certiﬁcation bodies referred to in Article 43 or by the competent supervisory authority where the requirements for the certiﬁcation
p.(None): are not or are no longer met.
p.(None): 8. The Board shall collate all certiﬁcation mechanisms and data protection seals and marks in a register and shall make them
p.(None): publicly available by any appropriate means.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 43
p.(None): Certification bodies
p.(None): 1. Without prejudice to the tasks and powers of the competent supervisory authority under Articles 57 and 58, certiﬁcation bodies
p.(None): which have an appropriate level of expertise in relation to data protection shall, after informing the supervisory authority in order to
p.(None): allow it to exercise its powers pursuant to point (h) of Article 58(2) where necessary, issue and renew certiﬁcation. Member States
p.(None): shall ensure that those certification bodies are accredited by one or both of the following:
p.(None): (a) the supervisory authority which is competent pursuant to Article 55 or 56;
p.(None): (b) the national accreditation body named in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 765/2008 of the European Parliament and of
...

p.(None): General principle for transfers
p.(None): Any transfer of personal data which are undergoing processing or are intended for processing after transfer to a third country or to
p.(None): an international organisation shall take place only if, subject to the other provisions of this Regulation, the conditions laid down in
p.(None): this Chapter are complied with by the controller and processor, including for onward transfers of personal data from the third
p.(None): country or an international organisation to another third country or to another international organisation. All provisions in this
p.(None): Chapter shall be applied in order to ensure that the level of protection of natural persons guaranteed by this Regulation is not
p.(None): undermined.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 45
p.(None): Transfers on the basis of an adequacy decision
p.(None): 1. A transfer of personal data to a third country or an international organisation may take place where the Commission has
p.(None): decided that the third country, a territory or one or more speciﬁed sectors within that third country, or the international organisation
p.(None): in question ensures an adequate level of protection. Such a transfer shall not require any specific authorisation.
p.(None): 2. When assessing the adequacy of the level of protection, the Commission shall, in particular, take account of the following
p.(None): elements:
p.(None): (a) the rule of law, respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, relevant legislation, both general and sectoral, including
p.(None): concerning public security, defence, national security and criminal law and the access of public authorities to personal data, as
p.(None): well as the implementation of such legislation, data protection rules, professional rules and security measures, including rules
p.(None): for the onward transfer of personal data to another third country or international organisation which are complied with in that
p.(None): country or international organisation, case-law, as well as eﬀective and enforceable data subject rights and eﬀective
p.(None): administrative and judicial redress for the data subjects whose personal data are being transferred;
p.(None): (b) the existence and eﬀective functioning of one or more independent supervisory authorities in the third country or to which an
p.(None): international organisation is subject, with responsibility for ensuring and enforcing compliance with the data protection rules,
p.(None): including adequate enforcement powers, for assisting and advising the data subjects in exercising their rights and for
p.(None): cooperation with the supervisory authorities of the Member States; and
p.(None): (c) the international commitments the third country or international organisation concerned has entered into, or other obligations
p.(None): arising from legally binding conventions or instruments as well as from its participation in multilateral or regional systems, in
p.(None): particular in relation to the protection of personal data.
p.(None): 3. The Commission, after assessing the adequacy of the level of protection, may decide, by means of implementing act, that a
p.(None): third country, a territory or one or more speciﬁed sectors within a third country, or an international organisation ensures an
...

p.(None): for ensuring corrective actions to protect the rights of the data subject. Results of such veriﬁcation should be communicated to
p.(None): the person or entity referred to in point (h) and to the board of the controlling undertaking of a group of undertakings, or of the
p.(None): group of enterprises engaged in a joint economic activity, and should be available upon request to the competent supervisory
p.(None): authority;
p.(None): (k) the mechanisms for reporting and recording changes to the rules and reporting those changes to the supervisory authority;
p.(None): (l) the cooperation mechanism with the supervisory authority to ensure compliance by any member of the group of undertakings,
p.(None): or group of enterprises engaged in a joint economic activity, in particular by making available to the supervisory authority the
p.(None): results of verifications of the measures referred to in point (j);
p.(None): (m) the mechanisms for reporting to the competent supervisory authority any legal requirements to which a member of the group
p.(None): of undertakings, or group of enterprises engaged in a joint economic activity is subject in a third country which are likely to
p.(None): have a substantial adverse effect on the guarantees provided by the binding corporate rules; and
p.(None): (n) the appropriate data protection training to personnel having permanent or regular access to personal data.
p.(None): 3. The Commission may specify the format and procedures for the exchange of information between controllers, processors and
p.(None): supervisory authorities for binding corporate rules within the meaning of this Article. Those implementing acts shall be adopted in
p.(None): accordance with the examination procedure set out in Article 93(2).
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 48
p.(None): Transfers or disclosures not authorised by Union law
p.(None): Any judgment of a court or tribunal and any decision of an administrative authority of a third country requiring a controller or
p.(None): processor to transfer or disclose personal data may only be recognised or enforceable in any manner if based on an international
p.(None): agreement, such as a mutual legal assistance treaty, in force between the requesting third country and the Union or a
p.(None): Member State, without prejudice to other grounds for transfer pursuant to this Chapter.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 49
p.(None): Derogations for specific situations
p.(None): 1. In the absence of an adequacy decision pursuant to Article 45(3), or of appropriate safeguards pursuant to Article 46, including
p.(None): binding corporate rules, a transfer or a set of transfers of personal data to a third country or an international organisation shall take
p.(None): place only on one of the following conditions:
p.(None): (a) the data subject has explicitly consented to the proposed transfer, after having been informed of the possible risks of such
p.(None): transfers for the data subject due to the absence of an adequacy decision and appropriate safeguards;
...

p.(None): as a complaint submission form which can also be completed electronically, without excluding other means of communication.
p.(None): 3. The performance of the tasks of each supervisory authority shall be free of charge for the data subject and, where applicable,
p.(None): for the data protection officer.
p.(None): 4. Where requests are manifestly unfounded or excessive, in particular because of their repetitive character, the supervisory
p.(None): authority may charge a reasonable fee based on administrative costs, or refuse to act on the request. The supervisory authority
p.(None): shall bear the burden of demonstrating the manifestly unfounded or excessive character of the request.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 58
p.(None): Powers
p.(None): 1. Each supervisory authority shall have all of the following investigative powers:
p.(None): (a) to order the controller and the processor, and, where applicable, the controller's or the processor's representative to provide
p.(None): any information it requires for the performance of its tasks;
p.(None): (b) to carry out investigations in the form of data protection audits;
p.(None): (c) to carry out a review on certifications issued pursuant to Article 42(7);
p.(None): (d) to notify the controller or the processor of an alleged infringement of this Regulation;
p.(None): (e) to obtain, from the controller and the processor, access to all personal data and to all information necessary for the
p.(None): performance of its tasks;
p.(None): (f) to obtain access to any premises of the controller and the processor, including to any data processing equipment and means,
p.(None): in accordance with Union or Member State procedural law.
p.(None): 2. Each supervisory authority shall have all of the following corrective powers:
p.(None): (a) to issue warnings to a controller or processor that intended processing operations are likely to infringe provisions of this
p.(None): Regulation;
p.(None): (b) to issue reprimands to a controller or a processor where processing operations have infringed provisions of this Regulation;
p.(None): (c) to order the controller or the processor to comply with the data subject's requests to exercise his or her rights pursuant to this
p.(None): Regulation;
p.(None): (d) to order the controller or processor to bring processing operations into compliance with the provisions of this Regulation,
p.(None): where appropriate, in a specified manner and within a specified period;
p.(None): (e) to order the controller to communicate a personal data breach to the data subject;
p.(None): (f) to impose a temporary or definitive limitation including a ban on processing;
p.(None): (g) to order the rectiﬁcation or erasure of personal data or restriction of processing pursuant to Articles 16, 17 and 18 and the
p.(None): notiﬁcation of such actions to recipients to whom the personal data have been disclosed pursuant to Article 17(2) and Article
p.(None): 19;
p.(None): (h) to withdraw a certiﬁcation or to order the certiﬁcation body to withdraw a certiﬁcation issued pursuant to Articles 42 and 43, or
p.(None): to order the certification body not to issue certification if the requirements for the certification are not or are no longer met;
...

p.(None): Regulation shall be subject to separate reporting lines from the staﬀ involved in carrying out tasks conferred on the European Data
p.(None): Protection Supervisor.
p.(None): 4. Where appropriate, the Board and the European Data Protection Supervisor shall establish and publish a Memorandum of
p.(None): Understanding implementing this Article, determining the terms of their cooperation, and applicable to the staﬀ of the European
p.(None): Data Protection Supervisor involved in carrying out the tasks conferred on the Board by this Regulation.
p.(None): 5. The secretariat shall provide analytical, administrative and logistical support to the Board.
p.(None): 6. The secretariat shall be responsible in particular for:
p.(None): (a) the day-to-day business of the Board;
p.(None): (b) communication between the members of the Board, its Chair and the Commission;
p.(None): (c) communication with other institutions and the public;
p.(None): (d) the use of electronic means for the internal and external communication;
p.(None): (e) the translation of relevant information;
p.(None): (f) the preparation and follow-up of the meetings of the Board;
p.(None): (g) the preparation, drafting and publication of opinions, decisions on the settlement of disputes between supervisory authorities
p.(None): and other texts adopted by the Board.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 76
p.(None): Confidentiality
p.(None): 1. The discussions of the Board shall be confidential where the Board deems it necessary, as provided for in its rules of procedure.
p.(None): 2. Access to documents submitted to members of the Board, experts and representatives of third parties shall be governed by
p.(None): Regulation (EC) No 1049/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council (21).
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): CHAPTER VIII
p.(None): Remedies, liability and penalties
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 77
p.(None): Right to lodge a complaint with a supervisory authority
p.(None): 1. Without prejudice to any other administrative or judicial remedy, every data subject shall have the right to lodge a complaint with
p.(None): a supervisory authority, in particular in the Member State of his or her habitual residence, place of work or place of the alleged
p.(None): infringement if the data subject considers that the processing of personal data relating to him or her infringes this Regulation.
p.(None): 2. The supervisory authority with which the complaint has been lodged shall inform the complainant on the progress and the
p.(None): outcome of the complaint including the possibility of a judicial remedy pursuant to Article 78.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 78
p.(None): Right to an effective judicial remedy against a supervisory authority
p.(None): 1. Without prejudice to any other administrative or non-judicial remedy, each natural or legal person shall have the right to an
p.(None): effective judicial remedy against a legally binding decision of a supervisory authority concerning them.
p.(None): 2. Without prejudice to any other administrative or non-judicial remedy, each data subject shall have the right to a an eﬀective
...

p.(None): of this Regulation, the total amount of the administrative fine shall not exceed the amount specified for the gravest infringement.
p.(None): 4. Infringements of the following provisions shall, in accordance with paragraph 2, be subject to administrative ﬁnes up to
p.(None): 10 000 000 EUR, or in the case of an undertaking, up to 2 % of the total worldwide annual turnover of the preceding ﬁnancial year,
p.(None): whichever is higher:
p.(None): (a) the obligations of the controller and the processor pursuant to Articles 8, 11, 25 to 39 and 42 and 43;
p.(None): (b) the obligations of the certification body pursuant to Articles 42 and 43;
p.(None): (c) the obligations of the monitoring body pursuant to Article 41(4).
p.(None): 5. Infringements of the following provisions shall, in accordance with paragraph 2, be subject to administrative ﬁnes up to
p.(None): 20 000 000 EUR, or in the case of an undertaking, up to 4 % of the total worldwide annual turnover of the preceding ﬁnancial year,
p.(None): whichever is higher:
p.(None): (a) the basic principles for processing, including conditions for consent, pursuant to Articles 5, 6, 7 and 9;
p.(None): (b) the data subjects' rights pursuant to Articles 12 to 22;
p.(None): (c) the transfers of personal data to a recipient in a third country or an international organisation pursuant to Articles 44 to 49;
p.(None): (d) any obligations pursuant to Member State law adopted under Chapter IX;
p.(None): (e) non-compliance with an order or a temporary or deﬁnitive limitation on processing or the suspension of data ﬂows by the
p.(None): supervisory authority pursuant to Article 58(2) or failure to provide access in violation of Article 58(1).
p.(None): 6. Non-compliance with an order by the supervisory authority as referred to in Article 58(2) shall, in accordance with paragraph 2
p.(None): of this Article, be subject to administrative ﬁnes up to 20 000 000 EUR, or in the case of an undertaking, up to 4 % of the total
p.(None): worldwide annual turnover of the preceding financial year, whichever is higher.
p.(None): 7. Without prejudice to the corrective powers of supervisory authorities pursuant to Article 58(2), each Member State may lay
p.(None): down the rules on whether and to what extent administrative ﬁnes may be imposed on public authorities and bodies established in
p.(None): that Member State.
p.(None): 8. The exercise by the supervisory authority of its powers under this Article shall be subject to appropriate procedural safeguards
p.(None): in accordance with Union and Member State law, including effective judicial remedy and due process.
p.(None): 9. Where the legal system of the Member State does not provide for administrative ﬁnes, this Article may be applied in such a
p.(None): manner that the ﬁne is initiated by the competent supervisory authority and imposed by competent national courts, while ensuring
p.(None): that those legal remedies are eﬀective and have an equivalent eﬀect to the administrative ﬁnes imposed by supervisory authorities.
p.(None): In any event, the ﬁnes imposed shall be eﬀective, proportionate and dissuasive. Those Member States shall notify to the
p.(None): Commission the provisions of their laws which they adopt pursuant to this paragraph by 25 May 2018 and, without delay, any
p.(None): subsequent amendment law or amendment affecting them.
p.(None):
...

p.(None): 2. Each Member State shall notify to the Commission the provisions of its law which it adopts pursuant to paragraph 1, by 25 May
p.(None): 2018 and, without delay, any subsequent amendment affecting them.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): CHAPTER IX
p.(None): Provisions relating to specific processing situations
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 85
p.(None): Processing and freedom of expression and information
p.(None): 1. Member States shall by law reconcile the right to the protection of personal data pursuant to this Regulation with the right to
p.(None): freedom of expression and information, including processing for journalistic purposes and the purposes of academic, artistic or
p.(None): literary expression.
p.(None): 2. For processing carried out for journalistic purposes or the purpose of academic artistic or literary expression, Member States
p.(None): shall provide for exemptions or derogations from Chapter II (principles), Chapter III (rights of the data subject), Chapter IV
p.(None): (controller and processor), Chapter V (transfer of personal data to third countries or international organisations), Chapter VI
p.(None): (independent supervisory authorities), Chapter VII (cooperation and consistency) and Chapter IX (speciﬁc data processing
p.(None): situations) if they are necessary to reconcile the right to the protection of personal data with the freedom of expression and
p.(None): information.
p.(None): 3. Each Member State shall notify to the Commission the provisions of its law which it has adopted pursuant to paragraph 2 and,
p.(None): without delay, any subsequent amendment law or amendment affecting them.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 86
p.(None): Processing and public access to official documents
p.(None): Personal data in oﬃcial documents held by a public authority or a public body or a private body for the performance of a task
p.(None): carried out in the public interest may be disclosed by the authority or body in accordance with Union or Member State law to which
p.(None): the public authority or body is subject in order to reconcile public access to oﬃcial documents with the right to the protection of
p.(None): personal data pursuant to this Regulation.
p.(None): Article 87
p.(None): Processing of the national identification number
p.(None): Member States may further determine the speciﬁc conditions for the processing of a national identiﬁcation number or any other
p.(None): identiﬁer of general application. In that case the national identiﬁcation number or any other identiﬁer of general application shall be
p.(None): used only under appropriate safeguards for the rights and freedoms of the data subject pursuant to this Regulation.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 88
p.(None): Processing in the context of employment
p.(None): 1. Member States may, by law or by collective agreements, provide for more speciﬁc rules to ensure the protection of the rights
p.(None): and freedoms in respect of the processing of employees' personal data in the employment context, in particular for the purposes of
p.(None): the recruitment, the performance of the contract of employment, including discharge of obligations laid down by law or by collective
p.(None): agreements, management, planning and organisation of work, equality and diversity in the workplace, health and safety at work,
p.(None): protection of employer's or customer's property and for the purposes of the exercise and enjoyment, on an individual or collective
p.(None): basis, of rights and benefits related to employment, and for the purpose of the termination of the employment relationship.
p.(None): 2. Those rules shall include suitable and speciﬁc measures to safeguard the data subject's human dignity, legitimate interests and
...

p.(None): repealing Directive 2001/20/EC (OJ L 158, 27.5.2014, p. 1 ).
p.(None): (16) Regulation (EC) No 223/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 2009 on European statistics and repealing Regulation (EC,
p.(None): Euratom) No 1101/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the transmission of data subject to statistical conﬁdentiality to the Statistical Oﬃce of
p.(None): the European Communities, Council Regulation (EC) No 322/97 on Community Statistics, and Council Decision 89/382/EEC, Euratom establishing a Committee
p.(None): on the Statistical Programmes of the European Communities (OJ L 87, 31.3.2009, p. 164).
p.(None): (17) OJ C 192, 30.6.2012, p. 7 .
p.(None): (18) Directive 2002/58/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 July 2002 concerning the processing of personal data and the protection of privacy
p.(None): in the electronic communications sector (Directive on privacy and electronic communications) (OJ L 201, 31.7.2002, p. 37).
p.(None): (19) Directive (EU) 2015/1535 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 September 2015 laying down a procedure for the provision of information in the
p.(None): field of technical regulations and of rules on Information Society services (OJ L 241, 17.9.2015, p. 1 ).
p.(None): (20) Regulation (EC) No 765/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 July 2008 setting out the requirements for accreditation and market
p.(None): surveillance relating to the marketing of products and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 339/93 (OJ L 218, 13.8.2008, p. 30).
p.(None): (21) Regulation (EC) No 1049/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2001 regarding public access to European Parliament, Council and
p.(None): Commission documents (OJ L 145, 31.5.2001, p. 43).
p.(None):
p.(None): Top
p.(None):
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p.(None): Other sites managed by the Publications Office
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p.(None): legible manner, a meaningful overview of the intended processing. Where the icons are presented electronically, they should
p.(None): be machine-readable.
p.(None): (61) The information in relation to the processing of personal data relating to the data subject should be given to him or her at the
p.(None): time of collection from the data subject, or, where the personal data are obtained from another source, within a reasonable
p.(None): period, depending on the circumstances of the case. Where personal data can be legitimately disclosed to another recipient,
p.(None): the data subject should be informed when the personal data are ﬁrst disclosed to the recipient. Where the controller intends to
p.(None): process the personal data for a purpose other than that for which they were collected, the controller should provide the data
p.(None): subject prior to that further processing with information on that other purpose and other necessary information. Where the
p.(None): origin of the personal data cannot be provided to the data subject because various sources have been used, general
p.(None): information should be provided.
p.(None): (62) However, it is not necessary to impose the obligation to provide information where the data subject already possesses the
p.(None): information, where the recording or disclosure of the personal data is expressly laid down by law or where the provision of
p.(None): information to the data subject proves to be impossible or would involve a disproportionate eﬀort. The latter could in particular
p.(None): be the case where processing is carried out for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientiﬁc or historical research
p.(None): purposes or statistical purposes. In that regard, the number of data subjects, the age of the data and any appropriate
p.(None): safeguards adopted should be taken into consideration.
p.(None): (63) A data subject should have the right of access to personal data which have been collected concerning him or her, and to
p.(None): exercise that right easily and at reasonable intervals, in order to be aware of, and verify, the lawfulness of the processing. This
p.(None): includes the right for data subjects to have access to data concerning their health, for example the data in their medical
p.(None): records containing information such as diagnoses, examination results, assessments by treating physicians and any treatment
p.(None): or interventions provided. Every data subject should therefore have the right to know and obtain communication in particular
p.(None): with regard to the purposes for which the personal data are processed, where possible the period for which the personal data
p.(None): are processed, the recipients of the personal data, the logic involved in any automatic personal data processing and, at least
p.(None): when based on proﬁling, the consequences of such processing. Where possible, the controller should be able to provide
p.(None): remote access to a secure system which would provide the data subject with direct access to his or her personal data. That
p.(None): right should not adversely aﬀect the rights or freedoms of others, including trade secrets or intellectual property and in
p.(None): particular the copyright protecting the software. However, the result of those considerations should not be a refusal to provide
...

p.(None): shall not be binding.
p.(None): 3. The data subject shall have the right to withdraw his or her consent at any time. The withdrawal of consent shall not aﬀect the
p.(None): lawfulness of processing based on consent before its withdrawal. Prior to giving consent, the data subject shall be informed thereof.
p.(None): It shall be as easy to withdraw as to give consent.
p.(None): 4. When assessing whether consent is freely given, utmost account shall be taken of whether,inter alia, the performance of a
p.(None): contract, including the provision of a service, is conditional on consent to the processing of personal data that is not necessary for
p.(None): the performance of that contract.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 8
p.(None): Conditions applicable to child's consent in relation to information society services
p.(None): 1. Where point (a) of Article 6(1) applies, in relation to the oﬀer of information society services directly to a child, the processing of
p.(None): the personal data of a child shall be lawful where the child is at least 16 years old. Where the child is below the age of 16 years,
p.(None): such processing shall be lawful only if and to the extent that consent is given or authorised by the holder of parental responsibility
p.(None): over the child.
p.(None): Member States may provide by law for a lower age for those purposes provided that such lower age is not below 13 years.
p.(None): 2. The controller shall make reasonable eﬀorts to verify in such cases that consent is given or authorised by the holder of parental
p.(None): responsibility over the child, taking into consideration available technology.
p.(None): 3. Paragraph 1 shall not aﬀect the general contract law of Member States such as the rules on the validity, formation or eﬀect of a
p.(None): contract in relation to a child.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 9
p.(None): Processing of special categories of personal data
p.(None): 1. Processing of personal data revealing racial or ethnic origin, political opinions, religious or philosophical beliefs, or trade union
p.(None): membership, and the processing of genetic data, biometric data for the purpose of uniquely identifying a natural person, data
p.(None): concerning health or data concerning a natural person's sex life or sexual orientation shall be prohibited.
p.(None): 2. Paragraph 1 shall not apply if one of the following applies:
p.(None): (a) the data subject has given explicit consent to the processing of those personal data for one or more speciﬁed purposes,
p.(None): except where Union or Member State law provide that the prohibition referred to in paragraph 1 may not be lifted by the data
p.(None): subject;
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p.(None): controlling undertaking should be considered to be the main establishment of the group of undertakings, except where the
p.(None): purposes and means of processing are determined by another undertaking.
p.(None): (37) A group of undertakings should cover a controlling undertaking and its controlled undertakings, whereby the controlling
p.(None): undertaking should be the undertaking which can exert a dominant inﬂuence over the other undertakings by virtue, for
p.(None): example, of ownership, ﬁnancial participation or the rules which govern it or the power to have personal data protection rules
p.(None): implemented. An undertaking which controls the processing of personal data in undertakings aﬃliated to it should be
p.(None): regarded, together with those undertakings, as a group of undertakings.
p.(None): (38) Children merit speciﬁc protection with regard to their personal data, as they may be less aware of the risks, consequences
p.(None): and safeguards concerned and their rights in relation to the processing of personal data. Such speciﬁc protection should, in
p.(None): particular, apply to the use of personal data of children for the purposes of marketing or creating personality or user proﬁles
p.(None): and the collection of personal data with regard to children when using services oﬀered directly to a child. The consent of the
p.(None): holder of parental responsibility should not be necessary in the context of preventive or counselling services oﬀered directly to
p.(None): a child.
p.(None): (39) Any processing of personal data should be lawful and fair. It should be transparent to natural persons that personal data
p.(None): concerning them are collected, used, consulted or otherwise processed and to what extent the personal data are or will be
p.(None): processed. The principle of transparency requires that any information and communication relating to the processing of those
p.(None): personal data be easily accessible and easy to understand, and that clear and plain language be used. That principle
p.(None): concerns, in particular, information to the data subjects on the identity of the controller and the purposes of the processing and
p.(None): further information to ensure fair and transparent processing in respect of the natural persons concerned and their right to
p.(None): obtain conﬁrmation and communication of personal data concerning them which are being processed. Natural persons should
p.(None): be made aware of risks, rules, safeguards and rights in relation to the processing of personal data and how to exercise their
p.(None): rights in relation to such processing. In particular, the speciﬁc purposes for which personal data are processed should be
p.(None): explicit and legitimate and determined at the time of the collection of the personal data. The personal data should be
p.(None): adequate, relevant and limited to what is necessary for the purposes for which they are processed. This requires, in particular,
p.(None): ensuring that the period for which the personal data are stored is limited to a strict minimum. Personal data should be
p.(None): processed only if the purpose of the processing could not reasonably be fulﬁlled by other means. In order to ensure that the
p.(None): personal data are not kept longer than necessary, time limits should be established by the controller for erasure or for a
...

p.(None): (57) If the personal data processed by a controller do not permit the controller to identify a natural person, the data controller
p.(None): should not be obliged to acquire additional information in order to identify the data subject for the sole purpose of complying
p.(None): with any provision of this Regulation. However, the controller should not refuse to take additional information provided by the
p.(None): data subject in order to support the exercise of his or her rights. Identiﬁcation should include the digital identiﬁcation of a data
p.(None): subject, for example through authentication mechanism such as the same credentials, used by the data subject to log-in to the
p.(None): on-line service offered by the data controller.
p.(None): (58) The principle of transparency requires that any information addressed to the public or to the data subject be concise, easily
p.(None): accessible and easy to understand, and that clear and plain language and, additionally, where appropriate, visualisation be
p.(None): used. Such information could be provided in electronic form, for example, when addressed to the public, through a website.
p.(None): This is of particular relevance in situations where the proliferation of actors and the technological complexity of practice make
p.(None): it diﬃcult for the data subject to know and understand whether, by whom and for what purpose personal data relating to him or
p.(None): her are being collected, such as in the case of online advertising. Given that children merit speciﬁc protection, any information
p.(None): and communication, where processing is addressed to a child, should be in such a clear and plain language that the child can
p.(None): easily understand.
p.(None): (59) Modalities should be provided for facilitating the exercise of the data subject's rights under this Regulation, including
p.(None): mechanisms to request and, if applicable, obtain, free of charge, in particular, access to and rectiﬁcation or erasure of
p.(None): personal data and the exercise of the right to object. The controller should also provide means for requests to be made
p.(None): electronically, especially where personal data are processed by electronic means. The controller should be obliged to respond
p.(None): to requests from the data subject without undue delay and at the latest within one month and to give reasons where the
p.(None): controller does not intend to comply with any such requests.
p.(None): (60) The principles of fair and transparent processing require that the data subject be informed of the existence of the processing
p.(None): operation and its purposes. The controller should provide the data subject with any further information necessary to ensure
p.(None): fair and transparent processing taking into account the speciﬁc circumstances and context in which the personal data are
p.(None): processed. Furthermore, the data subject should be informed of the existence of proﬁling and the consequences of such
p.(None): proﬁling. Where the personal data are collected from the data subject, the data subject should also be informed whether he or
p.(None): she is obliged to provide the personal data and of the consequences, where he or she does not provide such data. That
p.(None): information may be provided in combination with standardised icons in order to give in an easily visible, intelligible and clearly
p.(None): legible manner, a meaningful overview of the intended processing. Where the icons are presented electronically, they should
p.(None): be machine-readable.
...

p.(None): all information to the data subject. Where the controller processes a large quantity of information concerning the data subject,
p.(None): the controller should be able to request that, before the information is delivered, the data subject specify the information or
p.(None): processing activities to which the request relates.
p.(None): (64) The controller should use all reasonable measures to verify the identity of a data subject who requests access, in particular in
p.(None): the context of online services and online identiﬁers. A controller should not retain personal data for the sole purpose of being
p.(None): able to react to potential requests.
p.(None): (65) A data subject should have the right to have personal data concerning him or her rectiﬁed and a ‘right to be forgotten’ where
p.(None): the retention of such data infringes this Regulation or Union or Member State law to which the controller is subject. In
p.(None): particular, a data subject should have the right to have his or her personal data erased and no longer processed where the
p.(None): personal data are no longer necessary in relation to the purposes for which they are collected or otherwise processed, where
p.(None): a data subject has withdrawn his or her consent or objects to the processing of personal data concerning him or her, or where
p.(None): the processing of his or her personal data does not otherwise comply with this Regulation. That right is relevant in particular
p.(None): where the data subject has given his or her consent as a child and is not fully aware of the risks involved by the processing,
p.(None): and later wants to remove such personal data, especially on the internet. The data subject should be able to exercise that
p.(None): right notwithstanding the fact that he or she is no longer a child. However, the further retention of the personal data should be
p.(None): lawful where it is necessary, for exercising the right of freedom of expression and information, for compliance with a legal
p.(None): obligation, for the performance of a task carried out in the public interest or in the exercise of oﬃcial authority vested in the
p.(None): controller, on the grounds of public interest in the area of public health, for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientiﬁc
p.(None): or historical research purposes or statistical purposes, or for the establishment, exercise or defence of legal claims.
p.(None): (66) To strengthen the right to be forgotten in the online environment, the right to erasure should also be extended in such a way
p.(None): that a controller who has made the personal data public should be obliged to inform the controllers which are processing such
p.(None): personal data to erase any links to, or copies or replications of those personal data. In doing so, that controller should take
p.(None): reasonable steps, taking into account available technology and the means available to the controller, including technical
p.(None): measures, to inform the controllers which are processing the personal data of the data subject's request.
p.(None): (67) Methods by which to restrict the processing of personal data could include, inter alia, temporarily moving the selected data to
p.(None): another processing system, making the selected personal data unavailable to users, or temporarily removing published data
p.(None): from a website. In automated ﬁling systems, the restriction of processing should in principle be ensured by technical means in
p.(None): such a manner that the personal data are not subject to further processing operations and cannot be changed. The fact that
...

p.(None): practices without any human intervention. Such processing includes ‘proﬁling’ that consists of any form of automated
p.(None): processing of personal data evaluating the personal aspects relating to a natural person, in particular to analyse or predict
p.(None): aspects concerning the data subject's performance at work, economic situation, health, personal preferences or interests,
p.(None): reliability or behaviour, location or movements, where it produces legal eﬀects concerning him or her or similarly signiﬁcantly
p.(None): aﬀects him or her. However, decision-making based on such processing, including proﬁling, should be allowed where
p.(None): expressly authorised by Union or Member State law to which the controller is subject, including for fraud and tax-evasion
p.(None): monitoring and prevention purposes conducted in accordance with the regulations, standards and recommendations of Union
p.(None): institutions or national oversight bodies and to ensure the security and reliability of a service provided by the controller, or
p.(None): necessary for the entering or performance of a contract between the data subject and a controller, or when the data subject
p.(None): has given his or her explicit consent. In any case, such processing should be subject to suitable safeguards, which should
p.(None): include speciﬁc information to the data subject and the right to obtain human intervention, to express his or her point of view,
p.(None): to obtain an explanation of the decision reached after such assessment and to challenge the decision. Such measure should
p.(None): not concern a child.
p.(None): In order to ensure fair and transparent processing in respect of the data subject, taking into account the speciﬁc
p.(None): circumstances and context in which the personal data are processed, the controller should use appropriate mathematical or
p.(None): statistical procedures for the proﬁling, implement technical and organisational measures appropriate to ensure, in particular,
p.(None): that factors which result in inaccuracies in personal data are corrected and the risk of errors is minimised, secure personal
p.(None): data in a manner that takes account of the potential risks involved for the interests and rights of the data subject and that
p.(None): prevents, inter alia, discriminatory eﬀects on natural persons on the basis of racial or ethnic origin, political opinion, religion or
p.(None): beliefs, trade union membership, genetic or health status or sexual orientation, or that result in measures having such an
p.(None): eﬀect. Automated decision-making and proﬁling based on special categories of personal data should be allowed only under
p.(None): specific conditions.
p.(None): (72) Proﬁling is subject to the rules of this Regulation governing the processing of personal data, such as the legal grounds for
p.(None): processing or data protection principles. The European Data Protection Board established by this Regulation (the ‘Board’)
p.(None): should be able to issue guidance in that context.
...

p.(None): measures (‘integrity and confidentiality’).
p.(None): 2. The controller shall be responsible for, and be able to demonstrate compliance with, paragraph 1 (‘accountability’).
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 6
p.(None): Lawfulness of processing
p.(None): 1. Processing shall be lawful only if and to the extent that at least one of the following applies:
p.(None): (a) the data subject has given consent to the processing of his or her personal data for one or more specific purposes;
p.(None): (b) processing is necessary for the performance of a contract to which the data subject is party or in order to take steps at the
p.(None): request of the data subject prior to entering into a contract;
p.(None): (c) processing is necessary for compliance with a legal obligation to which the controller is subject;
p.(None): (d) processing is necessary in order to protect the vital interests of the data subject or of another natural person;
p.(None): (e) processing is necessary for the performance of a task carried out in the public interest or in the exercise of oﬃcial authority
p.(None): vested in the controller;
p.(None): (f) processing is necessary for the purposes of the legitimate interests pursued by the controller or by a third party, except where
p.(None): such interests are overridden by the interests or fundamental rights and freedoms of the data subject which require protection
p.(None): of personal data, in particular where the data subject is a child.
p.(None): Point (f) of the first subparagraph shall not apply to processing carried out by public authorities in the performance of their tasks.
p.(None): 2. Member States may maintain or introduce more speciﬁc provisions to adapt the application of the rules of this Regulation with
p.(None): regard to processing for compliance with points (c) and (e) of paragraph 1 by determining more precisely speciﬁc requirements for
p.(None): the processing and other measures to ensure lawful and fair processing including for other speciﬁc processing situations as
p.(None): provided for in Chapter IX.
p.(None): 3. The basis for the processing referred to in point (c) and (e) of paragraph 1 shall be laid down by:
p.(None): (a) Union law; or
p.(None): (b) Member State law to which the controller is subject.
p.(None): The purpose of the processing shall be determined in that legal basis or, as regards the processing referred to in point (e) of
p.(None): paragraph 1, shall be necessary for the performance of a task carried out in the public interest or in the exercise of oﬃcial authority
p.(None): vested in the controller. That legal basis may contain speciﬁc provisions to adapt the application of rules of this Regulation, inter
p.(None): alia: the general conditions governing the lawfulness of processing by the controller; the types of data which are subject to the
p.(None): processing; the data subjects concerned; the entities to, and the purposes for which, the personal data may be disclosed; the
p.(None): purpose limitation; storage periods; and processing operations and processing procedures, including measures to ensure lawful
p.(None): and fair processing such as those for other speciﬁc processing situations as provided for in Chapter IX. The Union or the
...

p.(None): processing of his or her personal data.
p.(None): 2. If the data subject's consent is given in the context of a written declaration which also concerns other matters, the request for
p.(None): consent shall be presented in a manner which is clearly distinguishable from the other matters, in an intelligible and easily
p.(None): accessible form, using clear and plain language. Any part of such a declaration which constitutes an infringement of this Regulation
p.(None): shall not be binding.
p.(None): 3. The data subject shall have the right to withdraw his or her consent at any time. The withdrawal of consent shall not aﬀect the
p.(None): lawfulness of processing based on consent before its withdrawal. Prior to giving consent, the data subject shall be informed thereof.
p.(None): It shall be as easy to withdraw as to give consent.
p.(None): 4. When assessing whether consent is freely given, utmost account shall be taken of whether,inter alia, the performance of a
p.(None): contract, including the provision of a service, is conditional on consent to the processing of personal data that is not necessary for
p.(None): the performance of that contract.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 8
p.(None): Conditions applicable to child's consent in relation to information society services
p.(None): 1. Where point (a) of Article 6(1) applies, in relation to the oﬀer of information society services directly to a child, the processing of
p.(None): the personal data of a child shall be lawful where the child is at least 16 years old. Where the child is below the age of 16 years,
p.(None): such processing shall be lawful only if and to the extent that consent is given or authorised by the holder of parental responsibility
p.(None): over the child.
p.(None): Member States may provide by law for a lower age for those purposes provided that such lower age is not below 13 years.
p.(None): 2. The controller shall make reasonable eﬀorts to verify in such cases that consent is given or authorised by the holder of parental
p.(None): responsibility over the child, taking into consideration available technology.
p.(None): 3. Paragraph 1 shall not aﬀect the general contract law of Member States such as the rules on the validity, formation or eﬀect of a
p.(None): contract in relation to a child.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 9
p.(None): Processing of special categories of personal data
p.(None): 1. Processing of personal data revealing racial or ethnic origin, political opinions, religious or philosophical beliefs, or trade union
p.(None): membership, and the processing of genetic data, biometric data for the purpose of uniquely identifying a natural person, data
p.(None): concerning health or data concerning a natural person's sex life or sexual orientation shall be prohibited.
p.(None): 2. Paragraph 1 shall not apply if one of the following applies:
p.(None): (a) the data subject has given explicit consent to the processing of those personal data for one or more speciﬁed purposes,
p.(None): except where Union or Member State law provide that the prohibition referred to in paragraph 1 may not be lifted by the data
p.(None): subject;
p.(None): (b) processing is necessary for the purposes of carrying out the obligations and exercising speciﬁc rights of the controller or of the
p.(None): data subject in the ﬁeld of employment and social security and social protection law in so far as it is authorised by Union or
p.(None): Member State law or a collective agreement pursuant to Member State law providing for appropriate safeguards for the
p.(None): fundamental rights and the interests of the data subject;
...

p.(None): kept only under the control of official authority.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 11
p.(None): Processing which does not require identification
p.(None): 1. If the purposes for which a controller processes personal data do not or do no longer require the identiﬁcation of a data subject
p.(None): by the controller, the controller shall not be obliged to maintain, acquire or process additional information in order to identify the
p.(None): data subject for the sole purpose of complying with this Regulation.
p.(None): 2. Where, in cases referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article, the controller is able to demonstrate that it is not in a position to
p.(None): identify the data subject, the controller shall inform the data subject accordingly, if possible. In such cases, Articles 15 to 20 shall
p.(None): not apply except where the data subject, for the purpose of exercising his or her rights under those articles, provides additional
p.(None): information enabling his or her identification.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): CHAPTER III
p.(None): Rights of the data subject
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Section 1
p.(None): Transparency and modalities
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 12
p.(None): Transparent information, communication and modalities for the exercise of the rights of the data subject
p.(None): 1. The controller shall take appropriate measures to provide any information referred to in Articles 13 and 14 and any
p.(None): communication under Articles 15 to 22 and 34 relating to processing to the data subject in a concise, transparent, intelligible and
p.(None): easily accessible form, using clear and plain language, in particular for any information addressed speciﬁcally to a child. The
p.(None): information shall be provided in writing, or by other means, including, where appropriate, by electronic means. When requested by
p.(None): the data subject, the information may be provided orally, provided that the identity of the data subject is proven by other means.
p.(None): 2. The controller shall facilitate the exercise of data subject rights under Articles 15 to 22. In the cases referred to in Article 11(2),
p.(None): the controller shall not refuse to act on the request of the data subject for exercising his or her rights under Articles 15 to 22, unless
p.(None): the controller demonstrates that it is not in a position to identify the data subject.
p.(None): 3. The controller shall provide information on action taken on a request under Articles 15 to 22 to the data subject without undue
p.(None): delay and in any event within one month of receipt of the request. That period may be extended by two further months where
p.(None): necessary, taking into account the complexity and number of the requests. The controller shall inform the data subject of any such
p.(None): extension within one month of receipt of the request, together with the reasons for the delay. Where the data subject makes the
p.(None): request by electronic form means, the information shall be provided by electronic means where possible, unless otherwise
p.(None): requested by the data subject.
p.(None): 4. If the controller does not take action on the request of the data subject, the controller shall inform the data subject without delay
p.(None): and at the latest within one month of receipt of the request of the reasons for not taking action and on the possibility of lodging a
p.(None): complaint with a supervisory authority and seeking a judicial remedy.
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p.(None): State where the controller has its main establishment, but the supervisory authority of the processor should be considered to
p.(None): be a supervisory authority concerned and that supervisory authority should participate in the cooperation procedure provided
p.(None): for by this Regulation. In any case, the supervisory authorities of the Member State or Member States where the processor
p.(None): has one or more establishments should not be considered to be supervisory authorities concerned where the draft decision
p.(None): concerns only the controller. Where the processing is carried out by a group of undertakings, the main establishment of the
p.(None): controlling undertaking should be considered to be the main establishment of the group of undertakings, except where the
p.(None): purposes and means of processing are determined by another undertaking.
p.(None): (37) A group of undertakings should cover a controlling undertaking and its controlled undertakings, whereby the controlling
p.(None): undertaking should be the undertaking which can exert a dominant inﬂuence over the other undertakings by virtue, for
p.(None): example, of ownership, ﬁnancial participation or the rules which govern it or the power to have personal data protection rules
p.(None): implemented. An undertaking which controls the processing of personal data in undertakings aﬃliated to it should be
p.(None): regarded, together with those undertakings, as a group of undertakings.
p.(None): (38) Children merit speciﬁc protection with regard to their personal data, as they may be less aware of the risks, consequences
p.(None): and safeguards concerned and their rights in relation to the processing of personal data. Such speciﬁc protection should, in
p.(None): particular, apply to the use of personal data of children for the purposes of marketing or creating personality or user proﬁles
p.(None): and the collection of personal data with regard to children when using services oﬀered directly to a child. The consent of the
p.(None): holder of parental responsibility should not be necessary in the context of preventive or counselling services oﬀered directly to
p.(None): a child.
p.(None): (39) Any processing of personal data should be lawful and fair. It should be transparent to natural persons that personal data
p.(None): concerning them are collected, used, consulted or otherwise processed and to what extent the personal data are or will be
p.(None): processed. The principle of transparency requires that any information and communication relating to the processing of those
p.(None): personal data be easily accessible and easy to understand, and that clear and plain language be used. That principle
p.(None): concerns, in particular, information to the data subjects on the identity of the controller and the purposes of the processing and
p.(None): further information to ensure fair and transparent processing in respect of the natural persons concerned and their right to
p.(None): obtain conﬁrmation and communication of personal data concerning them which are being processed. Natural persons should
p.(None): be made aware of risks, rules, safeguards and rights in relation to the processing of personal data and how to exercise their
p.(None): rights in relation to such processing. In particular, the speciﬁc purposes for which personal data are processed should be
p.(None): explicit and legitimate and determined at the time of the collection of the personal data. The personal data should be
...

p.(None): parties compile personal data on people's political opinions, the processing of such data may be permitted for reasons of
p.(None): public interest, provided that appropriate safeguards are established.
p.(None): (57) If the personal data processed by a controller do not permit the controller to identify a natural person, the data controller
p.(None): should not be obliged to acquire additional information in order to identify the data subject for the sole purpose of complying
p.(None): with any provision of this Regulation. However, the controller should not refuse to take additional information provided by the
p.(None): data subject in order to support the exercise of his or her rights. Identiﬁcation should include the digital identiﬁcation of a data
p.(None): subject, for example through authentication mechanism such as the same credentials, used by the data subject to log-in to the
p.(None): on-line service offered by the data controller.
p.(None): (58) The principle of transparency requires that any information addressed to the public or to the data subject be concise, easily
p.(None): accessible and easy to understand, and that clear and plain language and, additionally, where appropriate, visualisation be
p.(None): used. Such information could be provided in electronic form, for example, when addressed to the public, through a website.
p.(None): This is of particular relevance in situations where the proliferation of actors and the technological complexity of practice make
p.(None): it diﬃcult for the data subject to know and understand whether, by whom and for what purpose personal data relating to him or
p.(None): her are being collected, such as in the case of online advertising. Given that children merit speciﬁc protection, any information
p.(None): and communication, where processing is addressed to a child, should be in such a clear and plain language that the child can
p.(None): easily understand.
p.(None): (59) Modalities should be provided for facilitating the exercise of the data subject's rights under this Regulation, including
p.(None): mechanisms to request and, if applicable, obtain, free of charge, in particular, access to and rectiﬁcation or erasure of
p.(None): personal data and the exercise of the right to object. The controller should also provide means for requests to be made
p.(None): electronically, especially where personal data are processed by electronic means. The controller should be obliged to respond
p.(None): to requests from the data subject without undue delay and at the latest within one month and to give reasons where the
p.(None): controller does not intend to comply with any such requests.
p.(None): (60) The principles of fair and transparent processing require that the data subject be informed of the existence of the processing
p.(None): operation and its purposes. The controller should provide the data subject with any further information necessary to ensure
p.(None): fair and transparent processing taking into account the speciﬁc circumstances and context in which the personal data are
p.(None): processed. Furthermore, the data subject should be informed of the existence of proﬁling and the consequences of such
...

p.(None): (75) The risk to the rights and freedoms of natural persons, of varying likelihood and severity, may result from personal data
p.(None): processing which could lead to physical, material or non-material damage, in particular: where the processing may give rise to
p.(None): discrimination, identity theft or fraud, ﬁnancial loss, damage to the reputation, loss of conﬁdentiality of personal data protected
p.(None): by professional secrecy, unauthorised reversal of pseudonymisation, or any other signiﬁcant economic or social disadvantage;
p.(None): where data subjects might be deprived of their rights and freedoms or prevented from exercising control over their personal
p.(None): data; where personal data are processed which reveal racial or ethnic origin, political opinions, religion or philosophical
p.(None): beliefs, trade union membership, and the processing of genetic data, data concerning health or data concerning sex life or
p.(None): criminal convictions and oﬀences or related security measures; where personal aspects are evaluated, in particular analysing
p.(None): or predicting aspects concerning performance at work, economic situation, health, personal preferences or interests, reliability
p.(None): or behaviour, location or movements, in order to create or use personal proﬁles; where personal data of vulnerable natural
p.(None): persons, in particular of children, are processed; or where processing involves a large amount of personal data and aﬀects a
p.(None): large number of data subjects.
p.(None): (76) The likelihood and severity of the risk to the rights and freedoms of the data subject should be determined by reference to the
p.(None): nature, scope, context and purposes of the processing. Risk should be evaluated on the basis of an objective assessment, by
p.(None): which it is established whether data processing operations involve a risk or a high risk.
p.(None): (77) Guidance on the implementation of appropriate measures and on the demonstration of compliance by the controller or the
p.(None): processor, especially as regards the identiﬁcation of the risk related to the processing, their assessment in terms of origin,
p.(None): nature, likelihood and severity, and the identiﬁcation of best practices to mitigate the risk, could be provided in particular by
p.(None): means of approved codes of conduct, approved certiﬁcations, guidelines provided by the Board or indications provided by a
p.(None): data protection oﬃcer. The Board may also issue guidelines on processing operations that are considered to be unlikely to
p.(None): result in a high risk to the rights and freedoms of natural persons and indicate what measures may be suﬃcient in such cases
p.(None): to address such risk.
...

p.(None): referred to in Article 36, and to consult, where appropriate, with regard to any other matter.
p.(None): 2. The data protection oﬃcer shall in the performance of his or her tasks have due regard to the risk associated with processing
p.(None): operations, taking into account the nature, scope, context and purposes of processing.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Section 5
p.(None): Codes of conduct and certification
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 40
p.(None): Codes of conduct
p.(None): 1. The Member States, the supervisory authorities, the Board and the Commission shall encourage the drawing up of codes of
p.(None): conduct intended to contribute to the proper application of this Regulation, taking account of the speciﬁc features of the various
p.(None): processing sectors and the specific needs of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises.
p.(None): 2. Associations and other bodies representing categories of controllers or processors may prepare codes of conduct, or amend or
p.(None): extend such codes, for the purpose of specifying the application of this Regulation, such as with regard to:
p.(None): (a) fair and transparent processing;
p.(None): (b) the legitimate interests pursued by controllers in specific contexts;
p.(None): (c) the collection of personal data;
p.(None): (d) the pseudonymisation of personal data;
p.(None): (e) the information provided to the public and to data subjects;
p.(None): (f) the exercise of the rights of data subjects;
p.(None): (g) the information provided to, and the protection of, children, and the manner in which the consent of the holders of parental
p.(None): responsibility over children is to be obtained;
p.(None): (h) the measures and procedures referred to in Articles 24 and 25 and the measures to ensure security of processing referred to
p.(None): in Article 32;
p.(None): (i) the notiﬁcation of personal data breaches to supervisory authorities and the communication of such personal data breaches to
p.(None): data subjects;
p.(None): (j) the transfer of personal data to third countries or international organisations; or
p.(None): (k) out-of-court proceedings and other dispute resolution procedures for resolving disputes between controllers and data subjects
p.(None): with regard to processing, without prejudice to the rights of data subjects pursuant to Articles 77 and 79.
p.(None): 3. In addition to adherence by controllers or processors subject to this Regulation, codes of conduct approved pursuant to
p.(None): paragraph 5 of this Article and having general validity pursuant to paragraph 9 of this Article may also be adhered to by controllers
p.(None): or processors that are not subject to this Regulation pursuant to Article 3 in order to provide appropriate safeguards within the
p.(None): framework of personal data transfers to third countries or international organisations under the terms referred to in point (e) of
p.(None): Article 46(2). Such controllers or processors shall make binding and enforceable commitments, via contractual or other legally
p.(None): binding instruments, to apply those appropriate safeguards including with regard to the rights of data subjects.
p.(None): 4. A code of conduct referred to in paragraph 2 of this Article shall contain mechanisms which enable the body referred to in
p.(None): Article 41(1) to carry out the mandatory monitoring of compliance with its provisions by the controllers or processors which
p.(None): undertake to apply it, without prejudice to the tasks and powers of supervisory authorities competent pursuant to Article 55 or 56.
...

p.(None): 4. Where the lead supervisory authority decides to handle the case, the procedure provided in Article 60 shall apply. The
p.(None): supervisory authority which informed the lead supervisory authority may submit to the lead supervisory authority a draft for a
p.(None): decision. The lead supervisory authority shall take utmost account of that draft when preparing the draft decision referred to in
p.(None): Article 60(3).
p.(None): 5. Where the lead supervisory authority decides not to handle the case, the supervisory authority which informed the lead
p.(None): supervisory authority shall handle it according to Articles 61 and 62.
p.(None): 6. The lead supervisory authority shall be the sole interlocutor of the controller or processor for the cross-border processing
p.(None): carried out by that controller or processor.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 57
p.(None): Tasks
p.(None): 1. Without prejudice to other tasks set out under this Regulation, each supervisory authority shall on its territory:
p.(None): (a) monitor and enforce the application of this Regulation;
p.(None): (b) promote public awareness and understanding of the risks, rules, safeguards and rights in relation to processing. Activities
p.(None): addressed specifically to children shall receive specific attention;
p.(None): (c) advise, in accordance with Member State law, the national parliament, the government, and other institutions and bodies on
p.(None): legislative and administrative measures relating to the protection of natural persons' rights and freedoms with regard to
p.(None): processing;
p.(None): (d) promote the awareness of controllers and processors of their obligations under this Regulation;
p.(None): (e) upon request, provide information to any data subject concerning the exercise of their rights under this Regulation and, if
p.(None): appropriate, cooperate with the supervisory authorities in other Member States to that end;
p.(None): (f) handle complaints lodged by a data subject, or by a body, organisation or association in accordance with Article 80, and
p.(None): investigate, to the extent appropriate, the subject matter of the complaint and inform the complainant of the progress and the
p.(None): outcome of the investigation within a reasonable period, in particular if further investigation or coordination with another
p.(None): supervisory authority is necessary;
p.(None): (g) cooperate with, including sharing information and provide mutual assistance to, other supervisory authorities with a view to
p.(None): ensuring the consistency of application and enforcement of this Regulation;
p.(None): (h) conduct investigations on the application of this Regulation, including on the basis of information received from another
p.(None): supervisory authority or other public authority;
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p.(None): necessary and proportionate measure in a democratic society to safeguard, in particular, important objectives of general
p.(None): public interest, the controller should be allowed to further process the personal data irrespective of the compatibility of the
p.(None): purposes. In any case, the application of the principles set out in this Regulation and in particular the information of the data
p.(None): subject on those other purposes and on his or her rights including the right to object, should be ensured. Indicating possible
p.(None): criminal acts or threats to public security by the controller and transmitting the relevant personal data in individual cases or in
p.(None): several cases relating to the same criminal act or threats to public security to a competent authority should be regarded as
p.(None): being in the legitimate interest pursued by the controller. However, such transmission in the legitimate interest of the controller
p.(None): or further processing of personal data should be prohibited if the processing is not compatible with a legal, professional or
p.(None): other binding obligation of secrecy.
p.(None): (51) Personal data which are, by their nature, particularly sensitive in relation to fundamental rights and freedoms merit speciﬁc
p.(None): protection as the context of their processing could create signiﬁcant risks to the fundamental rights and freedoms. Those
p.(None): personal data should include personal data revealing racial or ethnic origin, whereby the use of the term ‘racial origin’ in this
p.(None): Regulation does not imply an acceptance by the Union of theories which attempt to determine the existence of separate
p.(None): human races. The processing of photographs should not systematically be considered to be processing of special categories
p.(None): of personal data as they are covered by the deﬁnition of biometric data only when processed through a speciﬁc technical
p.(None): means allowing the unique identiﬁcation or authentication of a natural person. Such personal data should not be processed,
p.(None): unless processing is allowed in speciﬁc cases set out in this Regulation, taking into account that Member States law may lay
p.(None): down speciﬁc provisions on data protection in order to adapt the application of the rules of this Regulation for compliance with
p.(None): a legal obligation or for the performance of a task carried out in the public interest or in the exercise of oﬃcial authority vested
p.(None): in the controller. In addition to the speciﬁc requirements for such processing, the general principles and other rules of this
p.(None): Regulation should apply, in particular as regards the conditions for lawful processing. Derogations from the general prohibition
p.(None): for processing such special categories of personal data should be explicitly provided, inter alia, where the data subject gives
p.(None): his or her explicit consent or in respect of speciﬁc needs in particular where the processing is carried out in the course of
...

p.(None): monitoring and prevention purposes conducted in accordance with the regulations, standards and recommendations of Union
p.(None): institutions or national oversight bodies and to ensure the security and reliability of a service provided by the controller, or
p.(None): necessary for the entering or performance of a contract between the data subject and a controller, or when the data subject
p.(None): has given his or her explicit consent. In any case, such processing should be subject to suitable safeguards, which should
p.(None): include speciﬁc information to the data subject and the right to obtain human intervention, to express his or her point of view,
p.(None): to obtain an explanation of the decision reached after such assessment and to challenge the decision. Such measure should
p.(None): not concern a child.
p.(None): In order to ensure fair and transparent processing in respect of the data subject, taking into account the speciﬁc
p.(None): circumstances and context in which the personal data are processed, the controller should use appropriate mathematical or
p.(None): statistical procedures for the proﬁling, implement technical and organisational measures appropriate to ensure, in particular,
p.(None): that factors which result in inaccuracies in personal data are corrected and the risk of errors is minimised, secure personal
p.(None): data in a manner that takes account of the potential risks involved for the interests and rights of the data subject and that
p.(None): prevents, inter alia, discriminatory eﬀects on natural persons on the basis of racial or ethnic origin, political opinion, religion or
p.(None): beliefs, trade union membership, genetic or health status or sexual orientation, or that result in measures having such an
p.(None): eﬀect. Automated decision-making and proﬁling based on special categories of personal data should be allowed only under
p.(None): specific conditions.
p.(None): (72) Proﬁling is subject to the rules of this Regulation governing the processing of personal data, such as the legal grounds for
p.(None): processing or data protection principles. The European Data Protection Board established by this Regulation (the ‘Board’)
p.(None): should be able to issue guidance in that context.
p.(None): (73) Restrictions concerning speciﬁc principles and the rights of information, access to and rectiﬁcation or erasure of personal
p.(None): data, the right to data portability, the right to object, decisions based on proﬁling, as well as the communication of a personal
p.(None): data breach to a data subject and certain related obligations of the controllers may be imposed by Union or Member State law,
p.(None): as far as necessary and proportionate in a democratic society to safeguard public security, including the protection of human
p.(None): life especially in response to natural or manmade disasters, the prevention, investigation and prosecution of criminal oﬀences
...

p.(None): be in accordance with the requirements set out in the Charter and in the European Convention for the Protection of Human
p.(None): Rights and Fundamental Freedoms.
p.(None): (74) The responsibility and liability of the controller for any processing of personal data carried out by the controller or on the
p.(None): controller's behalf should be established. In particular, the controller should be obliged to implement appropriate and eﬀective
p.(None): measures and be able to demonstrate the compliance of processing activities with this Regulation, including the eﬀectiveness
p.(None): of the measures. Those measures should take into account the nature, scope, context and purposes of the processing and
p.(None): the risk to the rights and freedoms of natural persons.
p.(None): (75) The risk to the rights and freedoms of natural persons, of varying likelihood and severity, may result from personal data
p.(None): processing which could lead to physical, material or non-material damage, in particular: where the processing may give rise to
p.(None): discrimination, identity theft or fraud, ﬁnancial loss, damage to the reputation, loss of conﬁdentiality of personal data protected
p.(None): by professional secrecy, unauthorised reversal of pseudonymisation, or any other signiﬁcant economic or social disadvantage;
p.(None): where data subjects might be deprived of their rights and freedoms or prevented from exercising control over their personal
p.(None): data; where personal data are processed which reveal racial or ethnic origin, political opinions, religion or philosophical
p.(None): beliefs, trade union membership, and the processing of genetic data, data concerning health or data concerning sex life or
p.(None): criminal convictions and oﬀences or related security measures; where personal aspects are evaluated, in particular analysing
p.(None): or predicting aspects concerning performance at work, economic situation, health, personal preferences or interests, reliability
p.(None): or behaviour, location or movements, in order to create or use personal proﬁles; where personal data of vulnerable natural
p.(None): persons, in particular of children, are processed; or where processing involves a large amount of personal data and aﬀects a
p.(None): large number of data subjects.
p.(None): (76) The likelihood and severity of the risk to the rights and freedoms of the data subject should be determined by reference to the
p.(None): nature, scope, context and purposes of the processing. Risk should be evaluated on the basis of an objective assessment, by
p.(None): which it is established whether data processing operations involve a risk or a high risk.
p.(None): (77) Guidance on the implementation of appropriate measures and on the demonstration of compliance by the controller or the
...

p.(None): the personal data of a child shall be lawful where the child is at least 16 years old. Where the child is below the age of 16 years,
p.(None): such processing shall be lawful only if and to the extent that consent is given or authorised by the holder of parental responsibility
p.(None): over the child.
p.(None): Member States may provide by law for a lower age for those purposes provided that such lower age is not below 13 years.
p.(None): 2. The controller shall make reasonable eﬀorts to verify in such cases that consent is given or authorised by the holder of parental
p.(None): responsibility over the child, taking into consideration available technology.
p.(None): 3. Paragraph 1 shall not aﬀect the general contract law of Member States such as the rules on the validity, formation or eﬀect of a
p.(None): contract in relation to a child.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 9
p.(None): Processing of special categories of personal data
p.(None): 1. Processing of personal data revealing racial or ethnic origin, political opinions, religious or philosophical beliefs, or trade union
p.(None): membership, and the processing of genetic data, biometric data for the purpose of uniquely identifying a natural person, data
p.(None): concerning health or data concerning a natural person's sex life or sexual orientation shall be prohibited.
p.(None): 2. Paragraph 1 shall not apply if one of the following applies:
p.(None): (a) the data subject has given explicit consent to the processing of those personal data for one or more speciﬁed purposes,
p.(None): except where Union or Member State law provide that the prohibition referred to in paragraph 1 may not be lifted by the data
p.(None): subject;
p.(None): (b) processing is necessary for the purposes of carrying out the obligations and exercising speciﬁc rights of the controller or of the
p.(None): data subject in the ﬁeld of employment and social security and social protection law in so far as it is authorised by Union or
p.(None): Member State law or a collective agreement pursuant to Member State law providing for appropriate safeguards for the
p.(None): fundamental rights and the interests of the data subject;
p.(None): (c) processing is necessary to protect the vital interests of the data subject or of another natural person where the data subject is
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p.(None): data subjects and the obligations of those who process and determine the processing of personal data, as well as equivalent
p.(None): powers for monitoring and ensuring compliance with the rules for the protection of personal data and equivalent sanctions for
p.(None): infringements in the Member States.
p.(None): (12) Article 16(2) TFEU mandates the European Parliament and the Council to lay down the rules relating to the protection of
p.(None): natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and the rules relating to the free movement of personal data.
p.(None): (13) In order to ensure a consistent level of protection for natural persons throughout the Union and to prevent divergences
p.(None): hampering the free movement of personal data within the internal market, a Regulation is necessary to provide legal certainty
p.(None): and transparency for economic operators, including micro, small and medium-sized enterprises, and to provide natural
p.(None): persons in all Member States with the same level of legally enforceable rights and obligations and responsibilities for
p.(None): controllers and processors, to ensure consistent monitoring of the processing of personal data, and equivalent sanctions in all
p.(None): Member States as well as eﬀective cooperation between the supervisory authorities of diﬀerent Member States. The proper
p.(None): functioning of the internal market requires that the free movement of personal data within the Union is not restricted or
p.(None): prohibited for reasons connected with the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data. To take
p.(None): account of the speciﬁc situation of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises, this Regulation includes a derogation for
p.(None): organisations with fewer than 250 employees with regard to record-keeping. In addition, the Union institutions and bodies, and
p.(None): Member States and their supervisory authorities, are encouraged to take account of the speciﬁc needs of micro, small and
p.(None): medium-sized enterprises in the application of this Regulation. The notion of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises
p.(None): should draw from Article 2 of the Annex to Commission Recommendation 2003/361/EC (5).
p.(None): (14) The protection aﬀorded by this Regulation should apply to natural persons, whatever their nationality or place of residence, in
p.(None): relation to the processing of their personal data. This Regulation does not cover the processing of personal data which
p.(None): concerns legal persons and in particular undertakings established as legal persons, including the name and the form of the
p.(None): legal person and the contact details of the legal person.
p.(None): (15) In order to prevent creating a serious risk of circumvention, the protection of natural persons should be technologically neutral
p.(None): and should not depend on the techniques used. The protection of natural persons should apply to the processing of personal
...

p.(None): lawful where it is necessary, for exercising the right of freedom of expression and information, for compliance with a legal
p.(None): obligation, for the performance of a task carried out in the public interest or in the exercise of oﬃcial authority vested in the
p.(None): controller, on the grounds of public interest in the area of public health, for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientiﬁc
p.(None): or historical research purposes or statistical purposes, or for the establishment, exercise or defence of legal claims.
p.(None): (66) To strengthen the right to be forgotten in the online environment, the right to erasure should also be extended in such a way
p.(None): that a controller who has made the personal data public should be obliged to inform the controllers which are processing such
p.(None): personal data to erase any links to, or copies or replications of those personal data. In doing so, that controller should take
p.(None): reasonable steps, taking into account available technology and the means available to the controller, including technical
p.(None): measures, to inform the controllers which are processing the personal data of the data subject's request.
p.(None): (67) Methods by which to restrict the processing of personal data could include, inter alia, temporarily moving the selected data to
p.(None): another processing system, making the selected personal data unavailable to users, or temporarily removing published data
p.(None): from a website. In automated ﬁling systems, the restriction of processing should in principle be ensured by technical means in
p.(None): such a manner that the personal data are not subject to further processing operations and cannot be changed. The fact that
p.(None): the processing of personal data is restricted should be clearly indicated in the system.
p.(None): (68) To further strengthen the control over his or her own data, where the processing of personal data is carried out by automated
p.(None): means, the data subject should also be allowed to receive personal data concerning him or her which he or she has provided
p.(None): to a controller in a structured, commonly used, machine-readable and interoperable format, and to transmit it to another
p.(None): controller. Data controllers should be encouraged to develop interoperable formats that enable data portability. That right
p.(None): should apply where the data subject provided the personal data on the basis of his or her consent or the processing is
p.(None): necessary for the performance of a contract. It should not apply where processing is based on a legal ground other than
p.(None): consent or contract. By its very nature, that right should not be exercised against controllers processing personal data in the
p.(None): exercise of their public duties. It should therefore not apply where the processing of the personal data is necessary for
p.(None): compliance with a legal obligation to which the controller is subject or for the performance of a task carried out in the public
p.(None): interest or in the exercise of an oﬃcial authority vested in the controller. The data subject's right to transmit or receive
p.(None): personal data concerning him or her should not create an obligation for the controllers to adopt or maintain processing
p.(None): systems which are technically compatible. Where, in a certain set of personal data, more than one data subject is concerned,
p.(None): the right to receive the personal data should be without prejudice to the rights and freedoms of other data subjects in
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p.(None): held by a public authority or a public body should be able to be publicly disclosed by that authority or body if the disclosure is
p.(None): provided for by Union or Member State law to which the public authority or public body is subject. Such laws should reconcile
p.(None): public access to oﬃcial documents and the reuse of public sector information with the right to the protection of personal data
p.(None): and may therefore provide for the necessary reconciliation with the right to the protection of personal data pursuant to this
p.(None): Regulation. The reference to public authorities and bodies should in that context include all authorities or other bodies covered
p.(None): by Member State law on public access to documents. Directive 2003/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (14)
p.(None): leaves intact and in no way aﬀects the level of protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data
p.(None): under the provisions of Union and Member State law, and in particular does not alter the obligations and rights set out in this
p.(None): Regulation. In particular, that Directive should not apply to documents to which access is excluded or restricted by virtue of
p.(None): the access regimes on the grounds of protection of personal data, and parts of documents accessible by virtue of those
p.(None): regimes which contain personal data the re-use of which has been provided for by law as being incompatible with the law
p.(None): concerning the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data.
p.(None): (155)Member State law or collective agreements, including ‘works agreements’, may provide for speciﬁc rules on the processing of
p.(None): employees' personal data in the employment context, in particular for the conditions under which personal data in the
p.(None): employment context may be processed on the basis of the consent of the employee, the purposes of the recruitment, the
p.(None): performance of the contract of employment, including discharge of obligations laid down by law or by collective agreements,
p.(None): management, planning and organisation of work, equality and diversity in the workplace, health and safety at work, and for
p.(None): the purposes of the exercise and enjoyment, on an individual or collective basis, of rights and beneﬁts related to employment,
p.(None): and for the purpose of the termination of the employment relationship.
p.(None): (156)The processing of personal data for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientiﬁc or historical research purposes or
p.(None): statistical purposes should be subject to appropriate safeguards for the rights and freedoms of the data subject pursuant to
p.(None): this Regulation. Those safeguards should ensure that technical and organisational measures are in place in order to ensure,
...

p.(None): (172)The European Data Protection Supervisor was consulted in accordance with Article 28(2) of Regulation (EC) No 45/2001 and
p.(None): delivered an opinion on 7 March 2012 (17).
p.(None): (173)This Regulation should apply to all matters concerning the protection of fundamental rights and freedomsvis-à-vis the
p.(None): processing of personal data which are not subject to speciﬁc obligations with the same objective set out in
p.(None): Directive 2002/58/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (18), including the obligations on the controller and the
p.(None): rights of natural persons. In order to clarify the relationship between this Regulation and Directive 2002/58/EC, that Directive
p.(None): should be amended accordingly. Once this Regulation is adopted, Directive 2002/58/EC should be reviewed in particular in
p.(None): order to ensure consistency with this Regulation,
p.(None): HAVE ADOPTED THIS REGULATION:
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): CHAPTER I
p.(None): General provisions
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 1
p.(None): Subject-matter and objectives
p.(None): 1. This Regulation lays down rules relating to the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and
p.(None): rules relating to the free movement of personal data.
p.(None): 2. This Regulation protects fundamental rights and freedoms of natural persons and in particular their right to the protection of
p.(None): personal data.
p.(None): 3. The free movement of personal data within the Union shall be neither restricted nor prohibited for reasons connected with the
p.(None): protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 2
p.(None): Material scope
p.(None): 1. This Regulation applies to the processing of personal data wholly or partly by automated means and to the processing other
p.(None): than by automated means of personal data which form part of a filing system or are intended to form part of a filing system.
p.(None): 2. This Regulation does not apply to the processing of personal data:
p.(None): (a) in the course of an activity which falls outside the scope of Union law;
p.(None): (b) by the Member States when carrying out activities which fall within the scope of Chapter 2 of Title V of the TEU;
p.(None): (c) by a natural person in the course of a purely personal or household activity;
p.(None): (d) by competent authorities for the purposes of the prevention, investigation, detection or prosecution of criminal oﬀences or the
p.(None): execution of criminal penalties, including the safeguarding against and the prevention of threats to public security.
p.(None): 3. For the processing of personal data by the Union institutions, bodies, oﬃces and agencies, Regulation (EC) No 45/2001
p.(None): applies. Regulation (EC) No 45/2001 and other Union legal acts applicable to such processing of personal data shall be adapted to
p.(None): the principles and rules of this Regulation in accordance with Article 98.
...

p.(None): subject or for the performance of a task carried out in the public interest or in the exercise of oﬃcial authority vested in the
p.(None): controller;
p.(None): (c) for reasons of public interest in the area of public health in accordance with points (h) and (i) of Article 9(2) as well as Article
p.(None): 9(3);
p.(None): (d) for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientiﬁc or historical research purposes or statistical purposes in accordance
p.(None): with Article 89(1) in so far as the right referred to in paragraph 1 is likely to render impossible or seriously impair the
p.(None): achievement of the objectives of that processing; or
p.(None): (e) for the establishment, exercise or defence of legal claims.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 18
p.(None): Right to restriction of processing
p.(None): 1. The data subject shall have the right to obtain from the controller restriction of processing where one of the following applies:
p.(None): (a) the accuracy of the personal data is contested by the data subject, for a period enabling the controller to verify the accuracy of
p.(None): the personal data;
p.(None): (b) the processing is unlawful and the data subject opposes the erasure of the personal data and requests the restriction of their
p.(None): use instead;
p.(None): (c) the controller no longer needs the personal data for the purposes of the processing, but they are required by the data subject
p.(None): for the establishment, exercise or defence of legal claims;
p.(None): (d) the data subject has objected to processing pursuant to Article 21(1) pending the veriﬁcation whether the legitimate grounds
p.(None): of the controller override those of the data subject.
p.(None): 2. Where processing has been restricted under paragraph 1, such personal data shall, with the exception of storage, only be
p.(None): processed with the data subject's consent or for the establishment, exercise or defence of legal claims or for the protection of the
p.(None): rights of another natural or legal person or for reasons of important public interest of the Union or of a Member State.
p.(None): 3. A data subject who has obtained restriction of processing pursuant to paragraph 1 shall be informed by the controller before the
p.(None): restriction of processing is lifted.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 19
p.(None): Notification obligation regarding rectification or erasure of personal data or restriction of processing
p.(None): The controller shall communicate any rectiﬁcation or erasure of personal data or restriction of processing carried out in accordance
p.(None): with Article 16, Article 17(1) and Article 18 to each recipient to whom the personal data have been disclosed, unless this proves
p.(None): impossible or involves disproportionate eﬀort. The controller shall inform the data subject about those recipients if the data subject
p.(None): requests it.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 20
p.(None): Right to data portability
p.(None): 1. The data subject shall have the right to receive the personal data concerning him or her, which he or she has provided to a
p.(None): controller, in a structured, commonly used and machine-readable format and have the right to transmit those data to another
p.(None): controller without hindrance from the controller to which the personal data have been provided, where:
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p.(None): should be carried out in accordance with this Regulation, regardless of whether the processing itself takes place within the
p.(None): Union. Establishment implies the eﬀective and real exercise of activity through stable arrangements. The legal form of such
p.(None): arrangements, whether through a branch or a subsidiary with a legal personality, is not the determining factor in that respect.
p.(None): (23) In order to ensure that natural persons are not deprived of the protection to which they are entitled under this Regulation, the
p.(None): processing of personal data of data subjects who are in the Union by a controller or a processor not established in the Union
p.(None): should be subject to this Regulation where the processing activities are related to oﬀering goods or services to such data
p.(None): subjects irrespective of whether connected to a payment. In order to determine whether such a controller or processor is
p.(None): oﬀering goods or services to data subjects who are in the Union, it should be ascertained whether it is apparent that the
p.(None): controller or processor envisages oﬀering services to data subjects in one or more Member States in the Union. Whereas the
p.(None): mere accessibility of the controller's, processor's or an intermediary's website in the Union, of an email address or of other
p.(None): contact details, or the use of a language generally used in the third country where the controller is established, is insuﬃcient
p.(None): to ascertain such intention, factors such as the use of a language or a currency generally used in one or more Member States
p.(None): with the possibility of ordering goods and services in that other language, or the mentioning of customers or users who are in
p.(None): the Union, may make it apparent that the controller envisages offering goods or services to data subjects in the Union.
p.(None): (24) The processing of personal data of data subjects who are in the Union by a controller or processor not established in the
p.(None): Union should also be subject to this Regulation when it is related to the monitoring of the behaviour of such data subjects in
p.(None): so far as their behaviour takes place within the Union. In order to determine whether a processing activity can be considered
p.(None): to monitor the behaviour of data subjects, it should be ascertained whether natural persons are tracked on the internet
p.(None): including potential subsequent use of personal data processing techniques which consist of proﬁling a natural person,
p.(None): particularly in order to take decisions concerning her or him or for analysing or predicting her or his personal preferences,
p.(None): behaviours and attitudes.
p.(None): (25) Where Member State law applies by virtue of public international law, this Regulation should also apply to a controller not
p.(None): established in the Union, such as in a Member State's diplomatic mission or consular post.
p.(None): (26) The principles of data protection should apply to any information concerning an identiﬁed or identiﬁable natural person.
p.(None): Personal data which have undergone pseudonymisation, which could be attributed to a natural person by the use of additional
...

p.(None): implemented. An undertaking which controls the processing of personal data in undertakings aﬃliated to it should be
p.(None): regarded, together with those undertakings, as a group of undertakings.
p.(None): (38) Children merit speciﬁc protection with regard to their personal data, as they may be less aware of the risks, consequences
p.(None): and safeguards concerned and their rights in relation to the processing of personal data. Such speciﬁc protection should, in
p.(None): particular, apply to the use of personal data of children for the purposes of marketing or creating personality or user proﬁles
p.(None): and the collection of personal data with regard to children when using services oﬀered directly to a child. The consent of the
p.(None): holder of parental responsibility should not be necessary in the context of preventive or counselling services oﬀered directly to
p.(None): a child.
p.(None): (39) Any processing of personal data should be lawful and fair. It should be transparent to natural persons that personal data
p.(None): concerning them are collected, used, consulted or otherwise processed and to what extent the personal data are or will be
p.(None): processed. The principle of transparency requires that any information and communication relating to the processing of those
p.(None): personal data be easily accessible and easy to understand, and that clear and plain language be used. That principle
p.(None): concerns, in particular, information to the data subjects on the identity of the controller and the purposes of the processing and
p.(None): further information to ensure fair and transparent processing in respect of the natural persons concerned and their right to
p.(None): obtain conﬁrmation and communication of personal data concerning them which are being processed. Natural persons should
p.(None): be made aware of risks, rules, safeguards and rights in relation to the processing of personal data and how to exercise their
p.(None): rights in relation to such processing. In particular, the speciﬁc purposes for which personal data are processed should be
p.(None): explicit and legitimate and determined at the time of the collection of the personal data. The personal data should be
p.(None): adequate, relevant and limited to what is necessary for the purposes for which they are processed. This requires, in particular,
p.(None): ensuring that the period for which the personal data are stored is limited to a strict minimum. Personal data should be
p.(None): processed only if the purpose of the processing could not reasonably be fulﬁlled by other means. In order to ensure that the
p.(None): personal data are not kept longer than necessary, time limits should be established by the controller for erasure or for a
p.(None): periodic review. Every reasonable step should be taken to ensure that personal data which are inaccurate are rectiﬁed or
p.(None): deleted. Personal data should be processed in a manner that ensures appropriate security and conﬁdentiality of the personal
p.(None): data, including for preventing unauthorised access to or use of personal data and the equipment used for the processing.
...

p.(None): or the necessity for the performance of a contract to which the data subject is party or in order to take steps at the request of
p.(None): the data subject prior to entering into a contract.
p.(None): (41) Where this Regulation refers to a legal basis or a legislative measure, this does not necessarily require a legislative act
p.(None): adopted by a parliament, without prejudice to requirements pursuant to the constitutional order of the Member State
p.(None): concerned. However, such a legal basis or legislative measure should be clear and precise and its application should be
p.(None): foreseeable to persons subject to it, in accordance with the case-law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (the ‘Court
p.(None): of Justice’) and the European Court of Human Rights.
p.(None): (42) Where processing is based on the data subject's consent, the controller should be able to demonstrate that the data subject
p.(None): has given consent to the processing operation. In particular in the context of a written declaration on another matter,
p.(None): safeguards should ensure that the data subject is aware of the fact that and the extent to which consent is given. In
p.(None): accordance with Council Directive 93/13/EEC (10) a declaration of consent pre-formulated by the controller should be provided
p.(None): in an intelligible and easily accessible form, using clear and plain language and it should not contain unfair terms. For consent
p.(None): to be informed, the data subject should be aware at least of the identity of the controller and the purposes of the processing
p.(None): for which the personal data are intended. Consent should not be regarded as freely given if the data subject has no genuine
p.(None): or free choice or is unable to refuse or withdraw consent without detriment.
p.(None): (43) In order to ensure that consent is freely given, consent should not provide a valid legal ground for the processing of personal
p.(None): data in a speciﬁc case where there is a clear imbalance between the data subject and the controller, in particular where the
p.(None): controller is a public authority and it is therefore unlikely that consent was freely given in all the circumstances of that speciﬁc
p.(None): situation. Consent is presumed not to be freely given if it does not allow separate consent to be given to diﬀerent personal
p.(None): data processing operations despite it being appropriate in the individual case, or if the performance of a contract, including the
p.(None): provision of a service, is dependent on the consent despite such consent not being necessary for such performance.
...

p.(None): and banking companies.
p.(None): (55) Moreover, the processing of personal data by oﬃcial authorities for the purpose of achieving the aims, laid down by
p.(None): constitutional law or by international public law, of oﬃcially recognised religious associations, is carried out on grounds of
p.(None): public interest.
p.(None): (56) Where in the course of electoral activities, the operation of the democratic system in a Member State requires that political
p.(None): parties compile personal data on people's political opinions, the processing of such data may be permitted for reasons of
p.(None): public interest, provided that appropriate safeguards are established.
p.(None): (57) If the personal data processed by a controller do not permit the controller to identify a natural person, the data controller
p.(None): should not be obliged to acquire additional information in order to identify the data subject for the sole purpose of complying
p.(None): with any provision of this Regulation. However, the controller should not refuse to take additional information provided by the
p.(None): data subject in order to support the exercise of his or her rights. Identiﬁcation should include the digital identiﬁcation of a data
p.(None): subject, for example through authentication mechanism such as the same credentials, used by the data subject to log-in to the
p.(None): on-line service offered by the data controller.
p.(None): (58) The principle of transparency requires that any information addressed to the public or to the data subject be concise, easily
p.(None): accessible and easy to understand, and that clear and plain language and, additionally, where appropriate, visualisation be
p.(None): used. Such information could be provided in electronic form, for example, when addressed to the public, through a website.
p.(None): This is of particular relevance in situations where the proliferation of actors and the technological complexity of practice make
p.(None): it diﬃcult for the data subject to know and understand whether, by whom and for what purpose personal data relating to him or
p.(None): her are being collected, such as in the case of online advertising. Given that children merit speciﬁc protection, any information
p.(None): and communication, where processing is addressed to a child, should be in such a clear and plain language that the child can
p.(None): easily understand.
p.(None): (59) Modalities should be provided for facilitating the exercise of the data subject's rights under this Regulation, including
p.(None): mechanisms to request and, if applicable, obtain, free of charge, in particular, access to and rectiﬁcation or erasure of
p.(None): personal data and the exercise of the right to object. The controller should also provide means for requests to be made
p.(None): electronically, especially where personal data are processed by electronic means. The controller should be obliged to respond
p.(None): to requests from the data subject without undue delay and at the latest within one month and to give reasons where the
p.(None): controller does not intend to comply with any such requests.
p.(None): (60) The principles of fair and transparent processing require that the data subject be informed of the existence of the processing
p.(None): operation and its purposes. The controller should provide the data subject with any further information necessary to ensure
p.(None): fair and transparent processing taking into account the speciﬁc circumstances and context in which the personal data are
p.(None): processed. Furthermore, the data subject should be informed of the existence of proﬁling and the consequences of such
p.(None): proﬁling. Where the personal data are collected from the data subject, the data subject should also be informed whether he or
p.(None): she is obliged to provide the personal data and of the consequences, where he or she does not provide such data. That
p.(None): information may be provided in combination with standardised icons in order to give in an easily visible, intelligible and clearly
...

p.(None): another purpose is compatible with the purpose for which the personal data are initially collected, take into account, inter alia:
p.(None): (a) any link between the purposes for which the personal data have been collected and the purposes of the intended further
p.(None): processing;
p.(None): (b) the context in which the personal data have been collected, in particular regarding the relationship between data subjects and
p.(None): the controller;
p.(None): (c) the nature of the personal data, in particular whether special categories of personal data are processed, pursuant to Article 9,
p.(None): or whether personal data related to criminal convictions and offences are processed, pursuant to Article 10;
p.(None): (d) the possible consequences of the intended further processing for data subjects;
p.(None): (e) the existence of appropriate safeguards, which may include encryption or pseudonymisation.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 7
p.(None): Conditions for consent
p.(None): 1. Where processing is based on consent, the controller shall be able to demonstrate that the data subject has consented to
p.(None): processing of his or her personal data.
p.(None): 2. If the data subject's consent is given in the context of a written declaration which also concerns other matters, the request for
p.(None): consent shall be presented in a manner which is clearly distinguishable from the other matters, in an intelligible and easily
p.(None): accessible form, using clear and plain language. Any part of such a declaration which constitutes an infringement of this Regulation
p.(None): shall not be binding.
p.(None): 3. The data subject shall have the right to withdraw his or her consent at any time. The withdrawal of consent shall not aﬀect the
p.(None): lawfulness of processing based on consent before its withdrawal. Prior to giving consent, the data subject shall be informed thereof.
p.(None): It shall be as easy to withdraw as to give consent.
p.(None): 4. When assessing whether consent is freely given, utmost account shall be taken of whether,inter alia, the performance of a
p.(None): contract, including the provision of a service, is conditional on consent to the processing of personal data that is not necessary for
p.(None): the performance of that contract.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 8
p.(None): Conditions applicable to child's consent in relation to information society services
p.(None): 1. Where point (a) of Article 6(1) applies, in relation to the oﬀer of information society services directly to a child, the processing of
...

p.(None): kept only under the control of official authority.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 11
p.(None): Processing which does not require identification
p.(None): 1. If the purposes for which a controller processes personal data do not or do no longer require the identiﬁcation of a data subject
p.(None): by the controller, the controller shall not be obliged to maintain, acquire or process additional information in order to identify the
p.(None): data subject for the sole purpose of complying with this Regulation.
p.(None): 2. Where, in cases referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article, the controller is able to demonstrate that it is not in a position to
p.(None): identify the data subject, the controller shall inform the data subject accordingly, if possible. In such cases, Articles 15 to 20 shall
p.(None): not apply except where the data subject, for the purpose of exercising his or her rights under those articles, provides additional
p.(None): information enabling his or her identification.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): CHAPTER III
p.(None): Rights of the data subject
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Section 1
p.(None): Transparency and modalities
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 12
p.(None): Transparent information, communication and modalities for the exercise of the rights of the data subject
p.(None): 1. The controller shall take appropriate measures to provide any information referred to in Articles 13 and 14 and any
p.(None): communication under Articles 15 to 22 and 34 relating to processing to the data subject in a concise, transparent, intelligible and
p.(None): easily accessible form, using clear and plain language, in particular for any information addressed speciﬁcally to a child. The
p.(None): information shall be provided in writing, or by other means, including, where appropriate, by electronic means. When requested by
p.(None): the data subject, the information may be provided orally, provided that the identity of the data subject is proven by other means.
p.(None): 2. The controller shall facilitate the exercise of data subject rights under Articles 15 to 22. In the cases referred to in Article 11(2),
p.(None): the controller shall not refuse to act on the request of the data subject for exercising his or her rights under Articles 15 to 22, unless
p.(None): the controller demonstrates that it is not in a position to identify the data subject.
p.(None): 3. The controller shall provide information on action taken on a request under Articles 15 to 22 to the data subject without undue
p.(None): delay and in any event within one month of receipt of the request. That period may be extended by two further months where
p.(None): necessary, taking into account the complexity and number of the requests. The controller shall inform the data subject of any such
p.(None): extension within one month of receipt of the request, together with the reasons for the delay. Where the data subject makes the
p.(None): request by electronic form means, the information shall be provided by electronic means where possible, unless otherwise
p.(None): requested by the data subject.
p.(None): 4. If the controller does not take action on the request of the data subject, the controller shall inform the data subject without delay
p.(None): and at the latest within one month of receipt of the request of the reasons for not taking action and on the possibility of lodging a
...

p.(None): 3. The notification referred to in paragraph 1 shall at least:
p.(None): (a) describe the nature of the personal data breach including where possible, the categories and approximate number of data
p.(None): subjects concerned and the categories and approximate number of personal data records concerned;
p.(None): (b) communicate the name and contact details of the data protection oﬃcer or other contact point where more information can be
p.(None): obtained;
p.(None): (c) describe the likely consequences of the personal data breach;
p.(None): (d) describe the measures taken or proposed to be taken by the controller to address the personal data breach, including, where
p.(None): appropriate, measures to mitigate its possible adverse effects.
p.(None): 4. Where, and in so far as, it is not possible to provide the information at the same time, the information may be provided in
p.(None): phases without undue further delay.
p.(None): 5. The controller shall document any personal data breaches, comprising the facts relating to the personal data breach, its eﬀects
p.(None): and the remedial action taken. That documentation shall enable the supervisory authority to verify compliance with this Article.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 34
p.(None): Communication of a personal data breach to the data subject
p.(None): 1. When the personal data breach is likely to result in a high risk to the rights and freedoms of natural persons, the controller shall
p.(None): communicate the personal data breach to the data subject without undue delay.
p.(None): 2. The communication to the data subject referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article shall describe in clear and plain language the
p.(None): nature of the personal data breach and contain at least the information and measures referred to in points (b), (c) and (d) of
p.(None): Article 33(3).
p.(None): 3. The communication to the data subject referred to in paragraph 1 shall not be required if any of the following conditions are met:
p.(None): (a) the controller has implemented appropriate technical and organisational protection measures, and those measures were
p.(None): applied to the personal data aﬀected by the personal data breach, in particular those that render the personal data
p.(None): unintelligible to any person who is not authorised to access it, such as encryption;
p.(None): (b) the controller has taken subsequent measures which ensure that the high risk to the rights and freedoms of data subjects
p.(None): referred to in paragraph 1 is no longer likely to materialise;
p.(None): (c) it would involve disproportionate eﬀort. In such a case, there shall instead be a public communication or similar measure
p.(None): whereby the data subjects are informed in an equally effective manner.
p.(None): 4. If the controller has not already communicated the personal data breach to the data subject, the supervisory authority, having
p.(None): considered the likelihood of the personal data breach resulting in a high risk, may require it to do so or may decide that any of the
p.(None): conditions referred to in paragraph 3 are met.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Section 3
p.(None): Data protection impact assessment and prior consultation
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 35
...

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Searching for indicator single:

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p.(None): decisions regarding speciﬁc natural persons following any systematic and extensive evaluation of personal aspects relating to
p.(None): natural persons based on proﬁling those data or following the processing of special categories of personal data, biometric
p.(None): data, or data on criminal convictions and oﬀences or related security measures. A data protection impact assessment is
p.(None): equally required for monitoring publicly accessible areas on a large scale, especially when using optic-electronic devices or for
p.(None): any other operations where the competent supervisory authority considers that the processing is likely to result in a high risk
p.(None): to the rights and freedoms of data subjects, in particular because they prevent data subjects from exercising a right or using a
p.(None): service or a contract, or because they are carried out systematically on a large scale. The processing of personal data should
p.(None): not be considered to be on a large scale if the processing concerns personal data from patients or clients by an individual
p.(None): physician, other health care professional or lawyer. In such cases, a data protection impact assessment should not be
p.(None): mandatory.
p.(None): (92) There are circumstances under which it may be reasonable and economical for the subject of a data protection impact
p.(None): assessment to be broader than a single project, for example where public authorities or bodies intend to establish a common
p.(None): application or processing platform or where several controllers plan to introduce a common application or processing
p.(None): environment across an industry sector or segment or for a widely used horizontal activity.
p.(None): (93) In the context of the adoption of the Member State law on which the performance of the tasks of the public authority or public
p.(None): body is based and which regulates the speciﬁc processing operation or set of operations in question, Member States may
p.(None): deem it necessary to carry out such assessment prior to the processing activities.
p.(None): (94) Where a data protection impact assessment indicates that the processing would, in the absence of safeguards, security
p.(None): measures and mechanisms to mitigate the risk, result in a high risk to the rights and freedoms of natural persons and the
p.(None): controller is of the opinion that the risk cannot be mitigated by reasonable means in terms of available technologies and costs
p.(None): of implementation, the supervisory authority should be consulted prior to the start of processing activities. Such high risk is
p.(None): likely to result from certain types of processing and the extent and frequency of processing, which may result also in a
...

p.(None): carry out investigations with their international counterparts. For the purposes of developing international cooperation
p.(None): mechanisms to facilitate and provide international mutual assistance for the enforcement of legislation for the protection of
p.(None): personal data, the Commission and the supervisory authorities should exchange information and cooperate in activities
p.(None): related to the exercise of their powers with competent authorities in third countries, based on reciprocity and in accordance
p.(None): with this Regulation.
p.(None): (117)The establishment of supervisory authorities in Member States, empowered to perform their tasks and exercise their powers
p.(None): with complete independence, is an essential component of the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of
p.(None): their personal data. Member States should be able to establish more than one supervisory authority, to reﬂect their
p.(None): constitutional, organisational and administrative structure.
p.(None): (118)The independence of supervisory authorities should not mean that the supervisory authorities cannot be subject to control or
p.(None): monitoring mechanisms regarding their financial expenditure or to judicial review.
p.(None): (119)Where a Member State establishes several supervisory authorities, it should establish by law mechanisms for ensuring the
p.(None): eﬀective participation of those supervisory authorities in the consistency mechanism. That Member State should in particular
p.(None): designate the supervisory authority which functions as a single contact point for the eﬀective participation of those authorities
p.(None): in the mechanism, to ensure swift and smooth cooperation with other supervisory authorities, the Board and the Commission.
p.(None): (120)Each supervisory authority should be provided with the ﬁnancial and human resources, premises and infrastructure necessary
p.(None): for the eﬀective performance of their tasks, including those related to mutual assistance and cooperation with other
p.(None): supervisory authorities throughout the Union. Each supervisory authority should have a separate, public annual budget, which
p.(None): may be part of the overall state or national budget.
p.(None): (121)The general conditions for the member or members of the supervisory authority should be laid down by law in each
p.(None): Member State and should in particular provide that those members are to be appointed, by means of a transparent procedure,
p.(None): either by the parliament, government or the head of State of the Member State on the basis of a proposal from the
p.(None): government, a member of the government, the parliament or a chamber of the parliament, or by an independent body
p.(None): entrusted under Member State law. In order to ensure the independence of the supervisory authority, the member or
p.(None): members should act with integrity, refrain from any action that is incompatible with their duties and should not, during their
...

p.(None): processing of personal data carried out by public authorities or private bodies acting in the public interest, processing aﬀecting
p.(None): data subjects on its territory or processing carried out by a controller or processor not established in the Union when targeting
p.(None): data subjects residing on its territory. This should include handling complaints lodged by a data subject, conducting
p.(None): investigations on the application of this Regulation and promoting public awareness of the risks, rules, safeguards and rights
p.(None): in relation to the processing of personal data.
p.(None): (123)The supervisory authorities should monitor the application of the provisions pursuant to this Regulation and contribute to its
p.(None): consistent application throughout the Union, in order to protect natural persons in relation to the processing of their personal
p.(None): data and to facilitate the free ﬂow of personal data within the internal market. For that purpose, the supervisory authorities
p.(None): should cooperate with each other and with the Commission, without the need for any agreement between Member States on
p.(None): the provision of mutual assistance or on such cooperation.
p.(None): (124)Where the processing of personal data takes place in the context of the activities of an establishment of a controller or a
p.(None): processor in the Union and the controller or processor is established in more than one Member State, or where processing
p.(None): taking place in the context of the activities of a single establishment of a controller or processor in the Union substantially
p.(None): aﬀects or is likely to substantially aﬀect data subjects in more than one Member State, the supervisory authority for the main
p.(None): establishment of the controller or processor or for the single establishment of the controller or processor should act as lead
p.(None): authority. It should cooperate with the other authorities concerned, because the controller or processor has an establishment
p.(None): on the territory of their Member State, because data subjects residing on their territory are substantially aﬀected, or because a
p.(None): complaint has been lodged with them. Also where a data subject not residing in that Member State has lodged a complaint,
p.(None): the supervisory authority with which such complaint has been lodged should also be a supervisory authority concerned. Within
p.(None): its tasks to issue guidelines on any question covering the application of this Regulation, the Board should be able to issue
p.(None): guidelines in particular on the criteria to be taken into account in order to ascertain whether the processing in question
p.(None): substantially affects data subjects in more than one Member State and on what constitutes a relevant and reasoned objection.
p.(None): (125)The lead authority should be competent to adopt binding decisions regarding measures applying the powers conferred on it in
p.(None): accordance with this Regulation. In its capacity as lead authority, the supervisory authority should closely involve and
p.(None): coordinate the supervisory authorities concerned in the decision-making process. Where the decision is to reject the
p.(None): complaint by the data subject in whole or in part, that decision should be adopted by the supervisory authority with which the
p.(None): complaint has been lodged.
p.(None): (126)The decision should be agreed jointly by the lead supervisory authority and the supervisory authorities concerned and should
p.(None): be directed towards the main or single establishment of the controller or processor and be binding on the controller and
p.(None): processor. The controller or processor should take the necessary measures to ensure compliance with this Regulation and
p.(None): the implementation of the decision notiﬁed by the lead supervisory authority to the main establishment of the controller or
p.(None): processor as regards the processing activities in the Union.
p.(None): (127)Each supervisory authority not acting as the lead supervisory authority should be competent to handle local cases where the
p.(None): controller or processor is established in more than one Member State, but the subject matter of the speciﬁc processing
p.(None): concerns only processing carried out in a single Member State and involves only data subjects in that single Member State,
p.(None): for example, where the subject matter concerns the processing of employees' personal data in the speciﬁc employment
p.(None): context of a Member State. In such cases, the supervisory authority should inform the lead supervisory authority without delay
p.(None): about the matter. After being informed, the lead supervisory authority should decide, whether it will handle the case pursuant
p.(None): to the provision on cooperation between the lead supervisory authority and other supervisory authorities concerned (‘one-stop-
p.(None): shop mechanism’), or whether the supervisory authority which informed it should handle the case at local level. When deciding
p.(None): whether it will handle the case, the lead supervisory authority should take into account whether there is an establishment of
p.(None): the controller or processor in the Member State of the supervisory authority which informed it in order to ensure eﬀective
p.(None): enforcement of a decision vis-à-vis the controller or processor. Where the lead supervisory authority decides to handle the
p.(None): case, the supervisory authority which informed it should have the possibility to submit a draft for a decision, of which the lead
...

p.(None): Directive 95/46/EC. It should consist of the head of a supervisory authority of each Member State and the European Data
p.(None): Protection Supervisor or their respective representatives. The Commission should participate in the Board's activities without
p.(None): voting rights and the European Data Protection Supervisor should have speciﬁc voting rights. The Board should contribute to
p.(None): the consistent application of this Regulation throughout the Union, including by advising the Commission, in particular on the
p.(None): level of protection in third countries or international organisations, and promoting cooperation of the supervisory authorities
p.(None): throughout the Union. The Board should act independently when performing its tasks.
p.(None): (140)The Board should be assisted by a secretariat provided by the European Data Protection Supervisor. The staﬀ of the
p.(None): European Data Protection Supervisor involved in carrying out the tasks conferred on the Board by this Regulation should
p.(None): perform its tasks exclusively under the instructions of, and report to, the Chair of the Board.
p.(None): (141)Every data subject should have the right to lodge a complaint with a single supervisory authority, in particular in the
p.(None): Member State of his or her habitual residence, and the right to an eﬀective judicial remedy in accordance with Article 47 of the
p.(None): Charter if the data subject considers that his or her rights under this Regulation are infringed or where the supervisory
p.(None): authority does not act on a complaint, partially or wholly rejects or dismisses a complaint or does not act where such action is
p.(None): necessary to protect the rights of the data subject. The investigation following a complaint should be carried out, subject to
p.(None): judicial review, to the extent that is appropriate in the speciﬁc case. The supervisory authority should inform the data subject
p.(None): of the progress and the outcome of the complaint within a reasonable period. If the case requires further investigation or
p.(None): coordination with another supervisory authority, intermediate information should be given to the data subject. In order to
p.(None): facilitate the submission of complaints, each supervisory authority should take measures such as providing a complaint
p.(None): submission form which can also be completed electronically, without excluding other means of communication.
p.(None): (142)Where a data subject considers that his or her rights under this Regulation are infringed, he or she should have the right to
p.(None): mandate a not-for-proﬁt body, organisation or association which is constituted in accordance with the law of a Member State,
...

p.(None): established on the territory of a Member State for transfers or a set of transfers of personal data to a controller or processor in
p.(None): one or more third countries within a group of undertakings, or group of enterprises engaged in a joint economic activity;
p.(None): (21) ‘supervisory authority’ means an independent public authority which is established by a Member State pursuant to Article 51;
p.(None): (22) ‘supervisory authority concerned’ means a supervisory authority which is concerned by the processing of personal data
p.(None): because:
p.(None): (a) the controller or processor is established on the territory of the Member State of that supervisory authority;
p.(None): (b) data subjects residing in the Member State of that supervisory authority are substantially aﬀected or likely to be
p.(None): substantially affected by the processing; or
p.(None): (c) a complaint has been lodged with that supervisory authority;
p.(None): (23) ‘cross-border processing’ means either:
p.(None): (a) processing of personal data which takes place in the context of the activities of establishments in more than one
p.(None): Member State of a controller or processor in the Union where the controller or processor is established in more than one
p.(None): Member State; or
p.(None): (b) processing of personal data which takes place in the context of the activities of a single establishment of a controller or
p.(None): processor in the Union but which substantially aﬀects or is likely to substantially aﬀect data subjects in more than one
p.(None): Member State.
p.(None): (24) ‘relevant and reasoned objection’ means an objection to a draft decision as to whether there is an infringement of this
p.(None): Regulation, or whether envisaged action in relation to the controller or processor complies with this Regulation, which clearly
p.(None): demonstrates the signiﬁcance of the risks posed by the draft decision as regards the fundamental rights and freedoms of data
p.(None): subjects and, where applicable, the free flow of personal data within the Union;
p.(None): (25) ‘information society service’ means a service as deﬁned in point (b) of Article 1(1) of Directive (EU) 2015/1535 of the
p.(None): European Parliament and of the Council (19);
p.(None): (26) ‘international organisation’ means an organisation and its subordinate bodies governed by public international law, or any
p.(None): other body which is set up by, or on the basis of, an agreement between two or more countries.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): CHAPTER II
p.(None): Principles
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 5
p.(None): Principles relating to processing of personal data
p.(None): 1. Personal data shall be:
p.(None): (a) processed lawfully, fairly and in a transparent manner in relation to the data subject (‘lawfulness, fairness and transparency’);
p.(None): (b) collected for speciﬁed, explicit and legitimate purposes and not further processed in a manner that is incompatible with those
p.(None): purposes; further processing for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientiﬁc or historical research purposes or
...

p.(None): (b) the controller has taken subsequent measures which ensure that the high risk to the rights and freedoms of data subjects
p.(None): referred to in paragraph 1 is no longer likely to materialise;
p.(None): (c) it would involve disproportionate eﬀort. In such a case, there shall instead be a public communication or similar measure
p.(None): whereby the data subjects are informed in an equally effective manner.
p.(None): 4. If the controller has not already communicated the personal data breach to the data subject, the supervisory authority, having
p.(None): considered the likelihood of the personal data breach resulting in a high risk, may require it to do so or may decide that any of the
p.(None): conditions referred to in paragraph 3 are met.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Section 3
p.(None): Data protection impact assessment and prior consultation
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 35
p.(None): Data protection impact assessment
p.(None): 1. Where a type of processing in particular using new technologies, and taking into account the nature, scope, context and
p.(None): purposes of the processing, is likely to result in a high risk to the rights and freedoms of natural persons, the controller shall, prior to
p.(None): the processing, carry out an assessment of the impact of the envisaged processing operations on the protection of personal data. A
p.(None): single assessment may address a set of similar processing operations that present similar high risks.
p.(None): 2. The controller shall seek the advice of the data protection oﬃcer, where designated, when carrying out a data protection impact
p.(None): assessment.
p.(None): 3. A data protection impact assessment referred to in paragraph 1 shall in particular be required in the case of:
p.(None): (a) a systematic and extensive evaluation of personal aspects relating to natural persons which is based on automated
p.(None): processing, including proﬁling, and on which decisions are based that produce legal eﬀects concerning the natural person or
p.(None): similarly significantly affect the natural person;
p.(None): (b) processing on a large scale of special categories of data referred to in Article 9(1), or of personal data relating to criminal
p.(None): convictions and offences referred to in Article 10; or
p.(None): (c) a systematic monitoring of a publicly accessible area on a large scale.
p.(None): 4. The supervisory authority shall establish and make public a list of the kind of processing operations which are subject to the
p.(None): requirement for a data protection impact assessment pursuant to paragraph 1. The supervisory authority shall communicate those
p.(None): lists to the Board referred to in Article 68.
p.(None): 5. The supervisory authority may also establish and make public a list of the kind of processing operations for which no data
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p.(None): supervisory authority in relation to processing by a controller for the performance of a task carried out by the controller in the public
p.(None): interest, including processing in relation to social protection and public health.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Section 4
p.(None): Data protection officer
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 37
p.(None): Designation of the data protection officer
p.(None): 1. The controller and the processor shall designate a data protection officer in any case where:
p.(None): (a) the processing is carried out by a public authority or body, except for courts acting in their judicial capacity;
p.(None): (b) the core activities of the controller or the processor consist of processing operations which, by virtue of their nature, their
p.(None): scope and/or their purposes, require regular and systematic monitoring of data subjects on a large scale; or
p.(None): (c) the core activities of the controller or the processor consist of processing on a large scale of special categories of data
p.(None): pursuant to Article 9 and personal data relating to criminal convictions and offences referred to in Article 10.
p.(None): 2. A group of undertakings may appoint a single data protection oﬃcer provided that a data protection oﬃcer is easily accessible
p.(None): from each establishment.
p.(None): 3. Where the controller or the processor is a public authority or body, a single data protection oﬃcer may be designated for
p.(None): several such authorities or bodies, taking account of their organisational structure and size.
p.(None): 4. In cases other than those referred to in paragraph 1, the controller or processor or associations and other bodies representing
p.(None): categories of controllers or processors may or, where required by Union or Member State law shall, designate a data protection
p.(None): officer. The data protection officer may act for such associations and other bodies representing controllers or processors.
p.(None): 5. The data protection oﬃcer shall be designated on the basis of professional qualities and, in particular, expert knowledge of data
p.(None): protection law and practices and the ability to fulfil the tasks referred to in Article 39.
p.(None): 6. The data protection oﬃcer may be a staﬀ member of the controller or processor, or fulﬁl the tasks on the basis of a service
p.(None): contract.
p.(None): 7. The controller or the processor shall publish the contact details of the data protection oﬃcer and communicate them to the
p.(None): supervisory authority.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 38
p.(None): Position of the data protection officer
...

p.(None): subject to a duty of professional secrecy both during and after their term of oﬃce, with regard to any conﬁdential information which
p.(None): has come to their knowledge in the course of the performance of their tasks or exercise of their powers. During their term of oﬃce,
p.(None): that duty of professional secrecy shall in particular apply to reporting by natural persons of infringements of this Regulation.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Section 2
p.(None): Competence, tasks and powers
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 55
p.(None): Competence
p.(None): 1. Each supervisory authority shall be competent for the performance of the tasks assigned to and the exercise of the powers
p.(None): conferred on it in accordance with this Regulation on the territory of its own Member State.
p.(None): 2. Where processing is carried out by public authorities or private bodies acting on the basis of point (c) or (e) of Article 6(1), the
p.(None): supervisory authority of the Member State concerned shall be competent. In such cases Article 56 does not apply.
p.(None): 3. Supervisory authorities shall not be competent to supervise processing operations of courts acting in their judicial capacity.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 56
p.(None): Competence of the lead supervisory authority
p.(None): 1. Without prejudice to Article 55, the supervisory authority of the main establishment or of the single establishment of the
p.(None): controller or processor shall be competent to act as lead supervisory authority for the cross-border processing carried out by that
p.(None): controller or processor in accordance with the procedure provided in Article 60.
p.(None): 2. By derogation from paragraph 1, each supervisory authority shall be competent to handle a complaint lodged with it or a
p.(None): possible infringement of this Regulation, if the subject matter relates only to an establishment in its Member State or substantially
p.(None): affects data subjects only in its Member State.
p.(None): 3. In the cases referred to in paragraph 2 of this Article, the supervisory authority shall inform the lead supervisory authority
p.(None): without delay on that matter. Within a period of three weeks after being informed the lead supervisory authority shall decide
p.(None): whether or not it will handle the case in accordance with the procedure provided in Article 60, taking into account whether or not
p.(None): there is an establishment of the controller or processor in the Member State of which the supervisory authority informed it.
p.(None): 4. Where the lead supervisory authority decides to handle the case, the procedure provided in Article 60 shall apply. The
...

p.(None): and take due account of their views.
p.(None): 4. Where any of the other supervisory authorities concerned within a period of four weeks after having been consulted in
p.(None): accordance with paragraph 3 of this Article, expresses a relevant and reasoned objection to the draft decision, the lead supervisory
p.(None): authority shall, if it does not follow the relevant and reasoned objection or is of the opinion that the objection is not relevant or
p.(None): reasoned, submit the matter to the consistency mechanism referred to in Article 63.
p.(None): 5. Where the lead supervisory authority intends to follow the relevant and reasoned objection made, it shall submit to the other
p.(None): supervisory authorities concerned a revised draft decision for their opinion. That revised draft decision shall be subject to the
p.(None): procedure referred to in paragraph 4 within a period of two weeks.
p.(None): 6. Where none of the other supervisory authorities concerned has objected to the draft decision submitted by the lead supervisory
p.(None): authority within the period referred to in paragraphs 4 and 5, the lead supervisory authority and the supervisory authorities
p.(None): concerned shall be deemed to be in agreement with that draft decision and shall be bound by it.
p.(None): 7. The lead supervisory authority shall adopt and notify the decision to the main establishment or single establishment of the
p.(None): controller or processor, as the case may be and inform the other supervisory authorities concerned and the Board of the decision in
p.(None): question, including a summary of the relevant facts and grounds. The supervisory authority with which a complaint has been lodged
p.(None): shall inform the complainant on the decision.
p.(None): 8. By derogation from paragraph 7, where a complaint is dismissed or rejected, the supervisory authority with which the complaint
p.(None): was lodged shall adopt the decision and notify it to the complainant and shall inform the controller thereof.
p.(None): 9. Where the lead supervisory authority and the supervisory authorities concerned agree to dismiss or reject parts of a complaint
p.(None): and to act on other parts of that complaint, a separate decision shall be adopted for each of those parts of the matter. The lead
p.(None): supervisory authority shall adopt the decision for the part concerning actions in relation to the controller, shall notify it to the main
p.(None): establishment or single establishment of the controller or processor on the territory of its Member State and shall inform the
p.(None): complainant thereof, while the supervisory authority of the complainant shall adopt the decision for the part concerning dismissal or
p.(None): rejection of that complaint, and shall notify it to that complainant and shall inform the controller or processor thereof.
p.(None): 10. After being notiﬁed of the decision of the lead supervisory authority pursuant to paragraphs 7 and 9, the controller or
p.(None): processor shall take the necessary measures to ensure compliance with the decision as regards processing activities in the context
p.(None): of all its establishments in the Union. The controller or processor shall notify the measures taken for complying with the decision to
p.(None): the lead supervisory authority, which shall inform the other supervisory authorities concerned.
p.(None): 11. Where, in exceptional circumstances, a supervisory authority concerned has reasons to consider that there is an urgent need
p.(None): to act in order to protect the interests of data subjects, the urgency procedure referred to in Article 66 shall apply.
p.(None): 12. The lead supervisory authority and the other supervisory authorities concerned shall supply the information required under this
p.(None): Article to each other by electronic means, using a standardised format.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 61
p.(None): Mutual assistance
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p.(None): in the mechanism, to ensure swift and smooth cooperation with other supervisory authorities, the Board and the Commission.
p.(None): (120)Each supervisory authority should be provided with the ﬁnancial and human resources, premises and infrastructure necessary
p.(None): for the eﬀective performance of their tasks, including those related to mutual assistance and cooperation with other
p.(None): supervisory authorities throughout the Union. Each supervisory authority should have a separate, public annual budget, which
p.(None): may be part of the overall state or national budget.
p.(None): (121)The general conditions for the member or members of the supervisory authority should be laid down by law in each
p.(None): Member State and should in particular provide that those members are to be appointed, by means of a transparent procedure,
p.(None): either by the parliament, government or the head of State of the Member State on the basis of a proposal from the
p.(None): government, a member of the government, the parliament or a chamber of the parliament, or by an independent body
p.(None): entrusted under Member State law. In order to ensure the independence of the supervisory authority, the member or
p.(None): members should act with integrity, refrain from any action that is incompatible with their duties and should not, during their
p.(None): term of oﬃce, engage in any incompatible occupation, whether gainful or not. The supervisory authority should have its own
p.(None): staﬀ, chosen by the supervisory authority or an independent body established by Member State law, which should be subject
p.(None): to the exclusive direction of the member or members of the supervisory authority.
p.(None): (122)Each supervisory authority should be competent on the territory of its own Member State to exercise the powers and to
p.(None): perform the tasks conferred on it in accordance with this Regulation. This should cover in particular the processing in the
p.(None): context of the activities of an establishment of the controller or processor on the territory of its own Member State, the
p.(None): processing of personal data carried out by public authorities or private bodies acting in the public interest, processing aﬀecting
p.(None): data subjects on its territory or processing carried out by a controller or processor not established in the Union when targeting
p.(None): data subjects residing on its territory. This should include handling complaints lodged by a data subject, conducting
p.(None): investigations on the application of this Regulation and promoting public awareness of the risks, rules, safeguards and rights
p.(None): in relation to the processing of personal data.
p.(None): (123)The supervisory authorities should monitor the application of the provisions pursuant to this Regulation and contribute to its
...

p.(None): purpose, the supervisory authorities shall cooperate with each other and the Commission in accordance with Chapter VII.
p.(None): 3. Where more than one supervisory authority is established in a Member State, that Member State shall designate the
p.(None): supervisory authority which is to represent those authorities in the Board and shall set out the mechanism to ensure compliance by
p.(None): the other authorities with the rules relating to the consistency mechanism referred to in Article 63.
p.(None): 4. Each Member State shall notify to the Commission the provisions of its law which it adopts pursuant to this Chapter, by 25 May
p.(None): 2018 and, without delay, any subsequent amendment affecting them.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 52
p.(None): Independence
p.(None): 1. Each supervisory authority shall act with complete independence in performing its tasks and exercising its powers in
p.(None): accordance with this Regulation.
p.(None): 2. The member or members of each supervisory authority shall, in the performance of their tasks and exercise of their powers in
p.(None): accordance with this Regulation, remain free from external inﬂuence, whether direct or indirect, and shall neither seek nor take
p.(None): instructions from anybody.
p.(None): 3. Member or members of each supervisory authority shall refrain from any action incompatible with their duties and shall not,
p.(None): during their term of office, engage in any incompatible occupation, whether gainful or not.
p.(None): 4. Each Member State shall ensure that each supervisory authority is provided with the human, technical and ﬁnancial resources,
p.(None): premises and infrastructure necessary for the eﬀective performance of its tasks and exercise of its powers, including those to be
p.(None): carried out in the context of mutual assistance, cooperation and participation in the Board.
p.(None): 5. Each Member State shall ensure that each supervisory authority chooses and has its own staﬀ which shall be subject to the
p.(None): exclusive direction of the member or members of the supervisory authority concerned.
p.(None): 6. Each Member State shall ensure that each supervisory authority is subject to ﬁnancial control which does not aﬀect its
p.(None): independence and that it has separate, public annual budgets, which may be part of the overall state or national budget.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 53
p.(None): General conditions for the members of the supervisory authority
p.(None): 1. Member States shall provide for each member of their supervisory authorities to be appointed by means of a transparent
p.(None): procedure by:
p.(None): — their parliament;
p.(None): — their government;
p.(None): — their head of State; or
p.(None): — an independent body entrusted with the appointment under Member State law.
p.(None): 2. Each member shall have the qualiﬁcations, experience and skills, in particular in the area of the protection of personal data,
p.(None): required to perform its duties and exercise its powers.
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p.(None): (b) refuse to act on the request.
p.(None): The controller shall bear the burden of demonstrating the manifestly unfounded or excessive character of the request.
p.(None): 6. Without prejudice to Article 11, where the controller has reasonable doubts concerning the identity of the natural person making
p.(None): the request referred to in Articles 15 to 21, the controller may request the provision of additional information necessary to conﬁrm
p.(None): the identity of the data subject.
p.(None): 7. The information to be provided to data subjects pursuant to Articles 13 and 14 may be provided in combination with
p.(None): standardised icons in order to give in an easily visible, intelligible and clearly legible manner a meaningful overview of the intended
p.(None): processing. Where the icons are presented electronically they shall be machine-readable.
p.(None): 8. The Commission shall be empowered to adopt delegated acts in accordance with Article 92 for the purpose of determining the
p.(None): information to be presented by the icons and the procedures for providing standardised icons.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Section 2
p.(None): Information and access to personal data
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 13
p.(None): Information to be provided where personal data are collected from the data subject
p.(None): 1. Where personal data relating to a data subject are collected from the data subject, the controller shall, at the time when
p.(None): personal data are obtained, provide the data subject with all of the following information:
p.(None): (a) the identity and the contact details of the controller and, where applicable, of the controller's representative;
p.(None): (b) the contact details of the data protection officer, where applicable;
p.(None): (c) the purposes of the processing for which the personal data are intended as well as the legal basis for the processing;
p.(None): (d) where the processing is based on point (f) of Article 6(1), the legitimate interests pursued by the controller or by a third party;
p.(None): (e) the recipients or categories of recipients of the personal data, if any;
p.(None): (f) where applicable, the fact that the controller intends to transfer personal data to a third country or international organisation
p.(None): and the existence or absence of an adequacy decision by the Commission, or in the case of transfers referred to in Article 46
p.(None): or 47, or the second subparagraph of Article 49(1), reference to the appropriate or suitable safeguards and the means by
p.(None): which to obtain a copy of them or where they have been made available.
p.(None): 2. In addition to the information referred to in paragraph 1, the controller shall, at the time when personal data are obtained,
p.(None): provide the data subject with the following further information necessary to ensure fair and transparent processing:
p.(None): (a) the period for which the personal data will be stored, or if that is not possible, the criteria used to determine that period;
p.(None): (b) the existence of the right to request from the controller access to and rectiﬁcation or erasure of personal data or restriction of
p.(None): processing concerning the data subject or to object to processing as well as the right to data portability;
p.(None): (c) where the processing is based on point (a) of Article 6(1) or point (a) of Article 9(2), the existence of the right to withdraw
p.(None): consent at any time, without affecting the lawfulness of processing based on consent before its withdrawal;
p.(None): (d) the right to lodge a complaint with a supervisory authority;
p.(None): (e) whether the provision of personal data is a statutory or contractual requirement, or a requirement necessary to enter into a
p.(None): contract, as well as whether the data subject is obliged to provide the personal data and of the possible consequences of
p.(None): failure to provide such data;
p.(None): (f) the existence of automated decision-making, including proﬁling, referred to in Article 22(1) and (4) and, at least in those
p.(None): cases, meaningful information about the logic involved, as well as the signiﬁcance and the envisaged consequences of such
p.(None): processing for the data subject.
p.(None): 3. Where the controller intends to further process the personal data for a purpose other than that for which the personal data were
p.(None): collected, the controller shall provide the data subject prior to that further processing with information on that other purpose and with
p.(None): any relevant further information as referred to in paragraph 2.
p.(None): 4. Paragraphs 1, 2 and 3 shall not apply where and insofar as the data subject already has the information.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 14
p.(None): Information to be provided where personal data have not been obtained from the data subject
p.(None): 1. Where personal data have not been obtained from the data subject, the controller shall provide the data subject with the
p.(None): following information:
p.(None): (a) the identity and the contact details of the controller and, where applicable, of the controller's representative;
p.(None): (b) the contact details of the data protection officer, where applicable;
p.(None): (c) the purposes of the processing for which the personal data are intended as well as the legal basis for the processing;
p.(None): (d) the categories of personal data concerned;
p.(None): (e) the recipients or categories of recipients of the personal data, if any;
p.(None): (f) where applicable, that the controller intends to transfer personal data to a recipient in a third country or international
p.(None): organisation and the existence or absence of an adequacy decision by the Commission, or in the case of transfers referred to
p.(None): in Article 46 or 47, or the second subparagraph of Article 49(1), reference to the appropriate or suitable safeguards and the
p.(None): means to obtain a copy of them or where they have been made available.
p.(None): 2. In addition to the information referred to in paragraph 1, the controller shall provide the data subject with the following
p.(None): information necessary to ensure fair and transparent processing in respect of the data subject:
p.(None): (a) the period for which the personal data will be stored, or if that is not possible, the criteria used to determine that period;
p.(None): (b) where the processing is based on point (f) of Article 6(1), the legitimate interests pursued by the controller or by a third party;
p.(None): (c) the existence of the right to request from the controller access to and rectiﬁcation or erasure of personal data or restriction of
p.(None): processing concerning the data subject and to object to processing as well as the right to data portability;
p.(None): (d) where processing is based on point (a) of Article 6(1) or point (a) of Article 9(2), the existence of the right to withdraw consent
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p.(None): in accordance with the examination procedure referred to in Article 93(2).
p.(None): 8. A supervisory authority may adopt standard contractual clauses for the matters referred to in paragraph 3 and 4 of this Article
p.(None): and in accordance with the consistency mechanism referred to in Article 63.
p.(None): 9. The contract or the other legal act referred to in paragraphs 3 and 4 shall be in writing, including in electronic form.
p.(None): 10. Without prejudice to Articles 82, 83 and 84, if a processor infringes this Regulation by determining the purposes and means of
p.(None): processing, the processor shall be considered to be a controller in respect of that processing.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 29
p.(None): Processing under the authority of the controller or processor
p.(None): The processor and any person acting under the authority of the controller or of the processor, who has access to personal data,
p.(None): shall not process those data except on instructions from the controller, unless required to do so by Union or Member State law.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 30
p.(None): Records of processing activities
p.(None): 1. Each controller and, where applicable, the controller's representative, shall maintain a record of processing activities under its
p.(None): responsibility. That record shall contain all of the following information:
p.(None): (a) the name and contact details of the controller and, where applicable, the joint controller, the controller's representative and the
p.(None): data protection officer;
p.(None): (b) the purposes of the processing;
p.(None): (c) a description of the categories of data subjects and of the categories of personal data;
p.(None): (d) the categories of recipients to whom the personal data have been or will be disclosed including recipients in third countries or
p.(None): international organisations;
p.(None): (e) where applicable, transfers of personal data to a third country or an international organisation, including the identiﬁcation of
p.(None): that third country or international organisation and, in the case of transfers referred to in the second subparagraph of
p.(None): Article 49(1), the documentation of suitable safeguards;
p.(None): (f) where possible, the envisaged time limits for erasure of the different categories of data;
p.(None): (g) where possible, a general description of the technical and organisational security measures referred to in Article 32(1).
p.(None): 2. Each processor and, where applicable, the processor's representative shall maintain a record of all categories of processing
p.(None): activities carried out on behalf of a controller, containing:
p.(None): (a) the name and contact details of the processor or processors and of each controller on behalf of which the processor is acting,
p.(None): and, where applicable, of the controller's or the processor's representative, and the data protection officer;
p.(None): (b) the categories of processing carried out on behalf of each controller;
p.(None): (c) where applicable, transfers of personal data to a third country or an international organisation, including the identiﬁcation of
p.(None): that third country or international organisation and, in the case of transfers referred to in the second subparagraph of
p.(None): Article 49(1), the documentation of suitable safeguards;
p.(None): (d) where possible, a general description of the technical and organisational security measures referred to in Article 32(1).
p.(None): 3. The records referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2 shall be in writing, including in electronic form.
p.(None): 4. The controller or the processor and, where applicable, the controller's or the processor's representative, shall make the record
p.(None): available to the supervisory authority on request.
p.(None): 5. The obligations referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2 shall not apply to an enterprise or an organisation employing fewer than 250
p.(None): persons unless the processing it carries out is likely to result in a risk to the rights and freedoms of data subjects, the processing is
p.(None): not occasional, or the processing includes special categories of data as referred to in Article 9(1) or personal data relating to
p.(None): criminal convictions and offences referred to in Article 10.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 31
p.(None): Cooperation with the supervisory authority
p.(None): The controller and the processor and, where applicable, their representatives, shall cooperate, on request, with the supervisory
p.(None): authority in the performance of its tasks.
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p.(None): period of up to eight weeks of receipt of the request for consultation, provide written advice to the controller and, where applicable
p.(None): to the processor, and may use any of its powers referred to in Article 58. That period may be extended by six weeks, taking into
p.(None): account the complexity of the intended processing. The supervisory authority shall inform the controller and, where applicable, the
p.(None): processor, of any such extension within one month of receipt of the request for consultation together with the reasons for the delay.
p.(None): Those periods may be suspended until the supervisory authority has obtained information it has requested for the purposes of the
p.(None): consultation.
p.(None): 3. When consulting the supervisory authority pursuant to paragraph 1, the controller shall provide the supervisory authority with:
p.(None): (a) where applicable, the respective responsibilities of the controller, joint controllers and processors involved in the processing,
p.(None): in particular for processing within a group of undertakings;
p.(None): (b) the purposes and means of the intended processing;
p.(None): (c) the measures and safeguards provided to protect the rights and freedoms of data subjects pursuant to this Regulation;
p.(None): (d) where applicable, the contact details of the data protection officer;
p.(None): (e) the data protection impact assessment provided for in Article 35; and
p.(None): (f) any other information requested by the supervisory authority.
p.(None): 4. Member States shall consult the supervisory authority during the preparation of a proposal for a legislative measure to be
p.(None): adopted by a national parliament, or of a regulatory measure based on such a legislative measure, which relates to processing.
p.(None): 5. Notwithstanding paragraph 1, Member State law may require controllers to consult with, and obtain prior authorisation from, the
p.(None): supervisory authority in relation to processing by a controller for the performance of a task carried out by the controller in the public
p.(None): interest, including processing in relation to social protection and public health.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Section 4
p.(None): Data protection officer
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 37
p.(None): Designation of the data protection officer
p.(None): 1. The controller and the processor shall designate a data protection officer in any case where:
p.(None): (a) the processing is carried out by a public authority or body, except for courts acting in their judicial capacity;
p.(None): (b) the core activities of the controller or the processor consist of processing operations which, by virtue of their nature, their
p.(None): scope and/or their purposes, require regular and systematic monitoring of data subjects on a large scale; or
p.(None): (c) the core activities of the controller or the processor consist of processing on a large scale of special categories of data
p.(None): pursuant to Article 9 and personal data relating to criminal convictions and offences referred to in Article 10.
p.(None): 2. A group of undertakings may appoint a single data protection oﬃcer provided that a data protection oﬃcer is easily accessible
p.(None): from each establishment.
p.(None): 3. Where the controller or the processor is a public authority or body, a single data protection oﬃcer may be designated for
p.(None): several such authorities or bodies, taking account of their organisational structure and size.
p.(None): 4. In cases other than those referred to in paragraph 1, the controller or processor or associations and other bodies representing
p.(None): categories of controllers or processors may or, where required by Union or Member State law shall, designate a data protection
p.(None): officer. The data protection officer may act for such associations and other bodies representing controllers or processors.
p.(None): 5. The data protection oﬃcer shall be designated on the basis of professional qualities and, in particular, expert knowledge of data
p.(None): protection law and practices and the ability to fulfil the tasks referred to in Article 39.
p.(None): 6. The data protection oﬃcer may be a staﬀ member of the controller or processor, or fulﬁl the tasks on the basis of a service
p.(None): contract.
p.(None): 7. The controller or the processor shall publish the contact details of the data protection oﬃcer and communicate them to the
p.(None): supervisory authority.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 38
p.(None): Position of the data protection officer
p.(None): 1. The controller and the processor shall ensure that the data protection oﬃcer is involved, properly and in a timely manner, in all
p.(None): issues which relate to the protection of personal data.
p.(None): 2. The controller and processor shall support the data protection oﬃcer in performing the tasks referred to in Article 39 by
p.(None): providing resources necessary to carry out those tasks and access to personal data and processing operations, and to maintain his
p.(None): or her expert knowledge.
p.(None): 3. The controller and processor shall ensure that the data protection oﬃcer does not receive any instructions regarding the
p.(None): exercise of those tasks. He or she shall not be dismissed or penalised by the controller or the processor for performing his tasks.
p.(None): The data protection officer shall directly report to the highest management level of the controller or the processor.
p.(None): 4. Data subjects may contact the data protection oﬃcer with regard to all issues related to processing of their personal data and to
p.(None): the exercise of their rights under this Regulation.
p.(None): 5. The data protection oﬃcer shall be bound by secrecy or conﬁdentiality concerning the performance of his or her tasks, in
p.(None): accordance with Union or Member State law.
p.(None): 6. The data protection oﬃcer may fulﬁl other tasks and duties. The controller or processor shall ensure that any such tasks and
p.(None): duties do not result in a conflict of interests.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 39
p.(None): Tasks of the data protection officer
p.(None): 1. The data protection officer shall have at least the following tasks:
p.(None): (a) to inform and advise the controller or the processor and the employees who carry out processing of their obligations pursuant
p.(None): to this Regulation and to other Union or Member State data protection provisions;
p.(None): (b) to monitor compliance with this Regulation, with other Union or Member State data protection provisions and with the policies
p.(None): of the controller or processor in relation to the protection of personal data, including the assignment of responsibilities,
p.(None): awareness-raising and training of staff involved in processing operations, and the related audits;
p.(None): (c) to provide advice where requested as regards the data protection impact assessment and monitor its performance pursuant to
p.(None): Article 35;
p.(None): (d) to cooperate with the supervisory authority;
p.(None): (e) to act as the contact point for the supervisory authority on issues relating to processing, including the prior consultation
p.(None): referred to in Article 36, and to consult, where appropriate, with regard to any other matter.
p.(None): 2. The data protection oﬃcer shall in the performance of his or her tasks have due regard to the risk associated with processing
...

p.(None): Article 42(1), and approve the criteria of certification pursuant to Article 42(5);
p.(None): (o) where applicable, carry out a periodic review of certifications issued in accordance with Article 42(7);
p.(None): (p) draft and publish the criteria for accreditation of a body for monitoring codes of conduct pursuant to Article 41 and of a
p.(None): certification body pursuant to Article 43;
p.(None): (q) conduct the accreditation of a body for monitoring codes of conduct pursuant to Article 41 and of a certiﬁcation body pursuant
p.(None): to Article 43;
p.(None): (r) authorise contractual clauses and provisions referred to in Article 46(3);
p.(None): (s) approve binding corporate rules pursuant to Article 47;
p.(None): (t) contribute to the activities of the Board;
p.(None): (u) keep internal records of infringements of this Regulation and of measures taken in accordance with Article 58(2); and
p.(None): (v) fulfil any other tasks related to the protection of personal data.
p.(None): 2. Each supervisory authority shall facilitate the submission of complaints referred to in point (f) of paragraph 1 by measures such
p.(None): as a complaint submission form which can also be completed electronically, without excluding other means of communication.
p.(None): 3. The performance of the tasks of each supervisory authority shall be free of charge for the data subject and, where applicable,
p.(None): for the data protection officer.
p.(None): 4. Where requests are manifestly unfounded or excessive, in particular because of their repetitive character, the supervisory
p.(None): authority may charge a reasonable fee based on administrative costs, or refuse to act on the request. The supervisory authority
p.(None): shall bear the burden of demonstrating the manifestly unfounded or excessive character of the request.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 58
p.(None): Powers
p.(None): 1. Each supervisory authority shall have all of the following investigative powers:
p.(None): (a) to order the controller and the processor, and, where applicable, the controller's or the processor's representative to provide
p.(None): any information it requires for the performance of its tasks;
p.(None): (b) to carry out investigations in the form of data protection audits;
p.(None): (c) to carry out a review on certifications issued pursuant to Article 42(7);
p.(None): (d) to notify the controller or the processor of an alleged infringement of this Regulation;
p.(None): (e) to obtain, from the controller and the processor, access to all personal data and to all information necessary for the
p.(None): performance of its tasks;
p.(None): (f) to obtain access to any premises of the controller and the processor, including to any data processing equipment and means,
p.(None): in accordance with Union or Member State procedural law.
p.(None): 2. Each supervisory authority shall have all of the following corrective powers:
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p.(None): purposes or statistical purposes. In that regard, the number of data subjects, the age of the data and any appropriate
p.(None): safeguards adopted should be taken into consideration.
p.(None): (63) A data subject should have the right of access to personal data which have been collected concerning him or her, and to
p.(None): exercise that right easily and at reasonable intervals, in order to be aware of, and verify, the lawfulness of the processing. This
p.(None): includes the right for data subjects to have access to data concerning their health, for example the data in their medical
p.(None): records containing information such as diagnoses, examination results, assessments by treating physicians and any treatment
p.(None): or interventions provided. Every data subject should therefore have the right to know and obtain communication in particular
p.(None): with regard to the purposes for which the personal data are processed, where possible the period for which the personal data
p.(None): are processed, the recipients of the personal data, the logic involved in any automatic personal data processing and, at least
p.(None): when based on proﬁling, the consequences of such processing. Where possible, the controller should be able to provide
p.(None): remote access to a secure system which would provide the data subject with direct access to his or her personal data. That
p.(None): right should not adversely aﬀect the rights or freedoms of others, including trade secrets or intellectual property and in
p.(None): particular the copyright protecting the software. However, the result of those considerations should not be a refusal to provide
p.(None): all information to the data subject. Where the controller processes a large quantity of information concerning the data subject,
p.(None): the controller should be able to request that, before the information is delivered, the data subject specify the information or
p.(None): processing activities to which the request relates.
p.(None): (64) The controller should use all reasonable measures to verify the identity of a data subject who requests access, in particular in
p.(None): the context of online services and online identiﬁers. A controller should not retain personal data for the sole purpose of being
p.(None): able to react to potential requests.
p.(None): (65) A data subject should have the right to have personal data concerning him or her rectiﬁed and a ‘right to be forgotten’ where
p.(None): the retention of such data infringes this Regulation or Union or Member State law to which the controller is subject. In
p.(None): particular, a data subject should have the right to have his or her personal data erased and no longer processed where the
p.(None): personal data are no longer necessary in relation to the purposes for which they are collected or otherwise processed, where
p.(None): a data subject has withdrawn his or her consent or objects to the processing of personal data concerning him or her, or where
p.(None): the processing of his or her personal data does not otherwise comply with this Regulation. That right is relevant in particular
...

p.(None): the public authority or body is subject in order to reconcile public access to oﬃcial documents with the right to the protection of
p.(None): personal data pursuant to this Regulation.
p.(None): Article 87
p.(None): Processing of the national identification number
p.(None): Member States may further determine the speciﬁc conditions for the processing of a national identiﬁcation number or any other
p.(None): identiﬁer of general application. In that case the national identiﬁcation number or any other identiﬁer of general application shall be
p.(None): used only under appropriate safeguards for the rights and freedoms of the data subject pursuant to this Regulation.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 88
p.(None): Processing in the context of employment
p.(None): 1. Member States may, by law or by collective agreements, provide for more speciﬁc rules to ensure the protection of the rights
p.(None): and freedoms in respect of the processing of employees' personal data in the employment context, in particular for the purposes of
p.(None): the recruitment, the performance of the contract of employment, including discharge of obligations laid down by law or by collective
p.(None): agreements, management, planning and organisation of work, equality and diversity in the workplace, health and safety at work,
p.(None): protection of employer's or customer's property and for the purposes of the exercise and enjoyment, on an individual or collective
p.(None): basis, of rights and benefits related to employment, and for the purpose of the termination of the employment relationship.
p.(None): 2. Those rules shall include suitable and speciﬁc measures to safeguard the data subject's human dignity, legitimate interests and
p.(None): fundamental rights, with particular regard to the transparency of processing, the transfer of personal data within a group of
p.(None): undertakings, or a group of enterprises engaged in a joint economic activity and monitoring systems at the work place.
p.(None): 3. Each Member State shall notify to the Commission those provisions of its law which it adopts pursuant to paragraph 1, by 25
p.(None): May 2018 and, without delay, any subsequent amendment affecting them.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 89
p.(None): Safeguards and derogations relating to processing for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientific or historical
p.(None): research purposes or statistical purposes
p.(None): 1. Processing for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientiﬁc or historical research purposes or statistical purposes, shall be
p.(None): subject to appropriate safeguards, in accordance with this Regulation, for the rights and freedoms of the data subject. Those
p.(None): safeguards shall ensure that technical and organisational measures are in place in particular in order to ensure respect for the
p.(None): principle of data minimisation. Those measures may include pseudonymisation provided that those purposes can be fulﬁlled in that
p.(None): manner. Where those purposes can be fulﬁlled by further processing which does not permit or no longer permits the identiﬁcation of
p.(None): data subjects, those purposes shall be fulfilled in that manner.
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p.(None): necessary and proportionate measure in a democratic society to safeguard, in particular, important objectives of general
p.(None): public interest, the controller should be allowed to further process the personal data irrespective of the compatibility of the
p.(None): purposes. In any case, the application of the principles set out in this Regulation and in particular the information of the data
p.(None): subject on those other purposes and on his or her rights including the right to object, should be ensured. Indicating possible
p.(None): criminal acts or threats to public security by the controller and transmitting the relevant personal data in individual cases or in
p.(None): several cases relating to the same criminal act or threats to public security to a competent authority should be regarded as
p.(None): being in the legitimate interest pursued by the controller. However, such transmission in the legitimate interest of the controller
p.(None): or further processing of personal data should be prohibited if the processing is not compatible with a legal, professional or
p.(None): other binding obligation of secrecy.
p.(None): (51) Personal data which are, by their nature, particularly sensitive in relation to fundamental rights and freedoms merit speciﬁc
p.(None): protection as the context of their processing could create signiﬁcant risks to the fundamental rights and freedoms. Those
p.(None): personal data should include personal data revealing racial or ethnic origin, whereby the use of the term ‘racial origin’ in this
p.(None): Regulation does not imply an acceptance by the Union of theories which attempt to determine the existence of separate
p.(None): human races. The processing of photographs should not systematically be considered to be processing of special categories
p.(None): of personal data as they are covered by the deﬁnition of biometric data only when processed through a speciﬁc technical
p.(None): means allowing the unique identiﬁcation or authentication of a natural person. Such personal data should not be processed,
p.(None): unless processing is allowed in speciﬁc cases set out in this Regulation, taking into account that Member States law may lay
p.(None): down speciﬁc provisions on data protection in order to adapt the application of the rules of this Regulation for compliance with
p.(None): a legal obligation or for the performance of a task carried out in the public interest or in the exercise of oﬃcial authority vested
p.(None): in the controller. In addition to the speciﬁc requirements for such processing, the general principles and other rules of this
p.(None): Regulation should apply, in particular as regards the conditions for lawful processing. Derogations from the general prohibition
p.(None): for processing such special categories of personal data should be explicitly provided, inter alia, where the data subject gives
p.(None): his or her explicit consent or in respect of speciﬁc needs in particular where the processing is carried out in the course of
p.(None): legitimate activities by certain associations or foundations the purpose of which is to permit the exercise of fundamental
p.(None): freedoms.
...

p.(None): monitoring and prevention purposes conducted in accordance with the regulations, standards and recommendations of Union
p.(None): institutions or national oversight bodies and to ensure the security and reliability of a service provided by the controller, or
p.(None): necessary for the entering or performance of a contract between the data subject and a controller, or when the data subject
p.(None): has given his or her explicit consent. In any case, such processing should be subject to suitable safeguards, which should
p.(None): include speciﬁc information to the data subject and the right to obtain human intervention, to express his or her point of view,
p.(None): to obtain an explanation of the decision reached after such assessment and to challenge the decision. Such measure should
p.(None): not concern a child.
p.(None): In order to ensure fair and transparent processing in respect of the data subject, taking into account the speciﬁc
p.(None): circumstances and context in which the personal data are processed, the controller should use appropriate mathematical or
p.(None): statistical procedures for the proﬁling, implement technical and organisational measures appropriate to ensure, in particular,
p.(None): that factors which result in inaccuracies in personal data are corrected and the risk of errors is minimised, secure personal
p.(None): data in a manner that takes account of the potential risks involved for the interests and rights of the data subject and that
p.(None): prevents, inter alia, discriminatory eﬀects on natural persons on the basis of racial or ethnic origin, political opinion, religion or
p.(None): beliefs, trade union membership, genetic or health status or sexual orientation, or that result in measures having such an
p.(None): eﬀect. Automated decision-making and proﬁling based on special categories of personal data should be allowed only under
p.(None): specific conditions.
p.(None): (72) Proﬁling is subject to the rules of this Regulation governing the processing of personal data, such as the legal grounds for
p.(None): processing or data protection principles. The European Data Protection Board established by this Regulation (the ‘Board’)
p.(None): should be able to issue guidance in that context.
p.(None): (73) Restrictions concerning speciﬁc principles and the rights of information, access to and rectiﬁcation or erasure of personal
p.(None): data, the right to data portability, the right to object, decisions based on proﬁling, as well as the communication of a personal
p.(None): data breach to a data subject and certain related obligations of the controllers may be imposed by Union or Member State law,
p.(None): as far as necessary and proportionate in a democratic society to safeguard public security, including the protection of human
...

p.(None): rights and freedoms of others, including social protection, public health and humanitarian purposes. Those restrictions should
p.(None): be in accordance with the requirements set out in the Charter and in the European Convention for the Protection of Human
p.(None): Rights and Fundamental Freedoms.
p.(None): (74) The responsibility and liability of the controller for any processing of personal data carried out by the controller or on the
p.(None): controller's behalf should be established. In particular, the controller should be obliged to implement appropriate and eﬀective
p.(None): measures and be able to demonstrate the compliance of processing activities with this Regulation, including the eﬀectiveness
p.(None): of the measures. Those measures should take into account the nature, scope, context and purposes of the processing and
p.(None): the risk to the rights and freedoms of natural persons.
p.(None): (75) The risk to the rights and freedoms of natural persons, of varying likelihood and severity, may result from personal data
p.(None): processing which could lead to physical, material or non-material damage, in particular: where the processing may give rise to
p.(None): discrimination, identity theft or fraud, ﬁnancial loss, damage to the reputation, loss of conﬁdentiality of personal data protected
p.(None): by professional secrecy, unauthorised reversal of pseudonymisation, or any other signiﬁcant economic or social disadvantage;
p.(None): where data subjects might be deprived of their rights and freedoms or prevented from exercising control over their personal
p.(None): data; where personal data are processed which reveal racial or ethnic origin, political opinions, religion or philosophical
p.(None): beliefs, trade union membership, and the processing of genetic data, data concerning health or data concerning sex life or
p.(None): criminal convictions and oﬀences or related security measures; where personal aspects are evaluated, in particular analysing
p.(None): or predicting aspects concerning performance at work, economic situation, health, personal preferences or interests, reliability
p.(None): or behaviour, location or movements, in order to create or use personal proﬁles; where personal data of vulnerable natural
p.(None): persons, in particular of children, are processed; or where processing involves a large amount of personal data and aﬀects a
p.(None): large number of data subjects.
p.(None): (76) The likelihood and severity of the risk to the rights and freedoms of the data subject should be determined by reference to the
p.(None): nature, scope, context and purposes of the processing. Risk should be evaluated on the basis of an objective assessment, by
p.(None): which it is established whether data processing operations involve a risk or a high risk.
p.(None): (77) Guidance on the implementation of appropriate measures and on the demonstration of compliance by the controller or the
...

p.(None): 1. Where point (a) of Article 6(1) applies, in relation to the oﬀer of information society services directly to a child, the processing of
p.(None): the personal data of a child shall be lawful where the child is at least 16 years old. Where the child is below the age of 16 years,
p.(None): such processing shall be lawful only if and to the extent that consent is given or authorised by the holder of parental responsibility
p.(None): over the child.
p.(None): Member States may provide by law for a lower age for those purposes provided that such lower age is not below 13 years.
p.(None): 2. The controller shall make reasonable eﬀorts to verify in such cases that consent is given or authorised by the holder of parental
p.(None): responsibility over the child, taking into consideration available technology.
p.(None): 3. Paragraph 1 shall not aﬀect the general contract law of Member States such as the rules on the validity, formation or eﬀect of a
p.(None): contract in relation to a child.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 9
p.(None): Processing of special categories of personal data
p.(None): 1. Processing of personal data revealing racial or ethnic origin, political opinions, religious or philosophical beliefs, or trade union
p.(None): membership, and the processing of genetic data, biometric data for the purpose of uniquely identifying a natural person, data
p.(None): concerning health or data concerning a natural person's sex life or sexual orientation shall be prohibited.
p.(None): 2. Paragraph 1 shall not apply if one of the following applies:
p.(None): (a) the data subject has given explicit consent to the processing of those personal data for one or more speciﬁed purposes,
p.(None): except where Union or Member State law provide that the prohibition referred to in paragraph 1 may not be lifted by the data
p.(None): subject;
p.(None): (b) processing is necessary for the purposes of carrying out the obligations and exercising speciﬁc rights of the controller or of the
p.(None): data subject in the ﬁeld of employment and social security and social protection law in so far as it is authorised by Union or
p.(None): Member State law or a collective agreement pursuant to Member State law providing for appropriate safeguards for the
p.(None): fundamental rights and the interests of the data subject;
p.(None): (c) processing is necessary to protect the vital interests of the data subject or of another natural person where the data subject is
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p.(None): whatever their nationality or residence, respect their fundamental rights and freedoms, in particular their right to the protection
p.(None): of personal data. This Regulation is intended to contribute to the accomplishment of an area of freedom, security and justice
p.(None): and of an economic union, to economic and social progress, to the strengthening and the convergence of the economies
p.(None): within the internal market, and to the well-being of natural persons.
p.(None): (3) Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council(4) seeks to harmonise the protection of fundamental rights
p.(None): and freedoms of natural persons in respect of processing activities and to ensure the free ﬂow of personal data between
p.(None): Member States.
p.(None): (4) The processing of personal data should be designed to serve mankind. The right to the protection of personal data is not an
p.(None): absolute right; it must be considered in relation to its function in society and be balanced against other fundamental rights, in
p.(None): accordance with the principle of proportionality. This Regulation respects all fundamental rights and observes the freedoms
p.(None): and principles recognised in the Charter as enshrined in the Treaties, in particular the respect for private and family life, home
p.(None): and communications, the protection of personal data, freedom of thought, conscience and religion, freedom of expression and
p.(None): information, freedom to conduct a business, the right to an eﬀective remedy and to a fair trial, and cultural, religious and
p.(None): linguistic diversity.
p.(None): (5) The economic and social integration resulting from the functioning of the internal market has led to a substantial increase in
p.(None): cross-border ﬂows of personal data. The exchange of personal data between public and private actors, including natural
p.(None): persons, associations and undertakings across the Union has increased. National authorities in the Member States are being
p.(None): called upon by Union law to cooperate and exchange personal data so as to be able to perform their duties or carry out tasks
p.(None): on behalf of an authority in another Member State.
p.(None): (6) Rapid technological developments and globalisation have brought new challenges for the protection of personal data. The
p.(None): scale of the collection and sharing of personal data has increased signiﬁcantly. Technology allows both private companies
p.(None): and public authorities to make use of personal data on an unprecedented scale in order to pursue their activities. Natural
p.(None): persons increasingly make personal information available publicly and globally. Technology has transformed both the
...

p.(None): necessary for the entering or performance of a contract between the data subject and a controller, or when the data subject
p.(None): has given his or her explicit consent. In any case, such processing should be subject to suitable safeguards, which should
p.(None): include speciﬁc information to the data subject and the right to obtain human intervention, to express his or her point of view,
p.(None): to obtain an explanation of the decision reached after such assessment and to challenge the decision. Such measure should
p.(None): not concern a child.
p.(None): In order to ensure fair and transparent processing in respect of the data subject, taking into account the speciﬁc
p.(None): circumstances and context in which the personal data are processed, the controller should use appropriate mathematical or
p.(None): statistical procedures for the proﬁling, implement technical and organisational measures appropriate to ensure, in particular,
p.(None): that factors which result in inaccuracies in personal data are corrected and the risk of errors is minimised, secure personal
p.(None): data in a manner that takes account of the potential risks involved for the interests and rights of the data subject and that
p.(None): prevents, inter alia, discriminatory eﬀects on natural persons on the basis of racial or ethnic origin, political opinion, religion or
p.(None): beliefs, trade union membership, genetic or health status or sexual orientation, or that result in measures having such an
p.(None): eﬀect. Automated decision-making and proﬁling based on special categories of personal data should be allowed only under
p.(None): specific conditions.
p.(None): (72) Proﬁling is subject to the rules of this Regulation governing the processing of personal data, such as the legal grounds for
p.(None): processing or data protection principles. The European Data Protection Board established by this Regulation (the ‘Board’)
p.(None): should be able to issue guidance in that context.
p.(None): (73) Restrictions concerning speciﬁc principles and the rights of information, access to and rectiﬁcation or erasure of personal
p.(None): data, the right to data portability, the right to object, decisions based on proﬁling, as well as the communication of a personal
p.(None): data breach to a data subject and certain related obligations of the controllers may be imposed by Union or Member State law,
p.(None): as far as necessary and proportionate in a democratic society to safeguard public security, including the protection of human
p.(None): life especially in response to natural or manmade disasters, the prevention, investigation and prosecution of criminal oﬀences
p.(None): or the execution of criminal penalties, including the safeguarding against and the prevention of threats to public security, or of
...

p.(None): Rights and Fundamental Freedoms.
p.(None): (74) The responsibility and liability of the controller for any processing of personal data carried out by the controller or on the
p.(None): controller's behalf should be established. In particular, the controller should be obliged to implement appropriate and eﬀective
p.(None): measures and be able to demonstrate the compliance of processing activities with this Regulation, including the eﬀectiveness
p.(None): of the measures. Those measures should take into account the nature, scope, context and purposes of the processing and
p.(None): the risk to the rights and freedoms of natural persons.
p.(None): (75) The risk to the rights and freedoms of natural persons, of varying likelihood and severity, may result from personal data
p.(None): processing which could lead to physical, material or non-material damage, in particular: where the processing may give rise to
p.(None): discrimination, identity theft or fraud, ﬁnancial loss, damage to the reputation, loss of conﬁdentiality of personal data protected
p.(None): by professional secrecy, unauthorised reversal of pseudonymisation, or any other signiﬁcant economic or social disadvantage;
p.(None): where data subjects might be deprived of their rights and freedoms or prevented from exercising control over their personal
p.(None): data; where personal data are processed which reveal racial or ethnic origin, political opinions, religion or philosophical
p.(None): beliefs, trade union membership, and the processing of genetic data, data concerning health or data concerning sex life or
p.(None): criminal convictions and oﬀences or related security measures; where personal aspects are evaluated, in particular analysing
p.(None): or predicting aspects concerning performance at work, economic situation, health, personal preferences or interests, reliability
p.(None): or behaviour, location or movements, in order to create or use personal proﬁles; where personal data of vulnerable natural
p.(None): persons, in particular of children, are processed; or where processing involves a large amount of personal data and aﬀects a
p.(None): large number of data subjects.
p.(None): (76) The likelihood and severity of the risk to the rights and freedoms of the data subject should be determined by reference to the
p.(None): nature, scope, context and purposes of the processing. Risk should be evaluated on the basis of an objective assessment, by
p.(None): which it is established whether data processing operations involve a risk or a high risk.
p.(None): (77) Guidance on the implementation of appropriate measures and on the demonstration of compliance by the controller or the
p.(None): processor, especially as regards the identiﬁcation of the risk related to the processing, their assessment in terms of origin,
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p.(None): and of an economic union, to economic and social progress, to the strengthening and the convergence of the economies
p.(None): within the internal market, and to the well-being of natural persons.
p.(None): (3) Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council(4) seeks to harmonise the protection of fundamental rights
p.(None): and freedoms of natural persons in respect of processing activities and to ensure the free ﬂow of personal data between
p.(None): Member States.
p.(None): (4) The processing of personal data should be designed to serve mankind. The right to the protection of personal data is not an
p.(None): absolute right; it must be considered in relation to its function in society and be balanced against other fundamental rights, in
p.(None): accordance with the principle of proportionality. This Regulation respects all fundamental rights and observes the freedoms
p.(None): and principles recognised in the Charter as enshrined in the Treaties, in particular the respect for private and family life, home
p.(None): and communications, the protection of personal data, freedom of thought, conscience and religion, freedom of expression and
p.(None): information, freedom to conduct a business, the right to an eﬀective remedy and to a fair trial, and cultural, religious and
p.(None): linguistic diversity.
p.(None): (5) The economic and social integration resulting from the functioning of the internal market has led to a substantial increase in
p.(None): cross-border ﬂows of personal data. The exchange of personal data between public and private actors, including natural
p.(None): persons, associations and undertakings across the Union has increased. National authorities in the Member States are being
p.(None): called upon by Union law to cooperate and exchange personal data so as to be able to perform their duties or carry out tasks
p.(None): on behalf of an authority in another Member State.
p.(None): (6) Rapid technological developments and globalisation have brought new challenges for the protection of personal data. The
p.(None): scale of the collection and sharing of personal data has increased signiﬁcantly. Technology allows both private companies
p.(None): and public authorities to make use of personal data on an unprecedented scale in order to pursue their activities. Natural
p.(None): persons increasingly make personal information available publicly and globally. Technology has transformed both the
p.(None): economy and social life, and should further facilitate the free ﬂow of personal data within the Union and the transfer to third
p.(None): countries and international organisations, while ensuring a high level of the protection of personal data.
...

p.(None): concerning health. However, this should not hamper the free ﬂow of personal data within the Union when those conditions
p.(None): apply to cross-border processing of such data.
p.(None): (54) The processing of special categories of personal data may be necessary for reasons of public interest in the areas of public
p.(None): health without consent of the data subject. Such processing should be subject to suitable and speciﬁc measures so as to
p.(None): protect the rights and freedoms of natural persons. In that context, ‘public health’ should be interpreted as deﬁned in
p.(None): Regulation (EC) No 1338/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council (11), namely all elements related to health,
p.(None): namely health status, including morbidity and disability, the determinants having an eﬀect on that health status, health care
p.(None): needs, resources allocated to health care, the provision of, and universal access to, health care as well as health care
p.(None): expenditure and ﬁnancing, and the causes of mortality. Such processing of data concerning health for reasons of public
p.(None): interest should not result in personal data being processed for other purposes by third parties such as employers or insurance
p.(None): and banking companies.
p.(None): (55) Moreover, the processing of personal data by oﬃcial authorities for the purpose of achieving the aims, laid down by
p.(None): constitutional law or by international public law, of oﬃcially recognised religious associations, is carried out on grounds of
p.(None): public interest.
p.(None): (56) Where in the course of electoral activities, the operation of the democratic system in a Member State requires that political
p.(None): parties compile personal data on people's political opinions, the processing of such data may be permitted for reasons of
p.(None): public interest, provided that appropriate safeguards are established.
p.(None): (57) If the personal data processed by a controller do not permit the controller to identify a natural person, the data controller
p.(None): should not be obliged to acquire additional information in order to identify the data subject for the sole purpose of complying
p.(None): with any provision of this Regulation. However, the controller should not refuse to take additional information provided by the
p.(None): data subject in order to support the exercise of his or her rights. Identiﬁcation should include the digital identiﬁcation of a data
p.(None): subject, for example through authentication mechanism such as the same credentials, used by the data subject to log-in to the
p.(None): on-line service offered by the data controller.
p.(None): (58) The principle of transparency requires that any information addressed to the public or to the data subject be concise, easily
p.(None): accessible and easy to understand, and that clear and plain language and, additionally, where appropriate, visualisation be
p.(None): used. Such information could be provided in electronic form, for example, when addressed to the public, through a website.
p.(None): This is of particular relevance in situations where the proliferation of actors and the technological complexity of practice make
...

p.(None): result of processing for statistical purposes is not personal data, but aggregate data, and that this result or the personal data
p.(None): are not used in support of measures or decisions regarding any particular natural person.
p.(None): (163)The conﬁdential information which the Union and national statistical authorities collect for the production of oﬃcial European
p.(None): and oﬃcial national statistics should be protected. European statistics should be developed, produced and disseminated in
p.(None): accordance with the statistical principles as set out in Article 338(2) TFEU, while national statistics should also comply with
p.(None): Member State law. Regulation (EC) No 223/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council (16) provides further
p.(None): specifications on statistical confidentiality for European statistics.
p.(None): (164)As regards the powers of the supervisory authorities to obtain from the controller or processor access to personal data and
p.(None): access to their premises, Member States may adopt by law, within the limits of this Regulation, speciﬁc rules in order to
p.(None): safeguard the professional or other equivalent secrecy obligations, in so far as necessary to reconcile the right to the
p.(None): protection of personal data with an obligation of professional secrecy. This is without prejudice to existing Member State
p.(None): obligations to adopt rules on professional secrecy where required by Union law.
p.(None): (165)This Regulation respects and does not prejudice the status under existing constitutional law of churches and religious
p.(None): associations or communities in the Member States, as recognised in Article 17 TFEU.
p.(None): (166)In order to fulﬁl the objectives of this Regulation, namely to protect the fundamental rights and freedoms of natural persons
p.(None): and in particular their right to the protection of personal data and to ensure the free movement of personal data within the
p.(None): Union, the power to adopt acts in accordance with Article 290 TFEU should be delegated to the Commission. In particular,
p.(None): delegated acts should be adopted in respect of criteria and requirements for certiﬁcation mechanisms, information to be
p.(None): presented by standardised icons and procedures for providing such icons. It is of particular importance that the Commission
p.(None): carry out appropriate consultations during its preparatory work, including at expert level. The Commission, when preparing
p.(None): and drawing-up delegated acts, should ensure a simultaneous, timely and appropriate transmission of relevant documents to
p.(None): the European Parliament and to the Council.
p.(None): (167)In order to ensure uniform conditions for the implementation of this Regulation, implementing powers should be conferred on
p.(None): the Commission when provided for by this Regulation. Those powers should be exercised in accordance with Regulation (EU)
p.(None): No 182/2011. In that context, the Commission should consider speciﬁc measures for micro, small and medium-sized
p.(None): enterprises.
p.(None): (168)The examination procedure should be used for the adoption of implementing acts on standard contractual clauses between
p.(None): controllers and processors and between processors; codes of conduct; technical standards and mechanisms for certiﬁcation;
...

p.(None): the personal data of a child shall be lawful where the child is at least 16 years old. Where the child is below the age of 16 years,
p.(None): such processing shall be lawful only if and to the extent that consent is given or authorised by the holder of parental responsibility
p.(None): over the child.
p.(None): Member States may provide by law for a lower age for those purposes provided that such lower age is not below 13 years.
p.(None): 2. The controller shall make reasonable eﬀorts to verify in such cases that consent is given or authorised by the holder of parental
p.(None): responsibility over the child, taking into consideration available technology.
p.(None): 3. Paragraph 1 shall not aﬀect the general contract law of Member States such as the rules on the validity, formation or eﬀect of a
p.(None): contract in relation to a child.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 9
p.(None): Processing of special categories of personal data
p.(None): 1. Processing of personal data revealing racial or ethnic origin, political opinions, religious or philosophical beliefs, or trade union
p.(None): membership, and the processing of genetic data, biometric data for the purpose of uniquely identifying a natural person, data
p.(None): concerning health or data concerning a natural person's sex life or sexual orientation shall be prohibited.
p.(None): 2. Paragraph 1 shall not apply if one of the following applies:
p.(None): (a) the data subject has given explicit consent to the processing of those personal data for one or more speciﬁed purposes,
p.(None): except where Union or Member State law provide that the prohibition referred to in paragraph 1 may not be lifted by the data
p.(None): subject;
p.(None): (b) processing is necessary for the purposes of carrying out the obligations and exercising speciﬁc rights of the controller or of the
p.(None): data subject in the ﬁeld of employment and social security and social protection law in so far as it is authorised by Union or
p.(None): Member State law or a collective agreement pursuant to Member State law providing for appropriate safeguards for the
p.(None): fundamental rights and the interests of the data subject;
p.(None): (c) processing is necessary to protect the vital interests of the data subject or of another natural person where the data subject is
p.(None): physically or legally incapable of giving consent;
p.(None): (d) processing is carried out in the course of its legitimate activities with appropriate safeguards by a foundation, association or
p.(None): any other not-for-proﬁt body with a political, philosophical, religious or trade union aim and on condition that the processing
p.(None): relates solely to the members or to former members of the body or to persons who have regular contact with it in connection
p.(None): with its purposes and that the personal data are not disclosed outside that body without the consent of the data subjects;
p.(None): (e) processing relates to personal data which are manifestly made public by the data subject;
p.(None): (f) processing is necessary for the establishment, exercise or defence of legal claims or whenever courts are acting in their
p.(None): judicial capacity;
p.(None): (g) processing is necessary for reasons of substantial public interest, on the basis of Union or Member State law which shall be
p.(None): proportionate to the aim pursued, respect the essence of the right to data protection and provide for suitable and speciﬁc
p.(None): measures to safeguard the fundamental rights and the interests of the data subject;
p.(None): (h) processing is necessary for the purposes of preventive or occupational medicine, for the assessment of the working capacity
p.(None): of the employee, medical diagnosis, the provision of health or social care or treatment or the management of health or social
p.(None): care systems and services on the basis of Union or Member State law or pursuant to contract with a health professional and
p.(None): subject to the conditions and safeguards referred to in paragraph 3;
...

p.(None): derogations from the rights referred to in Articles 15, 16, 18, 19, 20 and 21 subject to the conditions and safeguards referred to in
p.(None): paragraph 1 of this Article in so far as such rights are likely to render impossible or seriously impair the achievement of the speciﬁc
p.(None): purposes, and such derogations are necessary for the fulfilment of those purposes.
p.(None): 4. Where processing referred to in paragraphs 2 and 3 serves at the same time another purpose, the derogations shall apply only
p.(None): to processing for the purposes referred to in those paragraphs.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 90
p.(None): Obligations of secrecy
p.(None): 1. Member States may adopt speciﬁc rules to set out the powers of the supervisory authorities laid down in points (e) and (f) of
p.(None): Article 58(1) in relation to controllers or processors that are subject, under Union or Member State law or rules established by
p.(None): national competent bodies, to an obligation of professional secrecy or other equivalent obligations of secrecy where this is
p.(None): necessary and proportionate to reconcile the right of the protection of personal data with the obligation of secrecy. Those rules
p.(None): shall apply only with regard to personal data which the controller or processor has received as a result of or has obtained in an
p.(None): activity covered by that obligation of secrecy.
p.(None): 2. Each Member State shall notify to the Commission the rules adopted pursuant to paragraph 1, by 25 May 2018 and, without
p.(None): delay, any subsequent amendment affecting them.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 91
p.(None): Existing data protection rules of churches and religious associations
p.(None): 1. Where in a Member State, churches and religious associations or communities apply, at the time of entry into force of this
p.(None): Regulation, comprehensive rules relating to the protection of natural persons with regard to processing, such rules may continue to
p.(None): apply, provided that they are brought into line with this Regulation.
p.(None): 2. Churches and religious associations which apply comprehensive rules in accordance with paragraph 1 of this Article shall be
p.(None): subject to the supervision of an independent supervisory authority, which may be speciﬁc, provided that it fulﬁls the conditions laid
p.(None): down in Chapter VI of this Regulation.
p.(None): CHAPTER X
p.(None): Delegated acts and implementing acts
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 92
p.(None): Exercise of the delegation
p.(None): 1. The power to adopt delegated acts is conferred on the Commission subject to the conditions laid down in this Article.
p.(None): 2. The delegation of power referred to in Article 12(8) and Article 43(8) shall be conferred on the Commission for an indeterminate
p.(None): period of time from 24 May 2016.
p.(None): 3. The delegation of power referred to in Article 12(8) and Article 43(8) may be revoked at any time by the European Parliament or
p.(None): by the Council. A decision of revocation shall put an end to the delegation of power speciﬁed in that decision. It shall take eﬀect the
p.(None): day following that of its publication in the Oﬃcial Journal of the European Union or at a later date speciﬁed therein. It shall not aﬀect
p.(None): the validity of any delegated acts already in force.
p.(None): 4. As soon as it adopts a delegated act, the Commission shall notify it simultaneously to the European Parliament and to the
p.(None): Council.
p.(None): 5. A delegated act adopted pursuant to Article 12(8) and Article 43(8) shall enter into force only if no objection has been expressed
p.(None): by either the European Parliament or the Council within a period of three months of notiﬁcation of that act to the European
p.(None): Parliament and the Council or if, before the expiry of that period, the European Parliament and the Council have both informed the
...

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p.(None): Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of
p.(None): personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation) (Text with EEA relevance)
p.(None): OJ L 119, 4.5.2016, p. 1–88 (BG, ES, CS, DA, DE, ET, EL, EN, FR, GA, HR, IT, LV, LT, HU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SL, FI, SV)
p.(None): In force: This act has been changed. Latest consolidated version: 04/05/2016
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p.(None): 4.5.2016 EN Official Journal of the European Union L 119/1
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): REGULATION (EU) 2016/679 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL
p.(None):
p.(None): of 27 April 2016
p.(None):
p.(None): on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such
p.(None): data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation)
p.(None):
p.(None): (Text with EEA relevance)
p.(None): THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION,
p.(None): Having regard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, and in particular Article 16 thereof,
p.(None): Having regard to the proposal from the European Commission,
p.(None): After transmission of the draft legislative act to the national parliaments,
p.(None):
p.(None): Having regard to the opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee(1),
p.(None):
p.(None): Having regard to the opinion of the Committee of the Regions(2),
p.(None):
p.(None): Acting in accordance with the ordinary legislative procedure(3),
p.(None): Whereas:
p.(None): (1) The protection of natural persons in relation to the processing of personal data is a fundamental right. Article 8(1) of the
p.(None): Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (the ‘Charter’) and Article 16(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the
p.(None): European Union (TFEU) provide that everyone has the right to the protection of personal data concerning him or her.
p.(None): (2) The principles of, and rules on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of their personal data should,
p.(None): whatever their nationality or residence, respect their fundamental rights and freedoms, in particular their right to the protection
p.(None): of personal data. This Regulation is intended to contribute to the accomplishment of an area of freedom, security and justice
p.(None): and of an economic union, to economic and social progress, to the strengthening and the convergence of the economies
p.(None): within the internal market, and to the well-being of natural persons.
p.(None): (3) Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council(4) seeks to harmonise the protection of fundamental rights
p.(None): and freedoms of natural persons in respect of processing activities and to ensure the free ﬂow of personal data between
p.(None): Member States.
p.(None): (4) The processing of personal data should be designed to serve mankind. The right to the protection of personal data is not an
p.(None): absolute right; it must be considered in relation to its function in society and be balanced against other fundamental rights, in
p.(None): accordance with the principle of proportionality. This Regulation respects all fundamental rights and observes the freedoms
p.(None): and principles recognised in the Charter as enshrined in the Treaties, in particular the respect for private and family life, home
p.(None): and communications, the protection of personal data, freedom of thought, conscience and religion, freedom of expression and
p.(None): information, freedom to conduct a business, the right to an eﬀective remedy and to a fair trial, and cultural, religious and
p.(None): linguistic diversity.
p.(None): (5) The economic and social integration resulting from the functioning of the internal market has led to a substantial increase in
p.(None): cross-border ﬂows of personal data. The exchange of personal data between public and private actors, including natural
p.(None): persons, associations and undertakings across the Union has increased. National authorities in the Member States are being
p.(None): called upon by Union law to cooperate and exchange personal data so as to be able to perform their duties or carry out tasks
p.(None): on behalf of an authority in another Member State.
p.(None): (6) Rapid technological developments and globalisation have brought new challenges for the protection of personal data. The
p.(None): scale of the collection and sharing of personal data has increased signiﬁcantly. Technology allows both private companies
p.(None): and public authorities to make use of personal data on an unprecedented scale in order to pursue their activities. Natural
p.(None): persons increasingly make personal information available publicly and globally. Technology has transformed both the
p.(None): economy and social life, and should further facilitate the free ﬂow of personal data within the Union and the transfer to third
p.(None): countries and international organisations, while ensuring a high level of the protection of personal data.
p.(None): (7) Those developments require a strong and more coherent data protection framework in the Union, backed by strong
p.(None): enforcement, given the importance of creating the trust that will allow the digital economy to develop across the internal
p.(None): market. Natural persons should have control of their own personal data. Legal and practical certainty for natural persons,
p.(None): economic operators and public authorities should be enhanced.
p.(None): (8) Where this Regulation provides for speciﬁcations or restrictions of its rules by Member State law, Member States may, as far
p.(None): as necessary for coherence and for making the national provisions comprehensible to the persons to whom they apply,
p.(None): incorporate elements of this Regulation into their national law.
p.(None): (9) The objectives and principles of Directive 95/46/EC remain sound, but it has not prevented fragmentation in the
p.(None): implementation of data protection across the Union, legal uncertainty or a widespread public perception that there are
p.(None): signiﬁcant risks to the protection of natural persons, in particular with regard to online activity. Diﬀerences in the level of
p.(None): protection of the rights and freedoms of natural persons, in particular the right to the protection of personal data, with regard
p.(None): to the processing of personal data in the Member States may prevent the free ﬂow of personal data throughout the Union.
p.(None): Those diﬀerences may therefore constitute an obstacle to the pursuit of economic activities at the level of the Union, distort
p.(None): competition and impede authorities in the discharge of their responsibilities under Union law. Such a diﬀerence in levels of
p.(None): protection is due to the existence of differences in the implementation and application of Directive 95/46/EC.
p.(None): (10) In order to ensure a consistent and high level of protection of natural persons and to remove the obstacles to ﬂows of personal
p.(None): data within the Union, the level of protection of the rights and freedoms of natural persons with regard to the processing of
p.(None): such data should be equivalent in all Member States. Consistent and homogenous application of the rules for the protection of
p.(None): the fundamental rights and freedoms of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data should be ensured
p.(None): throughout the Union. Regarding the processing of personal data for compliance with a legal obligation, for the performance of
p.(None): a task carried out in the public interest or in the exercise of oﬃcial authority vested in the controller, Member States should be
p.(None): allowed to maintain or introduce national provisions to further specify the application of the rules of this Regulation. In
p.(None): conjunction with the general and horizontal law on data protection implementing Directive 95/46/EC, Member States have
p.(None): several sector-speciﬁc laws in areas that need more speciﬁc provisions. This Regulation also provides a margin of manoeuvre
p.(None): for Member States to specify its rules, including for the processing of special categories of personal data (‘sensitive data’). To
p.(None): that extent, this Regulation does not exclude Member State law that sets out the circumstances for speciﬁc processing
p.(None): situations, including determining more precisely the conditions under which the processing of personal data is lawful.
p.(None): (11) Eﬀective protection of personal data throughout the Union requires the strengthening and setting out in detail of the rights of
p.(None): data subjects and the obligations of those who process and determine the processing of personal data, as well as equivalent
p.(None): powers for monitoring and ensuring compliance with the rules for the protection of personal data and equivalent sanctions for
p.(None): infringements in the Member States.
p.(None): (12) Article 16(2) TFEU mandates the European Parliament and the Council to lay down the rules relating to the protection of
p.(None): natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and the rules relating to the free movement of personal data.
p.(None): (13) In order to ensure a consistent level of protection for natural persons throughout the Union and to prevent divergences
p.(None): hampering the free movement of personal data within the internal market, a Regulation is necessary to provide legal certainty
p.(None): and transparency for economic operators, including micro, small and medium-sized enterprises, and to provide natural
p.(None): persons in all Member States with the same level of legally enforceable rights and obligations and responsibilities for
p.(None): controllers and processors, to ensure consistent monitoring of the processing of personal data, and equivalent sanctions in all
p.(None): Member States as well as eﬀective cooperation between the supervisory authorities of diﬀerent Member States. The proper
p.(None): functioning of the internal market requires that the free movement of personal data within the Union is not restricted or
p.(None): prohibited for reasons connected with the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data. To take
p.(None): account of the speciﬁc situation of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises, this Regulation includes a derogation for
p.(None): organisations with fewer than 250 employees with regard to record-keeping. In addition, the Union institutions and bodies, and
p.(None): Member States and their supervisory authorities, are encouraged to take account of the speciﬁc needs of micro, small and
p.(None): medium-sized enterprises in the application of this Regulation. The notion of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises
p.(None): should draw from Article 2 of the Annex to Commission Recommendation 2003/361/EC (5).
p.(None): (14) The protection aﬀorded by this Regulation should apply to natural persons, whatever their nationality or place of residence, in
p.(None): relation to the processing of their personal data. This Regulation does not cover the processing of personal data which
p.(None): concerns legal persons and in particular undertakings established as legal persons, including the name and the form of the
p.(None): legal person and the contact details of the legal person.
p.(None): (15) In order to prevent creating a serious risk of circumvention, the protection of natural persons should be technologically neutral
p.(None): and should not depend on the techniques used. The protection of natural persons should apply to the processing of personal
p.(None): data by automated means, as well as to manual processing, if the personal data are contained or are intended to be
p.(None): contained in a ﬁling system. Files or sets of ﬁles, as well as their cover pages, which are not structured according to speciﬁc
p.(None): criteria should not fall within the scope of this Regulation.
p.(None): (16) This Regulation does not apply to issues of protection of fundamental rights and freedoms or the free ﬂow of personal data
p.(None): related to activities which fall outside the scope of Union law, such as activities concerning national security. This Regulation
p.(None): does not apply to the processing of personal data by the Member States when carrying out activities in relation to the
p.(None): common foreign and security policy of the Union.
p.(None): (17) Regulation (EC) No 45/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council(6) applies to the processing of personal data by
p.(None): the Union institutions, bodies, oﬃces and agencies. Regulation (EC) No 45/2001 and other Union legal acts applicable to such
p.(None): processing of personal data should be adapted to the principles and rules established in this Regulation and applied in the
p.(None): light of this Regulation. In order to provide a strong and coherent data protection framework in the Union, the necessary
p.(None): adaptations of Regulation (EC) No 45/2001 should follow after the adoption of this Regulation, in order to allow application at
p.(None): the same time as this Regulation.
p.(None): (18) This Regulation does not apply to the processing of personal data by a natural person in the course of a purely personal or
p.(None): household activity and thus with no connection to a professional or commercial activity. Personal or household activities could
p.(None): include correspondence and the holding of addresses, or social networking and online activity undertaken within the context of
p.(None): such activities. However, this Regulation applies to controllers or processors which provide the means for processing personal
p.(None): data for such personal or household activities.
p.(None): (19) The protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data by competent authorities for the purposes of
p.(None): the prevention, investigation, detection or prosecution of criminal oﬀences or the execution of criminal penalties, including the
p.(None): safeguarding against and the prevention of threats to public security and the free movement of such data, is the subject of a
p.(None): speciﬁc Union legal act. This Regulation should not, therefore, apply to processing activities for those purposes. However,
p.(None): personal data processed by public authorities under this Regulation should, when used for those purposes, be governed by a
p.(None): more speciﬁc Union legal act, namely Directive (EU) 2016/680 of the European Parliament and of the Council (7).
p.(None): Member States may entrust competent authorities within the meaning of Directive (EU) 2016/680 with tasks which are not
p.(None): necessarily carried out for the purposes of the prevention, investigation, detection or prosecution of criminal oﬀences or the
p.(None): execution of criminal penalties, including the safeguarding against and prevention of threats to public security, so that the
p.(None): processing of personal data for those other purposes, in so far as it is within the scope of Union law, falls within the scope of
p.(None): this Regulation.
p.(None): With regard to the processing of personal data by those competent authorities for purposes falling within scope of this
p.(None): Regulation, Member States should be able to maintain or introduce more speciﬁc provisions to adapt the application of the
p.(None): rules of this Regulation. Such provisions may determine more precisely speciﬁc requirements for the processing of personal
p.(None): data by those competent authorities for those other purposes, taking into account the constitutional, organisational and
p.(None): administrative structure of the respective Member State. When the processing of personal data by private bodies falls within
p.(None): the scope of this Regulation, this Regulation should provide for the possibility for Member States under speciﬁc conditions to
p.(None): restrict by law certain obligations and rights when such a restriction constitutes a necessary and proportionate measure in a
p.(None): democratic society to safeguard speciﬁc important interests including public security and the prevention, investigation,
p.(None): detection or prosecution of criminal oﬀences or the execution of criminal penalties, including the safeguarding against and the
p.(None): prevention of threats to public security. This is relevant for instance in the framework of anti-money laundering or the activities
p.(None): of forensic laboratories.
p.(None): (20) While this Regulation applies, inter alia, to the activities of courts and other judicial authorities, Union or Member State law
p.(None): could specify the processing operations and processing procedures in relation to the processing of personal data by courts
p.(None): and other judicial authorities. The competence of the supervisory authorities should not cover the processing of personal data
p.(None): when courts are acting in their judicial capacity, in order to safeguard the independence of the judiciary in the performance of
p.(None): its judicial tasks, including decision-making. It should be possible to entrust supervision of such data processing operations to
p.(None): speciﬁc bodies within the judicial system of the Member State, which should, in particular ensure compliance with the rules of
p.(None): this Regulation, enhance awareness among members of the judiciary of their obligations under this Regulation and handle
p.(None): complaints in relation to such data processing operations.
p.(None): (21) This Regulation is without prejudice to the application of Directive 2000/31/EC of the European Parliament and of the
p.(None): Council (8), in particular of the liability rules of intermediary service providers in Articles 12 to 15 of that Directive. That
p.(None): Directive seeks to contribute to the proper functioning of the internal market by ensuring the free movement of information
p.(None): society services between Member States.
p.(None): (22) Any processing of personal data in the context of the activities of an establishment of a controller or a processor in the Union
p.(None): should be carried out in accordance with this Regulation, regardless of whether the processing itself takes place within the
p.(None): Union. Establishment implies the eﬀective and real exercise of activity through stable arrangements. The legal form of such
p.(None): arrangements, whether through a branch or a subsidiary with a legal personality, is not the determining factor in that respect.
p.(None): (23) In order to ensure that natural persons are not deprived of the protection to which they are entitled under this Regulation, the
p.(None): processing of personal data of data subjects who are in the Union by a controller or a processor not established in the Union
p.(None): should be subject to this Regulation where the processing activities are related to oﬀering goods or services to such data
p.(None): subjects irrespective of whether connected to a payment. In order to determine whether such a controller or processor is
p.(None): oﬀering goods or services to data subjects who are in the Union, it should be ascertained whether it is apparent that the
p.(None): controller or processor envisages oﬀering services to data subjects in one or more Member States in the Union. Whereas the
p.(None): mere accessibility of the controller's, processor's or an intermediary's website in the Union, of an email address or of other
p.(None): contact details, or the use of a language generally used in the third country where the controller is established, is insuﬃcient
p.(None): to ascertain such intention, factors such as the use of a language or a currency generally used in one or more Member States
p.(None): with the possibility of ordering goods and services in that other language, or the mentioning of customers or users who are in
p.(None): the Union, may make it apparent that the controller envisages offering goods or services to data subjects in the Union.
p.(None): (24) The processing of personal data of data subjects who are in the Union by a controller or processor not established in the
p.(None): Union should also be subject to this Regulation when it is related to the monitoring of the behaviour of such data subjects in
p.(None): so far as their behaviour takes place within the Union. In order to determine whether a processing activity can be considered
p.(None): to monitor the behaviour of data subjects, it should be ascertained whether natural persons are tracked on the internet
p.(None): including potential subsequent use of personal data processing techniques which consist of proﬁling a natural person,
p.(None): particularly in order to take decisions concerning her or him or for analysing or predicting her or his personal preferences,
p.(None): behaviours and attitudes.
p.(None): (25) Where Member State law applies by virtue of public international law, this Regulation should also apply to a controller not
p.(None): established in the Union, such as in a Member State's diplomatic mission or consular post.
p.(None): (26) The principles of data protection should apply to any information concerning an identiﬁed or identiﬁable natural person.
p.(None): Personal data which have undergone pseudonymisation, which could be attributed to a natural person by the use of additional
p.(None): information should be considered to be information on an identiﬁable natural person. To determine whether a natural person is
p.(None): identiﬁable, account should be taken of all the means reasonably likely to be used, such as singling out, either by the
p.(None): controller or by another person to identify the natural person directly or indirectly. To ascertain whether means are reasonably
p.(None): likely to be used to identify the natural person, account should be taken of all objective factors, such as the costs of and the
p.(None): amount of time required for identiﬁcation, taking into consideration the available technology at the time of the processing and
p.(None): technological developments. The principles of data protection should therefore not apply to anonymous information, namely
p.(None): information which does not relate to an identiﬁed or identiﬁable natural person or to personal data rendered anonymous in
p.(None): such a manner that the data subject is not or no longer identiﬁable. This Regulation does not therefore concern the processing
p.(None): of such anonymous information, including for statistical or research purposes.
p.(None): (27) This Regulation does not apply to the personal data of deceased persons. Member States may provide for rules regarding the
p.(None): processing of personal data of deceased persons.
p.(None): (28) The application of pseudonymisation to personal data can reduce the risks to the data subjects concerned and help
...

p.(None): Regulation is not intended to preclude any other measures of data protection.
p.(None): (29) In order to create incentives to apply pseudonymisation when processing personal data, measures of pseudonymisation
p.(None): should, whilst allowing general analysis, be possible within the same controller when that controller has taken technical and
p.(None): organisational measures necessary to ensure, for the processing concerned, that this Regulation is implemented, and that
p.(None): additional information for attributing the personal data to a speciﬁc data subject is kept separately. The controller processing
p.(None): the personal data should indicate the authorised persons within the same controller.
p.(None): (30) Natural persons may be associated with online identiﬁers provided by their devices, applications, tools and protocols, such as
p.(None): internet protocol addresses, cookie identiﬁers or other identiﬁers such as radio frequency identiﬁcation tags. This may leave
p.(None): traces which, in particular when combined with unique identiﬁers and other information received by the servers, may be used
p.(None): to create profiles of the natural persons and identify them.
p.(None): (31) Public authorities to which personal data are disclosed in accordance with a legal obligation for the exercise of their oﬃcial
p.(None): mission, such as tax and customs authorities, ﬁnancial investigation units, independent administrative authorities, or ﬁnancial
p.(None): market authorities responsible for the regulation and supervision of securities markets should not be regarded as recipients if
p.(None): they receive personal data which are necessary to carry out a particular inquiry in the general interest, in accordance with
p.(None): Union or Member State law. The requests for disclosure sent by the public authorities should always be in writing, reasoned
p.(None): and occasional and should not concern the entirety of a ﬁling system or lead to the interconnection of ﬁling systems. The
p.(None): processing of personal data by those public authorities should comply with the applicable data-protection rules according to
p.(None): the purposes of the processing.
p.(None): (32) Consent should be given by a clear aﬃrmative act establishing a freely given, speciﬁc, informed and unambiguous indication
p.(None): of the data subject's agreement to the processing of personal data relating to him or her, such as by a written statement,
p.(None): including by electronic means, or an oral statement. This could include ticking a box when visiting an internet website,
p.(None): choosing technical settings for information society services or another statement or conduct which clearly indicates in this
p.(None): context the data subject's acceptance of the proposed processing of his or her personal data. Silence, pre-ticked boxes or
p.(None): inactivity should not therefore constitute consent. Consent should cover all processing activities carried out for the same
p.(None): purpose or purposes. When the processing has multiple purposes, consent should be given for all of them. If the data
p.(None): subject's consent is to be given following a request by electronic means, the request must be clear, concise and not
p.(None): unnecessarily disruptive to the use of the service for which it is provided.
...

p.(None): (34) Genetic data should be deﬁned as personal data relating to the inherited or acquired genetic characteristics of a natural
p.(None): person which result from the analysis of a biological sample from the natural person in question, in particular chromosomal,
p.(None): deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA) analysis, or from the analysis of another element enabling equivalent
p.(None): information to be obtained.
p.(None): (35) Personal data concerning health should include all data pertaining to the health status of a data subject which reveal
p.(None): information relating to the past, current or future physical or mental health status of the data subject. This includes information
p.(None): about the natural person collected in the course of the registration for, or the provision of, health care services as referred to in
p.(None): Directive 2011/24/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council (9) to that natural person; a number, symbol or particular
p.(None): assigned to a natural person to uniquely identify the natural person for health purposes; information derived from the testing or
p.(None): examination of a body part or bodily substance, including from genetic data and biological samples; and any information on,
p.(None): for example, a disease, disability, disease risk, medical history, clinical treatment or the physiological or biomedical state of
p.(None): the data subject independent of its source, for example from a physician or other health professional, a hospital, a medical
p.(None): device or an in vitro diagnostic test.
p.(None): (36) The main establishment of a controller in the Union should be the place of its central administration in the Union, unless the
p.(None): decisions on the purposes and means of the processing of personal data are taken in another establishment of the controller
p.(None): in the Union, in which case that other establishment should be considered to be the main establishment. The main
p.(None): establishment of a controller in the Union should be determined according to objective criteria and should imply the eﬀective
p.(None): and real exercise of management activities determining the main decisions as to the purposes and means of processing
p.(None): through stable arrangements. That criterion should not depend on whether the processing of personal data is carried out at
p.(None): that location. The presence and use of technical means and technologies for processing personal data or processing activities
p.(None): do not, in themselves, constitute a main establishment and are therefore not determining criteria for a main establishment. The
p.(None): main establishment of the processor should be the place of its central administration in the Union or, if it has no central
p.(None): administration in the Union, the place where the main processing activities take place in the Union. In cases involving both the
p.(None): controller and the processor, the competent lead supervisory authority should remain the supervisory authority of the Member
p.(None): State where the controller has its main establishment, but the supervisory authority of the processor should be considered to
p.(None): be a supervisory authority concerned and that supervisory authority should participate in the cooperation procedure provided
p.(None): for by this Regulation. In any case, the supervisory authorities of the Member State or Member States where the processor
p.(None): has one or more establishments should not be considered to be supervisory authorities concerned where the draft decision
p.(None): concerns only the controller. Where the processing is carried out by a group of undertakings, the main establishment of the
p.(None): controlling undertaking should be considered to be the main establishment of the group of undertakings, except where the
p.(None): purposes and means of processing are determined by another undertaking.
p.(None): (37) A group of undertakings should cover a controlling undertaking and its controlled undertakings, whereby the controlling
p.(None): undertaking should be the undertaking which can exert a dominant inﬂuence over the other undertakings by virtue, for
p.(None): example, of ownership, ﬁnancial participation or the rules which govern it or the power to have personal data protection rules
p.(None): implemented. An undertaking which controls the processing of personal data in undertakings aﬃliated to it should be
...

p.(None): obtain conﬁrmation and communication of personal data concerning them which are being processed. Natural persons should
p.(None): be made aware of risks, rules, safeguards and rights in relation to the processing of personal data and how to exercise their
p.(None): rights in relation to such processing. In particular, the speciﬁc purposes for which personal data are processed should be
p.(None): explicit and legitimate and determined at the time of the collection of the personal data. The personal data should be
p.(None): adequate, relevant and limited to what is necessary for the purposes for which they are processed. This requires, in particular,
p.(None): ensuring that the period for which the personal data are stored is limited to a strict minimum. Personal data should be
p.(None): processed only if the purpose of the processing could not reasonably be fulﬁlled by other means. In order to ensure that the
p.(None): personal data are not kept longer than necessary, time limits should be established by the controller for erasure or for a
p.(None): periodic review. Every reasonable step should be taken to ensure that personal data which are inaccurate are rectiﬁed or
p.(None): deleted. Personal data should be processed in a manner that ensures appropriate security and conﬁdentiality of the personal
p.(None): data, including for preventing unauthorised access to or use of personal data and the equipment used for the processing.
p.(None): (40) In order for processing to be lawful, personal data should be processed on the basis of the consent of the data subject
p.(None): concerned or some other legitimate basis, laid down by law, either in this Regulation or in other Union or Member State law as
p.(None): referred to in this Regulation, including the necessity for compliance with the legal obligation to which the controller is subject
p.(None): or the necessity for the performance of a contract to which the data subject is party or in order to take steps at the request of
p.(None): the data subject prior to entering into a contract.
p.(None): (41) Where this Regulation refers to a legal basis or a legislative measure, this does not necessarily require a legislative act
p.(None): adopted by a parliament, without prejudice to requirements pursuant to the constitutional order of the Member State
p.(None): concerned. However, such a legal basis or legislative measure should be clear and precise and its application should be
p.(None): foreseeable to persons subject to it, in accordance with the case-law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (the ‘Court
p.(None): of Justice’) and the European Court of Human Rights.
p.(None): (42) Where processing is based on the data subject's consent, the controller should be able to demonstrate that the data subject
p.(None): has given consent to the processing operation. In particular in the context of a written declaration on another matter,
p.(None): safeguards should ensure that the data subject is aware of the fact that and the extent to which consent is given. In
p.(None): accordance with Council Directive 93/13/EEC (10) a declaration of consent pre-formulated by the controller should be provided
p.(None): in an intelligible and easily accessible form, using clear and plain language and it should not contain unfair terms. For consent
p.(None): to be informed, the data subject should be aware at least of the identity of the controller and the purposes of the processing
p.(None): for which the personal data are intended. Consent should not be regarded as freely given if the data subject has no genuine
p.(None): or free choice or is unable to refuse or withdraw consent without detriment.
p.(None): (43) In order to ensure that consent is freely given, consent should not provide a valid legal ground for the processing of personal
p.(None): data in a speciﬁc case where there is a clear imbalance between the data subject and the controller, in particular where the
p.(None): controller is a public authority and it is therefore unlikely that consent was freely given in all the circumstances of that speciﬁc
p.(None): situation. Consent is presumed not to be freely given if it does not allow separate consent to be given to diﬀerent personal
p.(None): data processing operations despite it being appropriate in the individual case, or if the performance of a contract, including the
p.(None): provision of a service, is dependent on the consent despite such consent not being necessary for such performance.
p.(None): (44) Processing should be lawful where it is necessary in the context of a contract or the intention to enter into a contract.
p.(None): (45) Where processing is carried out in accordance with a legal obligation to which the controller is subject or where processing is
p.(None): necessary for the performance of a task carried out in the public interest or in the exercise of oﬃcial authority, the processing
p.(None): should have a basis in Union or Member State law. This Regulation does not require a speciﬁc law for each individual
p.(None): processing. A law as a basis for several processing operations based on a legal obligation to which the controller is subject or
p.(None): where processing is necessary for the performance of a task carried out in the public interest or in the exercise of an oﬃcial
p.(None): authority may be suﬃcient. It should also be for Union or Member State law to determine the purpose of processing.
p.(None): Furthermore, that law could specify the general conditions of this Regulation governing the lawfulness of personal data
p.(None): processing, establish speciﬁcations for determining the controller, the type of personal data which are subject to the
p.(None): processing, the data subjects concerned, the entities to which the personal data may be disclosed, the purpose limitations,
p.(None): the storage period and other measures to ensure lawful and fair processing. It should also be for Union or Member State law
p.(None): to determine whether the controller performing a task carried out in the public interest or in the exercise of oﬃcial authority
p.(None): should be a public authority or another natural or legal person governed by public law, or, where it is in the public interest to do
p.(None): so, including for health purposes such as public health and social protection and the management of health care services, by
p.(None): private law, such as a professional association.
p.(None): (46) The processing of personal data should also be regarded to be lawful where it is necessary to protect an interest which is
p.(None): essential for the life of the data subject or that of another natural person. Processing of personal data based on the vital
p.(None): interest of another natural person should in principle take place only where the processing cannot be manifestly based on
p.(None): another legal basis. Some types of processing may serve both important grounds of public interest and the vital interests of
p.(None): the data subject as for instance when processing is necessary for humanitarian purposes, including for monitoring epidemics
p.(None): and their spread or in situations of humanitarian emergencies, in particular in situations of natural and man-made disasters.
p.(None): (47) The legitimate interests of a controller, including those of a controller to which the personal data may be disclosed, or of a
p.(None): third party, may provide a legal basis for processing, provided that the interests or the fundamental rights and freedoms of the
...

p.(None): information security, i.e. the ability of a network or an information system to resist, at a given level of conﬁdence, accidental
p.(None): events or unlawful or malicious actions that compromise the availability, authenticity, integrity and conﬁdentiality of stored or
p.(None): transmitted personal data, and the security of the related services oﬀered by, or accessible via, those networks and systems,
p.(None): by public authorities, by computer emergency response teams (CERTs), computer security incident response teams
p.(None): (CSIRTs), by providers of electronic communications networks and services and by providers of security technologies and
p.(None): services, constitutes a legitimate interest of the data controller concerned. This could, for example, include preventing
p.(None): unauthorised access to electronic communications networks and malicious code distribution and stopping ‘denial of service’
p.(None): attacks and damage to computer and electronic communication systems.
p.(None): (50) The processing of personal data for purposes other than those for which the personal data were initially collected should be
p.(None): allowed only where the processing is compatible with the purposes for which the personal data were initially collected. In such
p.(None): a case, no legal basis separate from that which allowed the collection of the personal data is required. If the processing is
p.(None): necessary for the performance of a task carried out in the public interest or in the exercise of oﬃcial authority vested in the
p.(None): controller, Union or Member State law may determine and specify the tasks and purposes for which the further processing
p.(None): should be regarded as compatible and lawful. Further processing for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientiﬁc or
p.(None): historical research purposes or statistical purposes should be considered to be compatible lawful processing operations. The
p.(None): legal basis provided by Union or Member State law for the processing of personal data may also provide a legal basis for
p.(None): further processing. In order to ascertain whether a purpose of further processing is compatible with the purpose for which the
p.(None): personal data are initially collected, the controller, after having met all the requirements for the lawfulness of the original
p.(None): processing, should take into account, inter alia: any link between those purposes and the purposes of the intended further
p.(None): processing; the context in which the personal data have been collected, in particular the reasonable expectations of data
p.(None): subjects based on their relationship with the controller as to their further use; the nature of the personal data; the
p.(None): consequences of the intended further processing for data subjects; and the existence of appropriate safeguards in both the
p.(None): original and intended further processing operations.
p.(None): Where the data subject has given consent or the processing is based on Union or Member State law which constitutes a
p.(None): necessary and proportionate measure in a democratic society to safeguard, in particular, important objectives of general
p.(None): public interest, the controller should be allowed to further process the personal data irrespective of the compatibility of the
p.(None): purposes. In any case, the application of the principles set out in this Regulation and in particular the information of the data
p.(None): subject on those other purposes and on his or her rights including the right to object, should be ensured. Indicating possible
p.(None): criminal acts or threats to public security by the controller and transmitting the relevant personal data in individual cases or in
p.(None): several cases relating to the same criminal act or threats to public security to a competent authority should be regarded as
p.(None): being in the legitimate interest pursued by the controller. However, such transmission in the legitimate interest of the controller
p.(None): or further processing of personal data should be prohibited if the processing is not compatible with a legal, professional or
p.(None): other binding obligation of secrecy.
p.(None): (51) Personal data which are, by their nature, particularly sensitive in relation to fundamental rights and freedoms merit speciﬁc
p.(None): protection as the context of their processing could create signiﬁcant risks to the fundamental rights and freedoms. Those
p.(None): personal data should include personal data revealing racial or ethnic origin, whereby the use of the term ‘racial origin’ in this
p.(None): Regulation does not imply an acceptance by the Union of theories which attempt to determine the existence of separate
p.(None): human races. The processing of photographs should not systematically be considered to be processing of special categories
p.(None): of personal data as they are covered by the deﬁnition of biometric data only when processed through a speciﬁc technical
p.(None): means allowing the unique identiﬁcation or authentication of a natural person. Such personal data should not be processed,
p.(None): unless processing is allowed in speciﬁc cases set out in this Regulation, taking into account that Member States law may lay
p.(None): down speciﬁc provisions on data protection in order to adapt the application of the rules of this Regulation for compliance with
p.(None): a legal obligation or for the performance of a task carried out in the public interest or in the exercise of oﬃcial authority vested
p.(None): in the controller. In addition to the speciﬁc requirements for such processing, the general principles and other rules of this
p.(None): Regulation should apply, in particular as regards the conditions for lawful processing. Derogations from the general prohibition
p.(None): for processing such special categories of personal data should be explicitly provided, inter alia, where the data subject gives
p.(None): his or her explicit consent or in respect of speciﬁc needs in particular where the processing is carried out in the course of
p.(None): legitimate activities by certain associations or foundations the purpose of which is to permit the exercise of fundamental
p.(None): freedoms.
p.(None): (52) Derogating from the prohibition on processing special categories of personal data should also be allowed when provided for in
p.(None): Union or Member State law and subject to suitable safeguards, so as to protect personal data and other fundamental rights,
p.(None): where it is in the public interest to do so, in particular processing personal data in the ﬁeld of employment law, social
p.(None): protection law including pensions and for health security, monitoring and alert purposes, the prevention or control of
p.(None): communicable diseases and other serious threats to health. Such a derogation may be made for health purposes, including
p.(None): public health and the management of health-care services, especially in order to ensure the quality and cost-eﬀectiveness of
p.(None): the procedures used for settling claims for beneﬁts and services in the health insurance system, or for archiving purposes in
p.(None): the public interest, scientiﬁc or historical research purposes or statistical purposes. A derogation should also allow the
p.(None): processing of such personal data where necessary for the establishment, exercise or defence of legal claims, whether in court
p.(None): proceedings or in an administrative or out-of-court procedure.
p.(None): (53) Special categories of personal data which merit higher protection should be processed for health-related purposes only where
p.(None): necessary to achieve those purposes for the beneﬁt of natural persons and society as a whole, in particular in the context of
p.(None): the management of health or social care services and systems, including processing by the management and central national
p.(None): health authorities of such data for the purpose of quality control, management information and the general national and local
p.(None): supervision of the health or social care system, and ensuring continuity of health or social care and cross-border healthcare or
p.(None): health security, monitoring and alert purposes, or for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientiﬁc or historical research
p.(None): purposes or statistical purposes, based on Union or Member State law which has to meet an objective of public interest, as
p.(None): well as for studies conducted in the public interest in the area of public health. Therefore, this Regulation should provide for
p.(None): harmonised conditions for the processing of special categories of personal data concerning health, in respect of speciﬁc
p.(None): needs, in particular where the processing of such data is carried out for certain health-related purposes by persons subject to
p.(None): a legal obligation of professional secrecy. Union or Member State law should provide for speciﬁc and suitable measures so as
p.(None): to protect the fundamental rights and the personal data of natural persons. Member States should be allowed to maintain or
p.(None): introduce further conditions, including limitations, with regard to the processing of genetic data, biometric data or data
p.(None): concerning health. However, this should not hamper the free ﬂow of personal data within the Union when those conditions
p.(None): apply to cross-border processing of such data.
p.(None): (54) The processing of special categories of personal data may be necessary for reasons of public interest in the areas of public
p.(None): health without consent of the data subject. Such processing should be subject to suitable and speciﬁc measures so as to
p.(None): protect the rights and freedoms of natural persons. In that context, ‘public health’ should be interpreted as deﬁned in
p.(None): Regulation (EC) No 1338/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council (11), namely all elements related to health,
p.(None): namely health status, including morbidity and disability, the determinants having an eﬀect on that health status, health care
p.(None): needs, resources allocated to health care, the provision of, and universal access to, health care as well as health care
p.(None): expenditure and ﬁnancing, and the causes of mortality. Such processing of data concerning health for reasons of public
p.(None): interest should not result in personal data being processed for other purposes by third parties such as employers or insurance
p.(None): and banking companies.
p.(None): (55) Moreover, the processing of personal data by oﬃcial authorities for the purpose of achieving the aims, laid down by
p.(None): constitutional law or by international public law, of oﬃcially recognised religious associations, is carried out on grounds of
p.(None): public interest.
p.(None): (56) Where in the course of electoral activities, the operation of the democratic system in a Member State requires that political
...

p.(None): are processed, the recipients of the personal data, the logic involved in any automatic personal data processing and, at least
p.(None): when based on proﬁling, the consequences of such processing. Where possible, the controller should be able to provide
p.(None): remote access to a secure system which would provide the data subject with direct access to his or her personal data. That
p.(None): right should not adversely aﬀect the rights or freedoms of others, including trade secrets or intellectual property and in
p.(None): particular the copyright protecting the software. However, the result of those considerations should not be a refusal to provide
p.(None): all information to the data subject. Where the controller processes a large quantity of information concerning the data subject,
p.(None): the controller should be able to request that, before the information is delivered, the data subject specify the information or
p.(None): processing activities to which the request relates.
p.(None): (64) The controller should use all reasonable measures to verify the identity of a data subject who requests access, in particular in
p.(None): the context of online services and online identiﬁers. A controller should not retain personal data for the sole purpose of being
p.(None): able to react to potential requests.
p.(None): (65) A data subject should have the right to have personal data concerning him or her rectiﬁed and a ‘right to be forgotten’ where
p.(None): the retention of such data infringes this Regulation or Union or Member State law to which the controller is subject. In
p.(None): particular, a data subject should have the right to have his or her personal data erased and no longer processed where the
p.(None): personal data are no longer necessary in relation to the purposes for which they are collected or otherwise processed, where
p.(None): a data subject has withdrawn his or her consent or objects to the processing of personal data concerning him or her, or where
p.(None): the processing of his or her personal data does not otherwise comply with this Regulation. That right is relevant in particular
p.(None): where the data subject has given his or her consent as a child and is not fully aware of the risks involved by the processing,
p.(None): and later wants to remove such personal data, especially on the internet. The data subject should be able to exercise that
p.(None): right notwithstanding the fact that he or she is no longer a child. However, the further retention of the personal data should be
p.(None): lawful where it is necessary, for exercising the right of freedom of expression and information, for compliance with a legal
p.(None): obligation, for the performance of a task carried out in the public interest or in the exercise of oﬃcial authority vested in the
p.(None): controller, on the grounds of public interest in the area of public health, for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientiﬁc
p.(None): or historical research purposes or statistical purposes, or for the establishment, exercise or defence of legal claims.
...

p.(None): relating to his or her particular situation. It should be for the controller to demonstrate that its compelling legitimate interest
p.(None): overrides the interests or the fundamental rights and freedoms of the data subject.
p.(None): (70) Where personal data are processed for the purposes of direct marketing, the data subject should have the right to object to
p.(None): such processing, including proﬁling to the extent that it is related to such direct marketing, whether with regard to initial or
p.(None): further processing, at any time and free of charge. That right should be explicitly brought to the attention of the data subject
p.(None): and presented clearly and separately from any other information.
p.(None): (71) The data subject should have the right not to be subject to a decision, which may include a measure, evaluating personal
p.(None): aspects relating to him or her which is based solely on automated processing and which produces legal eﬀects concerning
p.(None): him or her or similarly signiﬁcantly aﬀects him or her, such as automatic refusal of an online credit application or e-recruiting
p.(None): practices without any human intervention. Such processing includes ‘proﬁling’ that consists of any form of automated
p.(None): processing of personal data evaluating the personal aspects relating to a natural person, in particular to analyse or predict
p.(None): aspects concerning the data subject's performance at work, economic situation, health, personal preferences or interests,
p.(None): reliability or behaviour, location or movements, where it produces legal eﬀects concerning him or her or similarly signiﬁcantly
p.(None): aﬀects him or her. However, decision-making based on such processing, including proﬁling, should be allowed where
p.(None): expressly authorised by Union or Member State law to which the controller is subject, including for fraud and tax-evasion
p.(None): monitoring and prevention purposes conducted in accordance with the regulations, standards and recommendations of Union
p.(None): institutions or national oversight bodies and to ensure the security and reliability of a service provided by the controller, or
p.(None): necessary for the entering or performance of a contract between the data subject and a controller, or when the data subject
p.(None): has given his or her explicit consent. In any case, such processing should be subject to suitable safeguards, which should
p.(None): include speciﬁc information to the data subject and the right to obtain human intervention, to express his or her point of view,
p.(None): to obtain an explanation of the decision reached after such assessment and to challenge the decision. Such measure should
p.(None): not concern a child.
p.(None): In order to ensure fair and transparent processing in respect of the data subject, taking into account the speciﬁc
p.(None): circumstances and context in which the personal data are processed, the controller should use appropriate mathematical or
p.(None): statistical procedures for the proﬁling, implement technical and organisational measures appropriate to ensure, in particular,
p.(None): that factors which result in inaccuracies in personal data are corrected and the risk of errors is minimised, secure personal
p.(None): data in a manner that takes account of the potential risks involved for the interests and rights of the data subject and that
p.(None): prevents, inter alia, discriminatory eﬀects on natural persons on the basis of racial or ethnic origin, political opinion, religion or
p.(None): beliefs, trade union membership, genetic or health status or sexual orientation, or that result in measures having such an
p.(None): eﬀect. Automated decision-making and proﬁling based on special categories of personal data should be allowed only under
p.(None): specific conditions.
p.(None): (72) Proﬁling is subject to the rules of this Regulation governing the processing of personal data, such as the legal grounds for
p.(None): processing or data protection principles. The European Data Protection Board established by this Regulation (the ‘Board’)
p.(None): should be able to issue guidance in that context.
p.(None): (73) Restrictions concerning speciﬁc principles and the rights of information, access to and rectiﬁcation or erasure of personal
p.(None): data, the right to data portability, the right to object, decisions based on proﬁling, as well as the communication of a personal
p.(None): data breach to a data subject and certain related obligations of the controllers may be imposed by Union or Member State law,
p.(None): as far as necessary and proportionate in a democratic society to safeguard public security, including the protection of human
p.(None): life especially in response to natural or manmade disasters, the prevention, investigation and prosecution of criminal oﬀences
p.(None): or the execution of criminal penalties, including the safeguarding against and the prevention of threats to public security, or of
p.(None): breaches of ethics for regulated professions, other important objectives of general public interest of the Union or of a Member
p.(None): State, in particular an important economic or ﬁnancial interest of the Union or of a Member State, the keeping of public
p.(None): registers kept for reasons of general public interest, further processing of archived personal data to provide speciﬁc
p.(None): information related to the political behaviour under former totalitarian state regimes or the protection of the data subject or the
p.(None): rights and freedoms of others, including social protection, public health and humanitarian purposes. Those restrictions should
p.(None): be in accordance with the requirements set out in the Charter and in the European Convention for the Protection of Human
p.(None): Rights and Fundamental Freedoms.
p.(None): (74) The responsibility and liability of the controller for any processing of personal data carried out by the controller or on the
p.(None): controller's behalf should be established. In particular, the controller should be obliged to implement appropriate and eﬀective
p.(None): measures and be able to demonstrate the compliance of processing activities with this Regulation, including the eﬀectiveness
p.(None): of the measures. Those measures should take into account the nature, scope, context and purposes of the processing and
p.(None): the risk to the rights and freedoms of natural persons.
p.(None): (75) The risk to the rights and freedoms of natural persons, of varying likelihood and severity, may result from personal data
p.(None): processing which could lead to physical, material or non-material damage, in particular: where the processing may give rise to
p.(None): discrimination, identity theft or fraud, ﬁnancial loss, damage to the reputation, loss of conﬁdentiality of personal data protected
p.(None): by professional secrecy, unauthorised reversal of pseudonymisation, or any other signiﬁcant economic or social disadvantage;
p.(None): where data subjects might be deprived of their rights and freedoms or prevented from exercising control over their personal
p.(None): data; where personal data are processed which reveal racial or ethnic origin, political opinions, religion or philosophical
p.(None): beliefs, trade union membership, and the processing of genetic data, data concerning health or data concerning sex life or
p.(None): criminal convictions and oﬀences or related security measures; where personal aspects are evaluated, in particular analysing
p.(None): or predicting aspects concerning performance at work, economic situation, health, personal preferences or interests, reliability
p.(None): or behaviour, location or movements, in order to create or use personal proﬁles; where personal data of vulnerable natural
p.(None): persons, in particular of children, are processed; or where processing involves a large amount of personal data and aﬀects a
p.(None): large number of data subjects.
p.(None): (76) The likelihood and severity of the risk to the rights and freedoms of the data subject should be determined by reference to the
p.(None): nature, scope, context and purposes of the processing. Risk should be evaluated on the basis of an objective assessment, by
p.(None): which it is established whether data processing operations involve a risk or a high risk.
p.(None): (77) Guidance on the implementation of appropriate measures and on the demonstration of compliance by the controller or the
p.(None): processor, especially as regards the identiﬁcation of the risk related to the processing, their assessment in terms of origin,
...

p.(None): transparency with regard to the functions and processing of personal data, enabling the data subject to monitor the data
p.(None): processing, enabling the controller to create and improve security features. When developing, designing, selecting and using
p.(None): applications, services and products that are based on the processing of personal data or process personal data to fulﬁl their
p.(None): task, producers of the products, services and applications should be encouraged to take into account the right to data
p.(None): protection when developing and designing such products, services and applications and, with due regard to the state of the
p.(None): art, to make sure that controllers and processors are able to fulﬁl their data protection obligations. The principles of data
p.(None): protection by design and by default should also be taken into consideration in the context of public tenders.
p.(None): (79) The protection of the rights and freedoms of data subjects as well as the responsibility and liability of controllers and
p.(None): processors, also in relation to the monitoring by and measures of supervisory authorities, requires a clear allocation of the
p.(None): responsibilities under this Regulation, including where a controller determines the purposes and means of the processing
p.(None): jointly with other controllers or where a processing operation is carried out on behalf of a controller.
p.(None): (80) Where a controller or a processor not established in the Union is processing personal data of data subjects who are in the
p.(None): Union whose processing activities are related to the oﬀering of goods or services, irrespective of whether a payment of the
p.(None): data subject is required, to such data subjects in the Union, or to the monitoring of their behaviour as far as their behaviour
p.(None): takes place within the Union, the controller or the processor should designate a representative, unless the processing is
p.(None): occasional, does not include processing, on a large scale, of special categories of personal data or the processing of personal
p.(None): data relating to criminal convictions and oﬀences, and is unlikely to result in a risk to the rights and freedoms of natural
p.(None): persons, taking into account the nature, context, scope and purposes of the processing or if the controller is a public authority
p.(None): or body. The representative should act on behalf of the controller or the processor and may be addressed by any supervisory
p.(None): authority. The representative should be explicitly designated by a written mandate of the controller or of the processor to act
p.(None): on its behalf with regard to its obligations under this Regulation. The designation of such a representative does not aﬀect the
p.(None): responsibility or liability of the controller or of the processor under this Regulation. Such a representative should perform its
p.(None): tasks according to the mandate received from the controller or processor, including cooperating with the competent
p.(None): supervisory authorities with regard to any action taken to ensure compliance with this Regulation. The designated
p.(None): representative should be subject to enforcement proceedings in the event of non-compliance by the controller or processor.
p.(None): (81) To ensure compliance with the requirements of this Regulation in respect of the processing to be carried out by the processor
p.(None): on behalf of the controller, when entrusting a processor with processing activities, the controller should use only processors
p.(None): providing suﬃcient guarantees, in particular in terms of expert knowledge, reliability and resources, to implement technical
p.(None): and organisational measures which will meet the requirements of this Regulation, including for the security of processing. The
p.(None): adherence of the processor to an approved code of conduct or an approved certiﬁcation mechanism may be used as an
p.(None): element to demonstrate compliance with the obligations of the controller. The carrying-out of processing by a processor
p.(None): should be governed by a contract or other legal act under Union or Member State law, binding the processor to the controller,
p.(None): setting out the subject-matter and duration of the processing, the nature and purposes of the processing, the type of personal
p.(None): data and categories of data subjects, taking into account the speciﬁc tasks and responsibilities of the processor in the context
p.(None): of the processing to be carried out and the risk to the rights and freedoms of the data subject. The controller and processor
p.(None): may choose to use an individual contract or standard contractual clauses which are adopted either directly by the Commission
p.(None): or by a supervisory authority in accordance with the consistency mechanism and then adopted by the Commission. After the
p.(None): completion of the processing on behalf of the controller, the processor should, at the choice of the controller, return or delete
p.(None): the personal data, unless there is a requirement to store the personal data under Union or Member State law to which the
p.(None): processor is subject.
p.(None): (82) In order to demonstrate compliance with this Regulation, the controller or processor should maintain records of processing
p.(None): activities under its responsibility. Each controller and processor should be obliged to cooperate with the supervisory authority
p.(None): and make those records, on request, available to it, so that it might serve for monitoring those processing operations.
p.(None): (83) In order to maintain security and to prevent processing in infringement of this Regulation, the controller or processor should
p.(None): evaluate the risks inherent in the processing and implement measures to mitigate those risks, such as encryption. Those
p.(None): measures should ensure an appropriate level of security, including conﬁdentiality, taking into account the state of the art and
p.(None): the costs of implementation in relation to the risks and the nature of the personal data to be protected. In assessing data
p.(None): security risk, consideration should be given to the risks that are presented by personal data processing, such as accidental or
p.(None): unlawful destruction, loss, alteration, unauthorised disclosure of, or access to, personal data transmitted, stored or otherwise
p.(None): processed which may in particular lead to physical, material or non-material damage.
p.(None): (84) In order to enhance compliance with this Regulation where processing operations are likely to result in a high risk to the rights
...

p.(None): oﬃcers, whether or not they are an employee of the controller, should be in a position to perform their duties and tasks in an
p.(None): independent manner.
p.(None): (98) Associations or other bodies representing categories of controllers or processors should be encouraged to draw up codes of
p.(None): conduct, within the limits of this Regulation, so as to facilitate the eﬀective application of this Regulation, taking account of the
p.(None): speciﬁc characteristics of the processing carried out in certain sectors and the speciﬁc needs of micro, small and medium
p.(None): enterprises. In particular, such codes of conduct could calibrate the obligations of controllers and processors, taking into
p.(None): account the risk likely to result from the processing for the rights and freedoms of natural persons.
p.(None): (99) When drawing up a code of conduct, or when amending or extending such a code, associations and other bodies representing
p.(None): categories of controllers or processors should consult relevant stakeholders, including data subjects where feasible, and have
p.(None): regard to submissions received and views expressed in response to such consultations.
p.(None): (100)In order to enhance transparency and compliance with this Regulation, the establishment of certification mechanisms and data
p.(None): protection seals and marks should be encouraged, allowing data subjects to quickly assess the level of data protection of
p.(None): relevant products and services.
p.(None): (101)Flows of personal data to and from countries outside the Union and international organisations are necessary for the
p.(None): expansion of international trade and international cooperation. The increase in such ﬂows has raised new challenges and
p.(None): concerns with regard to the protection of personal data. However, when personal data are transferred from the Union to
p.(None): controllers, processors or other recipients in third countries or to international organisations, the level of protection of natural
p.(None): persons ensured in the Union by this Regulation should not be undermined, including in cases of onward transfers of personal
p.(None): data from the third country or international organisation to controllers, processors in the same or another third country or
p.(None): international organisation. In any event, transfers to third countries and international organisations may only be carried out in
p.(None): full compliance with this Regulation. A transfer could take place only if, subject to the other provisions of this Regulation, the
p.(None): conditions laid down in the provisions of this Regulation relating to the transfer of personal data to third countries or
p.(None): international organisations are complied with by the controller or processor.
p.(None): (102)This Regulation is without prejudice to international agreements concluded between the Union and third countries regulating
p.(None): the transfer of personal data including appropriate safeguards for the data subjects. Member States may conclude
p.(None): international agreements which involve the transfer of personal data to third countries or international organisations, as far as
p.(None): such agreements do not aﬀect this Regulation or any other provisions of Union law and include an appropriate level of
p.(None): protection for the fundamental rights of the data subjects.
p.(None): (103)The Commission may decide with eﬀect for the entire Union that a third country, a territory or speciﬁed sector within a third
p.(None): country, or an international organisation, oﬀers an adequate level of data protection, thus providing legal certainty and
p.(None): uniformity throughout the Union as regards the third country or international organisation which is considered to provide such
p.(None): level of protection. In such cases, transfers of personal data to that third country or international organisation may take place
p.(None): without the need to obtain any further authorisation. The Commission may also decide, having given notice and a full
p.(None): statement setting out the reasons to the third country or international organisation, to revoke such a decision.
p.(None): (104)In line with the fundamental values on which the Union is founded, in particular the protection of human rights, the
p.(None): Commission should, in its assessment of the third country, or of a territory or speciﬁed sector within a third country, take into
p.(None): account how a particular third country respects the rule of law, access to justice as well as international human rights norms
p.(None): and standards and its general and sectoral law, including legislation concerning public security, defence and national security
p.(None): as well as public order and criminal law. The adoption of an adequacy decision with regard to a territory or a speciﬁed sector
p.(None): in a third country should take into account clear and objective criteria, such as speciﬁc processing activities and the scope of
p.(None): applicable legal standards and legislation in force in the third country. The third country should oﬀer guarantees ensuring an
p.(None): adequate level of protection essentially equivalent to that ensured within the Union, in particular where personal data are
p.(None): processed in one or several speciﬁc sectors. In particular, the third country should ensure eﬀective independent data
p.(None): protection supervision and should provide for cooperation mechanisms with the Member States' data protection authorities,
p.(None): and the data subjects should be provided with eﬀective and enforceable rights and eﬀective administrative and judicial
p.(None): redress.
p.(None): (105)Apart from the international commitments the third country or international organisation has entered into, the Commission
p.(None): should take account of obligations arising from the third country's or international organisation's participation in multilateral or
p.(None): regional systems in particular in relation to the protection of personal data, as well as the implementation of such obligations.
p.(None): In particular, the third country's accession to the Council of Europe Convention of 28 January 1981 for the Protection of
p.(None): Individuals with regard to the Automatic Processing of Personal Data and its Additional Protocol should be taken into account.
p.(None): The Commission should consult the Board when assessing the level of protection in third countries or international
p.(None): organisations.
p.(None): (106)The Commission should monitor the functioning of decisions on the level of protection in a third country, a territory or speciﬁed
p.(None): sector within a third country, or an international organisation, and monitor the functioning of decisions adopted on the basis of
...

p.(None): organisation no longer ensures an adequate level of data protection. Consequently the transfer of personal data to that third
p.(None): country or international organisation should be prohibited, unless the requirements in this Regulation relating to transfers
p.(None): subject to appropriate safeguards, including binding corporate rules, and derogations for speciﬁc situations are fulﬁlled. In that
p.(None): case, provision should be made for consultations between the Commission and such third countries or international
p.(None): organisations. The Commission should, in a timely manner, inform the third country or international organisation of the
p.(None): reasons and enter into consultations with it in order to remedy the situation.
p.(None): (108)In the absence of an adequacy decision, the controller or processor should take measures to compensate for the lack of data
p.(None): protection in a third country by way of appropriate safeguards for the data subject. Such appropriate safeguards may consist
p.(None): of making use of binding corporate rules, standard data protection clauses adopted by the Commission, standard data
p.(None): protection clauses adopted by a supervisory authority or contractual clauses authorised by a supervisory authority. Those
p.(None): safeguards should ensure compliance with data protection requirements and the rights of the data subjects appropriate to
p.(None): processing within the Union, including the availability of enforceable data subject rights and of eﬀective legal remedies,
p.(None): including to obtain eﬀective administrative or judicial redress and to claim compensation, in the Union or in a third country.
p.(None): They should relate in particular to compliance with the general principles relating to personal data processing, the principles of
p.(None): data protection by design and by default. Transfers may also be carried out by public authorities or bodies with public
p.(None): authorities or bodies in third countries or with international organisations with corresponding duties or functions, including on
p.(None): the basis of provisions to be inserted into administrative arrangements, such as a memorandum of understanding, providing
p.(None): for enforceable and eﬀective rights for data subjects. Authorisation by the competent supervisory authority should be obtained
p.(None): when the safeguards are provided for in administrative arrangements that are not legally binding.
p.(None): (109)The possibility for the controller or processor to use standard data-protection clauses adopted by the Commission or by a
p.(None): supervisory authority should prevent controllers or processors neither from including the standard data-protection clauses in a
p.(None): wider contract, such as a contract between the processor and another processor, nor from adding other clauses or additional
p.(None): safeguards provided that they do not contradict, directly or indirectly, the standard contractual clauses adopted by the
p.(None): Commission or by a supervisory authority or prejudice the fundamental rights or freedoms of the data subjects. Controllers
p.(None): and processors should be encouraged to provide additional safeguards via contractual commitments that supplement
p.(None): standard protection clauses.
p.(None): (110)A group of undertakings, or a group of enterprises engaged in a joint economic activity, should be able to make use of
p.(None): approved binding corporate rules for its international transfers from the Union to organisations within the same group of
p.(None): undertakings, or group of enterprises engaged in a joint economic activity, provided that such corporate rules include all
p.(None): essential principles and enforceable rights to ensure appropriate safeguards for transfers or categories of transfers of
p.(None): personal data.
p.(None): (111)Provisions should be made for the possibility for transfers in certain circumstances where the data subject has given his or her
p.(None): explicit consent, where the transfer is occasional and necessary in relation to a contract or a legal claim, regardless of whether
p.(None): in a judicial procedure or whether in an administrative or any out-of-court procedure, including procedures before regulatory
p.(None): bodies. Provision should also be made for the possibility for transfers where important grounds of public interest laid down by
p.(None): Union or Member State law so require or where the transfer is made from a register established by law and intended for
p.(None): consultation by the public or persons having a legitimate interest. In the latter case, such a transfer should not involve the
p.(None): entirety of the personal data or entire categories of the data contained in the register and, when the register is intended for
p.(None): consultation by persons having a legitimate interest, the transfer should be made only at the request of those persons or, if
p.(None): they are to be the recipients, taking into full account the interests and fundamental rights of the data subject.
p.(None): (112)Those derogations should in particular apply to data transfers required and necessary for important reasons of public interest,
p.(None): for example in cases of international data exchange between competition authorities, tax or customs administrations, between
p.(None): ﬁnancial supervisory authorities, between services competent for social security matters, or for public health, for example in
p.(None): the case of contact tracing for contagious diseases or in order to reduce and/or eliminate doping in sport. A transfer of
p.(None): personal data should also be regarded as lawful where it is necessary to protect an interest which is essential for the data
p.(None): subject's or another person's vital interests, including physical integrity or life, if the data subject is incapable of giving consent.
p.(None): In the absence of an adequacy decision, Union or Member State law may, for important reasons of public interest, expressly
p.(None): set limits to the transfer of speciﬁc categories of data to a third country or an international organisation. Member States should
p.(None): notify such provisions to the Commission. Any transfer to an international humanitarian organisation of personal data of a data
p.(None): subject who is physically or legally incapable of giving consent, with a view to accomplishing a task incumbent under the
p.(None): Geneva Conventions or to complying with international humanitarian law applicable in armed conﬂicts, could be considered to
p.(None): be necessary for an important reason of public interest or because it is in the vital interest of the data subject.
p.(None): (113)Transfers which can be qualiﬁed as not repetitive and that only concern a limited number of data subjects, could also be
p.(None): possible for the purposes of the compelling legitimate interests pursued by the controller, when those interests are not
p.(None): overridden by the interests or rights and freedoms of the data subject and when the controller has assessed all the
p.(None): circumstances surrounding the data transfer. The controller should give particular consideration to the nature of the personal
p.(None): data, the purpose and duration of the proposed processing operation or operations, as well as the situation in the country of
p.(None): origin, the third country and the country of ﬁnal destination, and should provide suitable safeguards to protect fundamental
p.(None): rights and freedoms of natural persons with regard to the processing of their personal data. Such transfers should be possible
p.(None): only in residual cases where none of the other grounds for transfer are applicable. For scientiﬁc or historical research
p.(None): purposes or statistical purposes, the legitimate expectations of society for an increase of knowledge should be taken into
p.(None): consideration. The controller should inform the supervisory authority and the data subject about the transfer.
p.(None): (114)In any case, where the Commission has taken no decision on the adequate level of data protection in a third country, the
p.(None): controller or processor should make use of solutions that provide data subjects with enforceable and eﬀective rights as
p.(None): regards the processing of their data in the Union once those data have been transferred so that that they will continue to
p.(None): benefit from fundamental rights and safeguards.
p.(None): (115)Some third countries adopt laws, regulations and other legal acts which purport to directly regulate the processing activities of
p.(None): natural and legal persons under the jurisdiction of the Member States. This may include judgments of courts or tribunals or
p.(None): decisions of administrative authorities in third countries requiring a controller or processor to transfer or disclose personal
p.(None): data, and which are not based on an international agreement, such as a mutual legal assistance treaty, in force between the
p.(None): requesting third country and the Union or a Member State. The extraterritorial application of those laws, regulations and other
p.(None): legal acts may be in breach of international law and may impede the attainment of the protection of natural persons ensured in
p.(None): the Union by this Regulation. Transfers should only be allowed where the conditions of this Regulation for a transfer to third
p.(None): countries are met. This may be the case, inter alia, where disclosure is necessary for an important ground of public interest
p.(None): recognised in Union or Member State law to which the controller is subject.
p.(None): (116)When personal data moves across borders outside the Union it may put at increased risk the ability of natural persons to
p.(None): exercise data protection rights in particular to protect themselves from the unlawful use or disclosure of that information. At the
p.(None): same time, supervisory authorities may ﬁnd that they are unable to pursue complaints or conduct investigations relating to the
p.(None): activities outside their borders. Their eﬀorts to work together in the cross-border context may also be hampered by insuﬃcient
p.(None): preventative or remedial powers, inconsistent legal regimes, and practical obstacles like resource constraints. Therefore, there
p.(None): is a need to promote closer cooperation among data protection supervisory authorities to help them exchange information and
p.(None): carry out investigations with their international counterparts. For the purposes of developing international cooperation
p.(None): mechanisms to facilitate and provide international mutual assistance for the enforcement of legislation for the protection of
p.(None): personal data, the Commission and the supervisory authorities should exchange information and cooperate in activities
p.(None): related to the exercise of their powers with competent authorities in third countries, based on reciprocity and in accordance
p.(None): with this Regulation.
p.(None): (117)The establishment of supervisory authorities in Member States, empowered to perform their tasks and exercise their powers
p.(None): with complete independence, is an essential component of the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of
p.(None): their personal data. Member States should be able to establish more than one supervisory authority, to reﬂect their
p.(None): constitutional, organisational and administrative structure.
p.(None): (118)The independence of supervisory authorities should not mean that the supervisory authorities cannot be subject to control or
p.(None): monitoring mechanisms regarding their financial expenditure or to judicial review.
p.(None): (119)Where a Member State establishes several supervisory authorities, it should establish by law mechanisms for ensuring the
p.(None): eﬀective participation of those supervisory authorities in the consistency mechanism. That Member State should in particular
p.(None): designate the supervisory authority which functions as a single contact point for the eﬀective participation of those authorities
p.(None): in the mechanism, to ensure swift and smooth cooperation with other supervisory authorities, the Board and the Commission.
p.(None): (120)Each supervisory authority should be provided with the ﬁnancial and human resources, premises and infrastructure necessary
p.(None): for the eﬀective performance of their tasks, including those related to mutual assistance and cooperation with other
p.(None): supervisory authorities throughout the Union. Each supervisory authority should have a separate, public annual budget, which
p.(None): may be part of the overall state or national budget.
p.(None): (121)The general conditions for the member or members of the supervisory authority should be laid down by law in each
p.(None): Member State and should in particular provide that those members are to be appointed, by means of a transparent procedure,
p.(None): either by the parliament, government or the head of State of the Member State on the basis of a proposal from the
p.(None): government, a member of the government, the parliament or a chamber of the parliament, or by an independent body
p.(None): entrusted under Member State law. In order to ensure the independence of the supervisory authority, the member or
p.(None): members should act with integrity, refrain from any action that is incompatible with their duties and should not, during their
p.(None): term of oﬃce, engage in any incompatible occupation, whether gainful or not. The supervisory authority should have its own
p.(None): staﬀ, chosen by the supervisory authority or an independent body established by Member State law, which should be subject
p.(None): to the exclusive direction of the member or members of the supervisory authority.
p.(None): (122)Each supervisory authority should be competent on the territory of its own Member State to exercise the powers and to
p.(None): perform the tasks conferred on it in accordance with this Regulation. This should cover in particular the processing in the
p.(None): context of the activities of an establishment of the controller or processor on the territory of its own Member State, the
p.(None): processing of personal data carried out by public authorities or private bodies acting in the public interest, processing aﬀecting
p.(None): data subjects on its territory or processing carried out by a controller or processor not established in the Union when targeting
p.(None): data subjects residing on its territory. This should include handling complaints lodged by a data subject, conducting
p.(None): investigations on the application of this Regulation and promoting public awareness of the risks, rules, safeguards and rights
p.(None): in relation to the processing of personal data.
p.(None): (123)The supervisory authorities should monitor the application of the provisions pursuant to this Regulation and contribute to its
p.(None): consistent application throughout the Union, in order to protect natural persons in relation to the processing of their personal
p.(None): data and to facilitate the free ﬂow of personal data within the internal market. For that purpose, the supervisory authorities
p.(None): should cooperate with each other and with the Commission, without the need for any agreement between Member States on
p.(None): the provision of mutual assistance or on such cooperation.
p.(None): (124)Where the processing of personal data takes place in the context of the activities of an establishment of a controller or a
p.(None): processor in the Union and the controller or processor is established in more than one Member State, or where processing
p.(None): taking place in the context of the activities of a single establishment of a controller or processor in the Union substantially
p.(None): aﬀects or is likely to substantially aﬀect data subjects in more than one Member State, the supervisory authority for the main
p.(None): establishment of the controller or processor or for the single establishment of the controller or processor should act as lead
p.(None): authority. It should cooperate with the other authorities concerned, because the controller or processor has an establishment
p.(None): on the territory of their Member State, because data subjects residing on their territory are substantially aﬀected, or because a
p.(None): complaint has been lodged with them. Also where a data subject not residing in that Member State has lodged a complaint,
p.(None): the supervisory authority with which such complaint has been lodged should also be a supervisory authority concerned. Within
p.(None): its tasks to issue guidelines on any question covering the application of this Regulation, the Board should be able to issue
p.(None): guidelines in particular on the criteria to be taken into account in order to ascertain whether the processing in question
p.(None): substantially affects data subjects in more than one Member State and on what constitutes a relevant and reasoned objection.
p.(None): (125)The lead authority should be competent to adopt binding decisions regarding measures applying the powers conferred on it in
p.(None): accordance with this Regulation. In its capacity as lead authority, the supervisory authority should closely involve and
p.(None): coordinate the supervisory authorities concerned in the decision-making process. Where the decision is to reject the
p.(None): complaint by the data subject in whole or in part, that decision should be adopted by the supervisory authority with which the
p.(None): complaint has been lodged.
p.(None): (126)The decision should be agreed jointly by the lead supervisory authority and the supervisory authorities concerned and should
p.(None): be directed towards the main or single establishment of the controller or processor and be binding on the controller and
p.(None): processor. The controller or processor should take the necessary measures to ensure compliance with this Regulation and
p.(None): the implementation of the decision notiﬁed by the lead supervisory authority to the main establishment of the controller or
p.(None): processor as regards the processing activities in the Union.
p.(None): (127)Each supervisory authority not acting as the lead supervisory authority should be competent to handle local cases where the
p.(None): controller or processor is established in more than one Member State, but the subject matter of the speciﬁc processing
p.(None): concerns only processing carried out in a single Member State and involves only data subjects in that single Member State,
p.(None): for example, where the subject matter concerns the processing of employees' personal data in the speciﬁc employment
p.(None): context of a Member State. In such cases, the supervisory authority should inform the lead supervisory authority without delay
p.(None): about the matter. After being informed, the lead supervisory authority should decide, whether it will handle the case pursuant
p.(None): to the provision on cooperation between the lead supervisory authority and other supervisory authorities concerned (‘one-stop-
p.(None): shop mechanism’), or whether the supervisory authority which informed it should handle the case at local level. When deciding
p.(None): whether it will handle the case, the lead supervisory authority should take into account whether there is an establishment of
p.(None): the controller or processor in the Member State of the supervisory authority which informed it in order to ensure eﬀective
p.(None): enforcement of a decision vis-à-vis the controller or processor. Where the lead supervisory authority decides to handle the
p.(None): case, the supervisory authority which informed it should have the possibility to submit a draft for a decision, of which the lead
p.(None): supervisory authority should take utmost account when preparing its draft decision in that one-stop-shop mechanism.
p.(None): (128)The rules on the lead supervisory authority and the one-stop-shop mechanism should not apply where the processing is
p.(None): carried out by public authorities or private bodies in the public interest. In such cases the only supervisory authority competent
p.(None): to exercise the powers conferred to it in accordance with this Regulation should be the supervisory authority of the
p.(None): Member State where the public authority or private body is established.
p.(None): (129)In order to ensure consistent monitoring and enforcement of this Regulation throughout the Union, the supervisory authorities
p.(None): should have in each Member State the same tasks and eﬀective powers, including powers of investigation, corrective powers
p.(None): and sanctions, and authorisation and advisory powers, in particular in cases of complaints from natural persons, and without
p.(None): prejudice to the powers of prosecutorial authorities under Member State law, to bring infringements of this Regulation to the
p.(None): attention of the judicial authorities and engage in legal proceedings. Such powers should also include the power to impose a
p.(None): temporary or deﬁnitive limitation, including a ban, on processing. Member States may specify other tasks related to the
p.(None): protection of personal data under this Regulation. The powers of supervisory authorities should be exercised in accordance
p.(None): with appropriate procedural safeguards set out in Union and Member State law, impartially, fairly and within a reasonable time.
p.(None): In particular each measure should be appropriate, necessary and proportionate in view of ensuring compliance with this
p.(None): Regulation, taking into account the circumstances of each individual case, respect the right of every person to be heard before
p.(None): any individual measure which would aﬀect him or her adversely is taken and avoid superﬂuous costs and excessive
p.(None): inconveniences for the persons concerned. Investigatory powers as regards access to premises should be exercised in
p.(None): accordance with speciﬁc requirements in Member State procedural law, such as the requirement to obtain a prior judicial
p.(None): authorisation. Each legally binding measure of the supervisory authority should be in writing, be clear and unambiguous,
p.(None): indicate the supervisory authority which has issued the measure, the date of issue of the measure, bear the signature of the
p.(None): head, or a member of the supervisory authority authorised by him or her, give the reasons for the measure, and refer to the
p.(None): right of an eﬀective remedy. This should not preclude additional requirements pursuant to Member State procedural law. The
p.(None): adoption of a legally binding decision implies that it may give rise to judicial review in the Member State of the supervisory
p.(None): authority that adopted the decision.
...

p.(None): context of an oﬀer of goods or services speciﬁcally aimed at data subjects in the territory of the Member State of the
p.(None): supervisory authority; or processing that has to be assessed taking into account relevant legal obligations under Member State
p.(None): law.
p.(None): (132)Awareness-raising activities by supervisory authorities addressed to the public should include speciﬁc measures directed at
p.(None): controllers and processors, including micro, small and medium-sized enterprises, as well as natural persons in particular in the
p.(None): educational context.
p.(None): (133)The supervisory authorities should assist each other in performing their tasks and provide mutual assistance, so as to ensure
p.(None): the consistent application and enforcement of this Regulation in the internal market. A supervisory authority requesting mutual
p.(None): assistance may adopt a provisional measure if it receives no response to a request for mutual assistance within one month of
p.(None): the receipt of that request by the other supervisory authority.
p.(None): (134)Each supervisory authority should, where appropriate, participate in joint operations with other supervisory authorities. The
p.(None): requested supervisory authority should be obliged to respond to the request within a specified time period.
p.(None): (135)In order to ensure the consistent application of this Regulation throughout the Union, a consistency mechanism for
p.(None): cooperation between the supervisory authorities should be established. That mechanism should in particular apply where a
p.(None): supervisory authority intends to adopt a measure intended to produce legal eﬀects as regards processing operations which
p.(None): substantially aﬀect a signiﬁcant number of data subjects in several Member States. It should also apply where any supervisory
p.(None): authority concerned or the Commission requests that such matter should be handled in the consistency mechanism. That
p.(None): mechanism should be without prejudice to any measures that the Commission may take in the exercise of its powers under
p.(None): the Treaties.
p.(None): (136)In applying the consistency mechanism, the Board should, within a determined period of time, issue an opinion, if a majority of
p.(None): its members so decides or if so requested by any supervisory authority concerned or the Commission. The Board should also
p.(None): be empowered to adopt legally binding decisions where there are disputes between supervisory authorities. For that purpose,
p.(None): it should issue, in principle by a two-thirds majority of its members, legally binding decisions in clearly speciﬁed cases where
p.(None): there are conﬂicting views among supervisory authorities, in particular in the cooperation mechanism between the lead
p.(None): supervisory authority and supervisory authorities concerned on the merits of the case, in particular whether there is an
p.(None): infringement of this Regulation.
p.(None): (137)There may be an urgent need to act in order to protect the rights and freedoms of data subjects, in particular when the danger
p.(None): exists that the enforcement of a right of a data subject could be considerably impeded. A supervisory authority should
p.(None): therefore be able to adopt duly justiﬁed provisional measures on its territory with a speciﬁed period of validity which should not
p.(None): exceed three months.
p.(None): (138)The application of such mechanism should be a condition for the lawfulness of a measure intended to produce legal eﬀects by
p.(None): a supervisory authority in those cases where its application is mandatory. In other cases of cross-border relevance, the
p.(None): cooperation mechanism between the lead supervisory authority and supervisory authorities concerned should be applied and
p.(None): mutual assistance and joint operations might be carried out between the supervisory authorities concerned on a bilateral or
p.(None): multilateral basis without triggering the consistency mechanism.
p.(None): (139)In order to promote the consistent application of this Regulation, the Board should be set up as an independent body of the
p.(None): Union. To fulﬁl its objectives, the Board should have legal personality. The Board should be represented by its Chair. It should
p.(None): replace the Working Party on the Protection of Individuals with Regard to the Processing of Personal Data established by
p.(None): Directive 95/46/EC. It should consist of the head of a supervisory authority of each Member State and the European Data
p.(None): Protection Supervisor or their respective representatives. The Commission should participate in the Board's activities without
p.(None): voting rights and the European Data Protection Supervisor should have speciﬁc voting rights. The Board should contribute to
p.(None): the consistent application of this Regulation throughout the Union, including by advising the Commission, in particular on the
p.(None): level of protection in third countries or international organisations, and promoting cooperation of the supervisory authorities
p.(None): throughout the Union. The Board should act independently when performing its tasks.
p.(None): (140)The Board should be assisted by a secretariat provided by the European Data Protection Supervisor. The staﬀ of the
p.(None): European Data Protection Supervisor involved in carrying out the tasks conferred on the Board by this Regulation should
p.(None): perform its tasks exclusively under the instructions of, and report to, the Chair of the Board.
p.(None): (141)Every data subject should have the right to lodge a complaint with a single supervisory authority, in particular in the
p.(None): Member State of his or her habitual residence, and the right to an eﬀective judicial remedy in accordance with Article 47 of the
p.(None): Charter if the data subject considers that his or her rights under this Regulation are infringed or where the supervisory
p.(None): authority does not act on a complaint, partially or wholly rejects or dismisses a complaint or does not act where such action is
p.(None): necessary to protect the rights of the data subject. The investigation following a complaint should be carried out, subject to
p.(None): judicial review, to the extent that is appropriate in the speciﬁc case. The supervisory authority should inform the data subject
p.(None): of the progress and the outcome of the complaint within a reasonable period. If the case requires further investigation or
...

p.(None): which produces legal eﬀects concerning that person. Such a decision concerns in particular the exercise of investigative,
p.(None): corrective and authorisation powers by the supervisory authority or the dismissal or rejection of complaints. However, the right
p.(None): to an eﬀective judicial remedy does not encompass measures taken by supervisory authorities which are not legally binding,
p.(None): such as opinions issued by or advice provided by the supervisory authority. Proceedings against a supervisory authority
p.(None): should be brought before the courts of the Member State where the supervisory authority is established and should be
p.(None): conducted in accordance with that Member State's procedural law. Those courts should exercise full jurisdiction, which should
p.(None): include jurisdiction to examine all questions of fact and law relevant to the dispute before them.
p.(None): Where a complaint has been rejected or dismissed by a supervisory authority, the complainant may bring proceedings before
p.(None): the courts in the same Member State. In the context of judicial remedies relating to the application of this Regulation, national
p.(None): courts which consider a decision on the question necessary to enable them to give judgment, may, or in the case provided for
p.(None): in Article 267 TFEU, must, request the Court of Justice to give a preliminary ruling on the interpretation of Union law, including
p.(None): this Regulation. Furthermore, where a decision of a supervisory authority implementing a decision of the Board is challenged
p.(None): before a national court and the validity of the decision of the Board is at issue, that national court does not have the power to
p.(None): declare the Board's decision invalid but must refer the question of validity to the Court of Justice in accordance with
p.(None): Article 267 TFEU as interpreted by the Court of Justice, where it considers the decision invalid. However, a national court may
p.(None): not refer a question on the validity of the decision of the Board at the request of a natural or legal person which had the
p.(None): opportunity to bring an action for annulment of that decision, in particular if it was directly and individually concerned by that
p.(None): decision, but had not done so within the period laid down in Article 263 TFEU.
p.(None): (144)Where a court seized of proceedings against a decision by a supervisory authority has reason to believe that proceedings
p.(None): concerning the same processing, such as the same subject matter as regards processing by the same controller or processor,
p.(None): or the same cause of action, are brought before a competent court in another Member State, it should contact that court in
p.(None): order to conﬁrm the existence of such related proceedings. If related proceedings are pending before a court in another
p.(None): Member State, any court other than the court ﬁrst seized may stay its proceedings or may, on request of one of the parties,
p.(None): decline jurisdiction in favour of the court ﬁrst seized if that court has jurisdiction over the proceedings in question and its law
p.(None): permits the consolidation of such related proceedings. Proceedings are deemed to be related where they are so closely
p.(None): connected that it is expedient to hear and determine them together in order to avoid the risk of irreconcilable judgments
p.(None): resulting from separate proceedings.
p.(None): (145)For proceedings against a controller or processor, the plaintiﬀ should have the choice to bring the action before the courts of
p.(None): the Member States where the controller or processor has an establishment or where the data subject resides, unless the
p.(None): controller is a public authority of a Member State acting in the exercise of its public powers.
p.(None): (146)The controller or processor should compensate any damage which a person may suﬀer as a result of processing that infringes
p.(None): this Regulation. The controller or processor should be exempt from liability if it proves that it is not in any way responsible for
p.(None): the damage. The concept of damage should be broadly interpreted in the light of the case-law of the Court of Justice in a
p.(None): manner which fully reﬂects the objectives of this Regulation. This is without prejudice to any claims for damage deriving from
p.(None): the violation of other rules in Union or Member State law. Processing that infringes this Regulation also includes processing
p.(None): that infringes delegated and implementing acts adopted in accordance with this Regulation and Member State law specifying
p.(None): rules of this Regulation. Data subjects should receive full and eﬀective compensation for the damage they have suﬀered.
p.(None): Where controllers or processors are involved in the same processing, each controller or processor should be held liable for
p.(None): the entire damage. However, where they are joined to the same judicial proceedings, in accordance with Member State law,
p.(None): compensation may be apportioned according to the responsibility of each controller or processor for the damage caused by
p.(None): the processing, provided that full and eﬀective compensation of the data subject who suﬀered the damage is ensured. Any
p.(None): controller or processor which has paid full compensation may subsequently institute recourse proceedings against other
p.(None): controllers or processors involved in the same processing.
p.(None): (147)Where speciﬁc rules on jurisdiction are contained in this Regulation, in particular as regards proceedings seeking a judicial
p.(None): remedy including compensation, against a controller or processor, general jurisdiction rules such as those of Regulation (EU)
p.(None): No 1215/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council (13) should not prejudice the application of such specific rules.
p.(None): (148)In order to strengthen the enforcement of the rules of this Regulation, penalties including administrative ﬁnes should be
p.(None): imposed for any infringement of this Regulation, in addition to, or instead of appropriate measures imposed by the supervisory
p.(None): authority pursuant to this Regulation. In a case of a minor infringement or if the ﬁne likely to be imposed would constitute a
p.(None): disproportionate burden to a natural person, a reprimand may be issued instead of a ﬁne. Due regard should however be
p.(None): given to the nature, gravity and duration of the infringement, the intentional character of the infringement, actions taken to
p.(None): mitigate the damage suﬀered, degree of responsibility or any relevant previous infringements, the manner in which the
p.(None): infringement became known to the supervisory authority, compliance with measures ordered against the controller or
p.(None): processor, adherence to a code of conduct and any other aggravating or mitigating factor. The imposition of penalties
p.(None): including administrative ﬁnes should be subject to appropriate procedural safeguards in accordance with the general
p.(None): principles of Union law and the Charter, including effective judicial protection and due process.
p.(None): (149)Member States should be able to lay down the rules on criminal penalties for infringements of this Regulation, including for
p.(None): infringements of national rules adopted pursuant to and within the limits of this Regulation. Those criminal penalties may also
p.(None): allow for the deprivation of the proﬁts obtained through infringements of this Regulation. However, the imposition of criminal
p.(None): penalties for infringements of such national rules and of administrative penalties should not lead to a breach of the principle of
p.(None): ne bis in idem, as interpreted by the Court of Justice.
p.(None): (150)In order to strengthen and harmonise administrative penalties for infringements of this Regulation, each supervisory authority
p.(None): should have the power to impose administrative ﬁnes. This Regulation should indicate infringements and the upper limit and
p.(None): criteria for setting the related administrative ﬁnes, which should be determined by the competent supervisory authority in each
p.(None): individual case, taking into account all relevant circumstances of the speciﬁc situation, with due regard in particular to the
p.(None): nature, gravity and duration of the infringement and of its consequences and the measures taken to ensure compliance with
p.(None): the obligations under this Regulation and to prevent or mitigate the consequences of the infringement. Where administrative
...

p.(None): Charter. This should apply in particular to the processing of personal data in the audiovisual ﬁeld and in news archives and
p.(None): press libraries. Therefore, Member States should adopt legislative measures which lay down the exemptions and derogations
p.(None): necessary for the purpose of balancing those fundamental rights. Member States should adopt such exemptions and
p.(None): derogations on general principles, the rights of the data subject, the controller and the processor, the transfer of personal data
p.(None): to third countries or international organisations, the independent supervisory authorities, cooperation and consistency, and
p.(None): speciﬁc data-processing situations. Where such exemptions or derogations diﬀer from one Member State to another, the law
p.(None): of the Member State to which the controller is subject should apply. In order to take account of the importance of the right to
p.(None): freedom of expression in every democratic society, it is necessary to interpret notions relating to that freedom, such as
p.(None): journalism, broadly.
p.(None): (154)This Regulation allows the principle of public access to oﬃcial documents to be taken into account when applying this
p.(None): Regulation. Public access to oﬃcial documents may be considered to be in the public interest. Personal data in documents
p.(None): held by a public authority or a public body should be able to be publicly disclosed by that authority or body if the disclosure is
p.(None): provided for by Union or Member State law to which the public authority or public body is subject. Such laws should reconcile
p.(None): public access to oﬃcial documents and the reuse of public sector information with the right to the protection of personal data
p.(None): and may therefore provide for the necessary reconciliation with the right to the protection of personal data pursuant to this
p.(None): Regulation. The reference to public authorities and bodies should in that context include all authorities or other bodies covered
p.(None): by Member State law on public access to documents. Directive 2003/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (14)
p.(None): leaves intact and in no way aﬀects the level of protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data
p.(None): under the provisions of Union and Member State law, and in particular does not alter the obligations and rights set out in this
p.(None): Regulation. In particular, that Directive should not apply to documents to which access is excluded or restricted by virtue of
p.(None): the access regimes on the grounds of protection of personal data, and parts of documents accessible by virtue of those
p.(None): regimes which contain personal data the re-use of which has been provided for by law as being incompatible with the law
p.(None): concerning the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data.
p.(None): (155)Member State law or collective agreements, including ‘works agreements’, may provide for speciﬁc rules on the processing of
p.(None): employees' personal data in the employment context, in particular for the conditions under which personal data in the
p.(None): employment context may be processed on the basis of the consent of the employee, the purposes of the recruitment, the
p.(None): performance of the contract of employment, including discharge of obligations laid down by law or by collective agreements,
p.(None): management, planning and organisation of work, equality and diversity in the workplace, health and safety at work, and for
p.(None): the purposes of the exercise and enjoyment, on an individual or collective basis, of rights and beneﬁts related to employment,
p.(None): and for the purpose of the termination of the employment relationship.
...

p.(None): and to object when processing personal data for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientiﬁc or historical research
p.(None): purposes or statistical purposes. The conditions and safeguards in question may entail speciﬁc procedures for data subjects
p.(None): to exercise those rights if this is appropriate in the light of the purposes sought by the speciﬁc processing along with technical
p.(None): and organisational measures aimed at minimising the processing of personal data in pursuance of the proportionality and
p.(None): necessity principles. The processing of personal data for scientiﬁc purposes should also comply with other relevant legislation
p.(None): such as on clinical trials.
p.(None): (157)By coupling information from registries, researchers can obtain new knowledge of great value with regard to widespread
p.(None): medical conditions such as cardiovascular disease, cancer and depression. On the basis of registries, research results can be
p.(None): enhanced, as they draw on a larger population. Within social science, research on the basis of registries enables researchers
p.(None): to obtain essential knowledge about the long-term correlation of a number of social conditions such as unemployment and
p.(None): education with other life conditions. Research results obtained through registries provide solid, high-quality knowledge which
p.(None): can provide the basis for the formulation and implementation of knowledge-based policy, improve the quality of life for a
p.(None): number of people and improve the eﬃciency of social services. In order to facilitate scientiﬁc research, personal data can be
p.(None): processed for scientiﬁc research purposes, subject to appropriate conditions and safeguards set out in Union or
p.(None): Member State law.
p.(None): (158)Where personal data are processed for archiving purposes, this Regulation should also apply to that processing, bearing in
p.(None): mind that this Regulation should not apply to deceased persons. Public authorities or public or private bodies that hold
p.(None): records of public interest should be services which, pursuant to Union or Member State law, have a legal obligation to acquire,
p.(None): preserve, appraise, arrange, describe, communicate, promote, disseminate and provide access to records of enduring value
p.(None): for general public interest. Member States should also be authorised to provide for the further processing of personal data for
p.(None): archiving purposes, for example with a view to providing speciﬁc information related to the political behaviour under former
p.(None): totalitarian state regimes, genocide, crimes against humanity, in particular the Holocaust, or war crimes.
p.(None): (159)Where personal data are processed for scientiﬁc research purposes, this Regulation should also apply to that processing. For
p.(None): the purposes of this Regulation, the processing of personal data for scientiﬁc research purposes should be interpreted in a
p.(None): broad manner including for example technological development and demonstration, fundamental research, applied research
p.(None): and privately funded research. In addition, it should take into account the Union's objective under Article 179(1) TFEU of
p.(None): achieving a European Research Area. Scientiﬁc research purposes should also include studies conducted in the public
p.(None): interest in the area of public health. To meet the speciﬁcities of processing personal data for scientiﬁc research purposes,
p.(None): speciﬁc conditions should apply in particular as regards the publication or otherwise disclosure of personal data in the context
p.(None): of scientiﬁc research purposes. If the result of scientiﬁc research in particular in the health context gives reason for further
p.(None): measures in the interest of the data subject, the general rules of this Regulation should apply in view of those measures.
p.(None): (160)Where personal data are processed for historical research purposes, this Regulation should also apply to that processing.
p.(None): This should also include historical research and research for genealogical purposes, bearing in mind that this Regulation
p.(None): should not apply to deceased persons.
p.(None): (161)For the purpose of consenting to the participation in scientiﬁc research activities in clinical trials, the relevant provisions of
p.(None): Regulation (EU) No 536/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council (15) should apply.
p.(None): (162)Where personal data are processed for statistical purposes, this Regulation should apply to that processing. Union or Member
p.(None): State law should, within the limits of this Regulation, determine statistical content, control of access, speciﬁcations for the
p.(None): processing of personal data for statistical purposes and appropriate measures to safeguard the rights and freedoms of the
p.(None): data subject and for ensuring statistical conﬁdentiality. Statistical purposes mean any operation of collection and the
p.(None): processing of personal data necessary for statistical surveys or for the production of statistical results. Those statistical results
p.(None): may further be used for diﬀerent purposes, including a scientiﬁc research purpose. The statistical purpose implies that the
p.(None): result of processing for statistical purposes is not personal data, but aggregate data, and that this result or the personal data
p.(None): are not used in support of measures or decisions regarding any particular natural person.
p.(None): (163)The conﬁdential information which the Union and national statistical authorities collect for the production of oﬃcial European
p.(None): and oﬃcial national statistics should be protected. European statistics should be developed, produced and disseminated in
p.(None): accordance with the statistical principles as set out in Article 338(2) TFEU, while national statistics should also comply with
p.(None): Member State law. Regulation (EC) No 223/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council (16) provides further
p.(None): specifications on statistical confidentiality for European statistics.
p.(None): (164)As regards the powers of the supervisory authorities to obtain from the controller or processor access to personal data and
p.(None): access to their premises, Member States may adopt by law, within the limits of this Regulation, speciﬁc rules in order to
p.(None): safeguard the professional or other equivalent secrecy obligations, in so far as necessary to reconcile the right to the
p.(None): protection of personal data with an obligation of professional secrecy. This is without prejudice to existing Member State
p.(None): obligations to adopt rules on professional secrecy where required by Union law.
p.(None): (165)This Regulation respects and does not prejudice the status under existing constitutional law of churches and religious
p.(None): associations or communities in the Member States, as recognised in Article 17 TFEU.
p.(None): (166)In order to fulﬁl the objectives of this Regulation, namely to protect the fundamental rights and freedoms of natural persons
p.(None): and in particular their right to the protection of personal data and to ensure the free movement of personal data within the
p.(None): Union, the power to adopt acts in accordance with Article 290 TFEU should be delegated to the Commission. In particular,
p.(None): delegated acts should be adopted in respect of criteria and requirements for certiﬁcation mechanisms, information to be
p.(None): presented by standardised icons and procedures for providing such icons. It is of particular importance that the Commission
p.(None): carry out appropriate consultations during its preparatory work, including at expert level. The Commission, when preparing
p.(None): and drawing-up delegated acts, should ensure a simultaneous, timely and appropriate transmission of relevant documents to
p.(None): the European Parliament and to the Council.
p.(None): (167)In order to ensure uniform conditions for the implementation of this Regulation, implementing powers should be conferred on
p.(None): the Commission when provided for by this Regulation. Those powers should be exercised in accordance with Regulation (EU)
p.(None): No 182/2011. In that context, the Commission should consider speciﬁc measures for micro, small and medium-sized
p.(None): enterprises.
p.(None): (168)The examination procedure should be used for the adoption of implementing acts on standard contractual clauses between
p.(None): controllers and processors and between processors; codes of conduct; technical standards and mechanisms for certiﬁcation;
p.(None): the adequate level of protection aﬀorded by a third country, a territory or a speciﬁed sector within that third country, or an
p.(None): international organisation; standard protection clauses; formats and procedures for the exchange of information by electronic
p.(None): means between controllers, processors and supervisory authorities for binding corporate rules; mutual assistance; and
p.(None): arrangements for the exchange of information by electronic means between supervisory authorities, and between supervisory
p.(None): authorities and the Board.
p.(None): (169)The Commission should adopt immediately applicable implementing acts where available evidence reveals that a third
p.(None): country, a territory or a speciﬁed sector within that third country, or an international organisation does not ensure an adequate
p.(None): level of protection, and imperative grounds of urgency so require.
p.(None): (170)Since the objective of this Regulation, namely to ensure an equivalent level of protection of natural persons and the free ﬂow
p.(None): of personal data throughout the Union, cannot be suﬃciently achieved by the Member States and can rather, by reason of the
p.(None): scale or eﬀects of the action, be better achieved at Union level, the Union may adopt measures, in accordance with the
p.(None): principle of subsidiarity as set out in Article 5 of the Treaty on European Union (TEU). In accordance with the principle of
p.(None): proportionality as set out in that Article, this Regulation does not go beyond what is necessary in order to achieve that
p.(None): objective.
p.(None): (171)Directive 95/46/EC should be repealed by this Regulation. Processing already under way on the date of application of this
p.(None): Regulation should be brought into conformity with this Regulation within the period of two years after which this Regulation
p.(None): enters into force. Where processing is based on consent pursuant to Directive 95/46/EC, it is not necessary for the data
p.(None): subject to give his or her consent again if the manner in which the consent has been given is in line with the conditions of this
p.(None): Regulation, so as to allow the controller to continue such processing after the date of application of this Regulation.
p.(None): Commission decisions adopted and authorisations by supervisory authorities based on Directive 95/46/EC remain in force until
p.(None): amended, replaced or repealed.
p.(None): (172)The European Data Protection Supervisor was consulted in accordance with Article 28(2) of Regulation (EC) No 45/2001 and
p.(None): delivered an opinion on 7 March 2012 (17).
p.(None): (173)This Regulation should apply to all matters concerning the protection of fundamental rights and freedomsvis-à-vis the
p.(None): processing of personal data which are not subject to speciﬁc obligations with the same objective set out in
p.(None): Directive 2002/58/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (18), including the obligations on the controller and the
p.(None): rights of natural persons. In order to clarify the relationship between this Regulation and Directive 2002/58/EC, that Directive
p.(None): should be amended accordingly. Once this Regulation is adopted, Directive 2002/58/EC should be reviewed in particular in
p.(None): order to ensure consistency with this Regulation,
p.(None): HAVE ADOPTED THIS REGULATION:
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): CHAPTER I
p.(None): General provisions
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 1
p.(None): Subject-matter and objectives
p.(None): 1. This Regulation lays down rules relating to the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and
p.(None): rules relating to the free movement of personal data.
p.(None): 2. This Regulation protects fundamental rights and freedoms of natural persons and in particular their right to the protection of
p.(None): personal data.
p.(None): 3. The free movement of personal data within the Union shall be neither restricted nor prohibited for reasons connected with the
p.(None): protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 2
p.(None): Material scope
p.(None): 1. This Regulation applies to the processing of personal data wholly or partly by automated means and to the processing other
p.(None): than by automated means of personal data which form part of a filing system or are intended to form part of a filing system.
p.(None): 2. This Regulation does not apply to the processing of personal data:
p.(None): (a) in the course of an activity which falls outside the scope of Union law;
p.(None): (b) by the Member States when carrying out activities which fall within the scope of Chapter 2 of Title V of the TEU;
p.(None): (c) by a natural person in the course of a purely personal or household activity;
p.(None): (d) by competent authorities for the purposes of the prevention, investigation, detection or prosecution of criminal oﬀences or the
p.(None): execution of criminal penalties, including the safeguarding against and the prevention of threats to public security.
p.(None): 3. For the processing of personal data by the Union institutions, bodies, oﬃces and agencies, Regulation (EC) No 45/2001
p.(None): applies. Regulation (EC) No 45/2001 and other Union legal acts applicable to such processing of personal data shall be adapted to
p.(None): the principles and rules of this Regulation in accordance with Article 98.
p.(None): 4. This Regulation shall be without prejudice to the application of Directive 2000/31/EC, in particular of the liability rules of
p.(None): intermediary service providers in Articles 12 to 15 of that Directive.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 3
p.(None): Territorial scope
p.(None): 1. This Regulation applies to the processing of personal data in the context of the activities of an establishment of a controller or a
p.(None): processor in the Union, regardless of whether the processing takes place in the Union or not.
p.(None): 2. This Regulation applies to the processing of personal data of data subjects who are in the Union by a controller or processor
p.(None): not established in the Union, where the processing activities are related to:
p.(None): (a) the oﬀering of goods or services, irrespective of whether a payment of the data subject is required, to such data subjects in
p.(None): the Union; or
p.(None): (b) the monitoring of their behaviour as far as their behaviour takes place within the Union.
p.(None): 3. This Regulation applies to the processing of personal data by a controller not established in the Union, but in a place where
p.(None): Member State law applies by virtue of public international law.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 4
p.(None): Definitions
p.(None): For the purposes of this Regulation:
p.(None): (1) ‘personal data’ means any information relating to an identiﬁed or identiﬁable natural person (‘data subject’); an identiﬁable
p.(None): natural person is one who can be identiﬁed, directly or indirectly, in particular by reference to an identiﬁer such as a name, an
p.(None): identiﬁcation number, location data, an online identiﬁer or to one or more factors speciﬁc to the physical, physiological,
p.(None): genetic, mental, economic, cultural or social identity of that natural person;
p.(None): (2) ‘processing’ means any operation or set of operations which is performed on personal data or on sets of personal data,
p.(None): whether or not by automated means, such as collection, recording, organisation, structuring, storage, adaptation or alteration,
p.(None): retrieval, consultation, use, disclosure by transmission, dissemination or otherwise making available, alignment or
p.(None): combination, restriction, erasure or destruction;
p.(None): (3) ‘restriction of processing’ means the marking of stored personal data with the aim of limiting their processing in the future;
p.(None): (4) ‘proﬁling’ means any form of automated processing of personal data consisting of the use of personal data to evaluate certain
p.(None): personal aspects relating to a natural person, in particular to analyse or predict aspects concerning that natural person's
p.(None): performance at work, economic situation, health, personal preferences, interests, reliability, behaviour, location or movements;
p.(None): (5) ‘pseudonymisation’ means the processing of personal data in such a manner that the personal data can no longer be
p.(None): attributed to a speciﬁc data subject without the use of additional information, provided that such additional information is kept
p.(None): separately and is subject to technical and organisational measures to ensure that the personal data are not attributed to an
p.(None): identified or identifiable natural person;
p.(None): (6) ‘ﬁling system’ means any structured set of personal data which are accessible according to speciﬁc criteria, whether
p.(None): centralised, decentralised or dispersed on a functional or geographical basis;
p.(None): (7) ‘controller’ means the natural or legal person, public authority, agency or other body which, alone or jointly with others,
p.(None): determines the purposes and means of the processing of personal data; where the purposes and means of such processing
p.(None): are determined by Union or Member State law, the controller or the speciﬁc criteria for its nomination may be provided for by
p.(None): Union or Member State law;
p.(None): (8) ‘processor’ means a natural or legal person, public authority, agency or other body which processes personal data on behalf of
p.(None): the controller;
p.(None): (9) ‘recipient’ means a natural or legal person, public authority, agency or another body, to which the personal data are disclosed,
p.(None): whether a third party or not. However, public authorities which may receive personal data in the framework of a particular
p.(None): inquiry in accordance with Union or Member State law shall not be regarded as recipients; the processing of those data by
p.(None): those public authorities shall be in compliance with the applicable data protection rules according to the purposes of the
p.(None): processing;
p.(None): (10) ‘third party’ means a natural or legal person, public authority, agency or body other than the data subject, controller, processor
p.(None): and persons who, under the direct authority of the controller or processor, are authorised to process personal data;
p.(None): (11) ‘consent’ of the data subject means any freely given, speciﬁc, informed and unambiguous indication of the data subject's
p.(None): wishes by which he or she, by a statement or by a clear aﬃrmative action, signiﬁes agreement to the processing of personal
p.(None): data relating to him or her;
p.(None): (12) ‘personal data breach’ means a breach of security leading to the accidental or unlawful destruction, loss, alteration,
p.(None): unauthorised disclosure of, or access to, personal data transmitted, stored or otherwise processed;
p.(None): (13) ‘genetic data’ means personal data relating to the inherited or acquired genetic characteristics of a natural person which give
p.(None): unique information about the physiology or the health of that natural person and which result, in particular, from an analysis of
p.(None): a biological sample from the natural person in question;
p.(None): (14) ‘biometric data’ means personal data resulting from speciﬁc technical processing relating to the physical, physiological or
p.(None): behavioural characteristics of a natural person, which allow or conﬁrm the unique identiﬁcation of that natural person, such as
p.(None): facial images or dactyloscopic data;
p.(None): (15) ‘data concerning health’ means personal data related to the physical or mental health of a natural person, including the
p.(None): provision of health care services, which reveal information about his or her health status;
p.(None): (16) ‘main establishment’ means:
p.(None): (a) as regards a controller with establishments in more than one Member State, the place of its central administration in the
p.(None): Union, unless the decisions on the purposes and means of the processing of personal data are taken in another
p.(None): establishment of the controller in the Union and the latter establishment has the power to have such decisions
p.(None): implemented, in which case the establishment having taken such decisions is to be considered to be the main
p.(None): establishment;
p.(None): (b) as regards a processor with establishments in more than one Member State, the place of its central administration in the
p.(None): Union, or, if the processor has no central administration in the Union, the establishment of the processor in the Union
p.(None): where the main processing activities in the context of the activities of an establishment of the processor take place to the
p.(None): extent that the processor is subject to specific obligations under this Regulation;
p.(None): (17) ‘representative’ means a natural or legal person established in the Union who, designated by the controller or processor in
p.(None): writing pursuant to Article 27, represents the controller or processor with regard to their respective obligations under this
p.(None): Regulation;
p.(None): (18) ‘enterprise’ means a natural or legal person engaged in an economic activity, irrespective of its legal form, including
p.(None): partnerships or associations regularly engaged in an economic activity;
p.(None): (19) ‘group of undertakings’ means a controlling undertaking and its controlled undertakings;
p.(None): (20) ‘binding corporate rules’ means personal data protection policies which are adhered to by a controller or processor
p.(None): established on the territory of a Member State for transfers or a set of transfers of personal data to a controller or processor in
p.(None): one or more third countries within a group of undertakings, or group of enterprises engaged in a joint economic activity;
p.(None): (21) ‘supervisory authority’ means an independent public authority which is established by a Member State pursuant to Article 51;
p.(None): (22) ‘supervisory authority concerned’ means a supervisory authority which is concerned by the processing of personal data
p.(None): because:
p.(None): (a) the controller or processor is established on the territory of the Member State of that supervisory authority;
p.(None): (b) data subjects residing in the Member State of that supervisory authority are substantially aﬀected or likely to be
p.(None): substantially affected by the processing; or
p.(None): (c) a complaint has been lodged with that supervisory authority;
p.(None): (23) ‘cross-border processing’ means either:
p.(None): (a) processing of personal data which takes place in the context of the activities of establishments in more than one
p.(None): Member State of a controller or processor in the Union where the controller or processor is established in more than one
p.(None): Member State; or
p.(None): (b) processing of personal data which takes place in the context of the activities of a single establishment of a controller or
p.(None): processor in the Union but which substantially aﬀects or is likely to substantially aﬀect data subjects in more than one
p.(None): Member State.
p.(None): (24) ‘relevant and reasoned objection’ means an objection to a draft decision as to whether there is an infringement of this
p.(None): Regulation, or whether envisaged action in relation to the controller or processor complies with this Regulation, which clearly
p.(None): demonstrates the signiﬁcance of the risks posed by the draft decision as regards the fundamental rights and freedoms of data
p.(None): subjects and, where applicable, the free flow of personal data within the Union;
p.(None): (25) ‘information society service’ means a service as deﬁned in point (b) of Article 1(1) of Directive (EU) 2015/1535 of the
p.(None): European Parliament and of the Council (19);
p.(None): (26) ‘international organisation’ means an organisation and its subordinate bodies governed by public international law, or any
p.(None): other body which is set up by, or on the basis of, an agreement between two or more countries.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): CHAPTER II
p.(None): Principles
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 5
p.(None): Principles relating to processing of personal data
p.(None): 1. Personal data shall be:
p.(None): (a) processed lawfully, fairly and in a transparent manner in relation to the data subject (‘lawfulness, fairness and transparency’);
p.(None): (b) collected for speciﬁed, explicit and legitimate purposes and not further processed in a manner that is incompatible with those
p.(None): purposes; further processing for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientiﬁc or historical research purposes or
p.(None): statistical purposes shall, in accordance with Article 89(1), not be considered to be incompatible with the initial purposes
p.(None): (‘purpose limitation’);
p.(None): (c) adequate, relevant and limited to what is necessary in relation to the purposes for which they are processed (‘data
p.(None): minimisation’);
p.(None): (d) accurate and, where necessary, kept up to date; every reasonable step must be taken to ensure that personal data that are
p.(None): inaccurate, having regard to the purposes for which they are processed, are erased or rectified without delay (‘accuracy’);
p.(None): (e) kept in a form which permits identiﬁcation of data subjects for no longer than is necessary for the purposes for which the
p.(None): personal data are processed; personal data may be stored for longer periods insofar as the personal data will be processed
...

p.(None): request of the data subject prior to entering into a contract;
p.(None): (c) processing is necessary for compliance with a legal obligation to which the controller is subject;
p.(None): (d) processing is necessary in order to protect the vital interests of the data subject or of another natural person;
p.(None): (e) processing is necessary for the performance of a task carried out in the public interest or in the exercise of oﬃcial authority
p.(None): vested in the controller;
p.(None): (f) processing is necessary for the purposes of the legitimate interests pursued by the controller or by a third party, except where
p.(None): such interests are overridden by the interests or fundamental rights and freedoms of the data subject which require protection
p.(None): of personal data, in particular where the data subject is a child.
p.(None): Point (f) of the first subparagraph shall not apply to processing carried out by public authorities in the performance of their tasks.
p.(None): 2. Member States may maintain or introduce more speciﬁc provisions to adapt the application of the rules of this Regulation with
p.(None): regard to processing for compliance with points (c) and (e) of paragraph 1 by determining more precisely speciﬁc requirements for
p.(None): the processing and other measures to ensure lawful and fair processing including for other speciﬁc processing situations as
p.(None): provided for in Chapter IX.
p.(None): 3. The basis for the processing referred to in point (c) and (e) of paragraph 1 shall be laid down by:
p.(None): (a) Union law; or
p.(None): (b) Member State law to which the controller is subject.
p.(None): The purpose of the processing shall be determined in that legal basis or, as regards the processing referred to in point (e) of
p.(None): paragraph 1, shall be necessary for the performance of a task carried out in the public interest or in the exercise of oﬃcial authority
p.(None): vested in the controller. That legal basis may contain speciﬁc provisions to adapt the application of rules of this Regulation, inter
p.(None): alia: the general conditions governing the lawfulness of processing by the controller; the types of data which are subject to the
p.(None): processing; the data subjects concerned; the entities to, and the purposes for which, the personal data may be disclosed; the
p.(None): purpose limitation; storage periods; and processing operations and processing procedures, including measures to ensure lawful
p.(None): and fair processing such as those for other speciﬁc processing situations as provided for in Chapter IX. The Union or the
p.(None): Member State law shall meet an objective of public interest and be proportionate to the legitimate aim pursued.
p.(None): 4. Where the processing for a purpose other than that for which the personal data have been collected is not based on the data
p.(None): subject's consent or on a Union or Member State law which constitutes a necessary and proportionate measure in a democratic
p.(None): society to safeguard the objectives referred to in Article 23(1), the controller shall, in order to ascertain whether processing for
p.(None): another purpose is compatible with the purpose for which the personal data are initially collected, take into account, inter alia:
p.(None): (a) any link between the purposes for which the personal data have been collected and the purposes of the intended further
p.(None): processing;
p.(None): (b) the context in which the personal data have been collected, in particular regarding the relationship between data subjects and
p.(None): the controller;
p.(None): (c) the nature of the personal data, in particular whether special categories of personal data are processed, pursuant to Article 9,
p.(None): or whether personal data related to criminal convictions and offences are processed, pursuant to Article 10;
p.(None): (d) the possible consequences of the intended further processing for data subjects;
p.(None): (e) the existence of appropriate safeguards, which may include encryption or pseudonymisation.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 7
p.(None): Conditions for consent
p.(None): 1. Where processing is based on consent, the controller shall be able to demonstrate that the data subject has consented to
p.(None): processing of his or her personal data.
p.(None): 2. If the data subject's consent is given in the context of a written declaration which also concerns other matters, the request for
...

p.(None): such processing shall be lawful only if and to the extent that consent is given or authorised by the holder of parental responsibility
p.(None): over the child.
p.(None): Member States may provide by law for a lower age for those purposes provided that such lower age is not below 13 years.
p.(None): 2. The controller shall make reasonable eﬀorts to verify in such cases that consent is given or authorised by the holder of parental
p.(None): responsibility over the child, taking into consideration available technology.
p.(None): 3. Paragraph 1 shall not aﬀect the general contract law of Member States such as the rules on the validity, formation or eﬀect of a
p.(None): contract in relation to a child.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 9
p.(None): Processing of special categories of personal data
p.(None): 1. Processing of personal data revealing racial or ethnic origin, political opinions, religious or philosophical beliefs, or trade union
p.(None): membership, and the processing of genetic data, biometric data for the purpose of uniquely identifying a natural person, data
p.(None): concerning health or data concerning a natural person's sex life or sexual orientation shall be prohibited.
p.(None): 2. Paragraph 1 shall not apply if one of the following applies:
p.(None): (a) the data subject has given explicit consent to the processing of those personal data for one or more speciﬁed purposes,
p.(None): except where Union or Member State law provide that the prohibition referred to in paragraph 1 may not be lifted by the data
p.(None): subject;
p.(None): (b) processing is necessary for the purposes of carrying out the obligations and exercising speciﬁc rights of the controller or of the
p.(None): data subject in the ﬁeld of employment and social security and social protection law in so far as it is authorised by Union or
p.(None): Member State law or a collective agreement pursuant to Member State law providing for appropriate safeguards for the
p.(None): fundamental rights and the interests of the data subject;
p.(None): (c) processing is necessary to protect the vital interests of the data subject or of another natural person where the data subject is
p.(None): physically or legally incapable of giving consent;
p.(None): (d) processing is carried out in the course of its legitimate activities with appropriate safeguards by a foundation, association or
p.(None): any other not-for-proﬁt body with a political, philosophical, religious or trade union aim and on condition that the processing
p.(None): relates solely to the members or to former members of the body or to persons who have regular contact with it in connection
p.(None): with its purposes and that the personal data are not disclosed outside that body without the consent of the data subjects;
p.(None): (e) processing relates to personal data which are manifestly made public by the data subject;
p.(None): (f) processing is necessary for the establishment, exercise or defence of legal claims or whenever courts are acting in their
p.(None): judicial capacity;
p.(None): (g) processing is necessary for reasons of substantial public interest, on the basis of Union or Member State law which shall be
p.(None): proportionate to the aim pursued, respect the essence of the right to data protection and provide for suitable and speciﬁc
p.(None): measures to safeguard the fundamental rights and the interests of the data subject;
p.(None): (h) processing is necessary for the purposes of preventive or occupational medicine, for the assessment of the working capacity
p.(None): of the employee, medical diagnosis, the provision of health or social care or treatment or the management of health or social
p.(None): care systems and services on the basis of Union or Member State law or pursuant to contract with a health professional and
p.(None): subject to the conditions and safeguards referred to in paragraph 3;
p.(None): (i) processing is necessary for reasons of public interest in the area of public health, such as protecting against serious cross-
p.(None): border threats to health or ensuring high standards of quality and safety of health care and of medicinal products or medical
p.(None): devices, on the basis of Union or Member State law which provides for suitable and speciﬁc measures to safeguard the rights
p.(None): and freedoms of the data subject, in particular professional secrecy;
p.(None): (j) processing is necessary for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientiﬁc or historical research purposes or statistical
p.(None): purposes in accordance with Article 89(1) based on Union or Member State law which shall be proportionate to the aim
p.(None): pursued, respect the essence of the right to data protection and provide for suitable and speciﬁc measures to safeguard the
p.(None): fundamental rights and the interests of the data subject.
p.(None): 3. Personal data referred to in paragraph 1 may be processed for the purposes referred to in point (h) of paragraph 2 when those
p.(None): data are processed by or under the responsibility of a professional subject to the obligation of professional secrecy under Union or
p.(None): Member State law or rules established by national competent bodies or by another person also subject to an obligation of secrecy
p.(None): under Union or Member State law or rules established by national competent bodies.
p.(None): 4. Member States may maintain or introduce further conditions, including limitations, with regard to the processing of genetic data,
p.(None): biometric data or data concerning health.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 10
p.(None): Processing of personal data relating to criminal convictions and offences
p.(None): Processing of personal data relating to criminal convictions and oﬀences or related security measures based on Article 6(1) shall be
p.(None): carried out only under the control of oﬃcial authority or when the processing is authorised by Union or Member State law providing
p.(None): for appropriate safeguards for the rights and freedoms of data subjects. Any comprehensive register of criminal convictions shall be
p.(None): kept only under the control of official authority.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 11
p.(None): Processing which does not require identification
p.(None): 1. If the purposes for which a controller processes personal data do not or do no longer require the identiﬁcation of a data subject
p.(None): by the controller, the controller shall not be obliged to maintain, acquire or process additional information in order to identify the
p.(None): data subject for the sole purpose of complying with this Regulation.
p.(None): 2. Where, in cases referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article, the controller is able to demonstrate that it is not in a position to
p.(None): identify the data subject, the controller shall inform the data subject accordingly, if possible. In such cases, Articles 15 to 20 shall
p.(None): not apply except where the data subject, for the purpose of exercising his or her rights under those articles, provides additional
p.(None): information enabling his or her identification.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): CHAPTER III
p.(None): Rights of the data subject
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Section 1
p.(None): Transparency and modalities
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 12
p.(None): Transparent information, communication and modalities for the exercise of the rights of the data subject
p.(None): 1. The controller shall take appropriate measures to provide any information referred to in Articles 13 and 14 and any
p.(None): communication under Articles 15 to 22 and 34 relating to processing to the data subject in a concise, transparent, intelligible and
...

p.(None): (a) within a reasonable period after obtaining the personal data, but at the latest within one month, having regard to the speciﬁc
p.(None): circumstances in which the personal data are processed;
p.(None): (b) if the personal data are to be used for communication with the data subject, at the latest at the time of the ﬁrst communication
p.(None): to that data subject; or
p.(None): (c) if a disclosure to another recipient is envisaged, at the latest when the personal data are first disclosed.
p.(None): 4. Where the controller intends to further process the personal data for a purpose other than that for which the personal data were
p.(None): obtained, the controller shall provide the data subject prior to that further processing with information on that other purpose and with
p.(None): any relevant further information as referred to in paragraph 2.
p.(None): 5. Paragraphs 1 to 4 shall not apply where and insofar as:
p.(None): (a) the data subject already has the information;
p.(None): (b) the provision of such information proves impossible or would involve a disproportionate eﬀort, in particular for processing for
p.(None): archiving purposes in the public interest, scientiﬁc or historical research purposes or statistical purposes, subject to the
p.(None): conditions and safeguards referred to in Article 89(1) or in so far as the obligation referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article is
p.(None): likely to render impossible or seriously impair the achievement of the objectives of that processing. In such cases the
p.(None): controller shall take appropriate measures to protect the data subject's rights and freedoms and legitimate interests, including
p.(None): making the information publicly available;
p.(None): (c) obtaining or disclosure is expressly laid down by Union or Member State law to which the controller is subject and which
p.(None): provides appropriate measures to protect the data subject's legitimate interests; or
p.(None): (d) where the personal data must remain conﬁdential subject to an obligation of professional secrecy regulated by Union or
p.(None): Member State law, including a statutory obligation of secrecy.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 15
p.(None): Right of access by the data subject
p.(None): 1. The data subject shall have the right to obtain from the controller conﬁrmation as to whether or not personal data concerning
p.(None): him or her are being processed, and, where that is the case, access to the personal data and the following information:
p.(None): (a) the purposes of the processing;
p.(None): (b) the categories of personal data concerned;
p.(None): (c) the recipients or categories of recipient to whom the personal data have been or will be disclosed, in particular recipients in
p.(None): third countries or international organisations;
p.(None): (d) where possible, the envisaged period for which the personal data will be stored, or, if not possible, the criteria used to
p.(None): determine that period;
p.(None): (e) the existence of the right to request from the controller rectiﬁcation or erasure of personal data or restriction of processing of
p.(None): personal data concerning the data subject or to object to such processing;
p.(None): (f) the right to lodge a complaint with a supervisory authority;
p.(None): (g) where the personal data are not collected from the data subject, any available information as to their source;
p.(None): (h) the existence of automated decision-making, including proﬁling, referred to in Article 22(1) and (4) and, at least in those
p.(None): cases, meaningful information about the logic involved, as well as the signiﬁcance and the envisaged consequences of such
p.(None): processing for the data subject.
...

p.(None): electronic form.
p.(None): 4. The right to obtain a copy referred to in paragraph 3 shall not adversely affect the rights and freedoms of others.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Section 3
p.(None): Rectification and erasure
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 16
p.(None): Right to rectification
p.(None): The data subject shall have the right to obtain from the controller without undue delay the rectiﬁcation of inaccurate personal data
p.(None): concerning him or her. Taking into account the purposes of the processing, the data subject shall have the right to have incomplete
p.(None): personal data completed, including by means of providing a supplementary statement.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 17
p.(None): Right to erasure (‘right to be forgotten’)
p.(None): 1. The data subject shall have the right to obtain from the controller the erasure of personal data concerning him or her without
p.(None): undue delay and the controller shall have the obligation to erase personal data without undue delay where one of the following
p.(None): grounds applies:
p.(None): (a) the personal data are no longer necessary in relation to the purposes for which they were collected or otherwise processed;
p.(None): (b) the data subject withdraws consent on which the processing is based according to point (a) of Article 6(1), or point (a) of
p.(None): Article 9(2), and where there is no other legal ground for the processing;
p.(None): (c) the data subject objects to the processing pursuant to Article 21(1) and there are no overriding legitimate grounds for the
p.(None): processing, or the data subject objects to the processing pursuant to Article 21(2);
p.(None): (d) the personal data have been unlawfully processed;
p.(None): (e) the personal data have to be erased for compliance with a legal obligation in Union or Member State law to which the
p.(None): controller is subject;
p.(None): (f) the personal data have been collected in relation to the offer of information society services referred to in Article 8(1).
p.(None): 2. Where the controller has made the personal data public and is obliged pursuant to paragraph 1 to erase the personal data, the
p.(None): controller, taking account of available technology and the cost of implementation, shall take reasonable steps, including technical
p.(None): measures, to inform controllers which are processing the personal data that the data subject has requested the erasure by such
p.(None): controllers of any links to, or copy or replication of, those personal data.
p.(None): 3. Paragraphs 1 and 2 shall not apply to the extent that processing is necessary:
p.(None): (a) for exercising the right of freedom of expression and information;
p.(None): (b) for compliance with a legal obligation which requires processing by Union or Member State law to which the controller is
p.(None): subject or for the performance of a task carried out in the public interest or in the exercise of oﬃcial authority vested in the
p.(None): controller;
p.(None): (c) for reasons of public interest in the area of public health in accordance with points (h) and (i) of Article 9(2) as well as Article
p.(None): 9(3);
p.(None): (d) for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientiﬁc or historical research purposes or statistical purposes in accordance
p.(None): with Article 89(1) in so far as the right referred to in paragraph 1 is likely to render impossible or seriously impair the
p.(None): achievement of the objectives of that processing; or
p.(None): (e) for the establishment, exercise or defence of legal claims.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 18
p.(None): Right to restriction of processing
p.(None): 1. The data subject shall have the right to obtain from the controller restriction of processing where one of the following applies:
p.(None): (a) the accuracy of the personal data is contested by the data subject, for a period enabling the controller to verify the accuracy of
p.(None): the personal data;
p.(None): (b) the processing is unlawful and the data subject opposes the erasure of the personal data and requests the restriction of their
p.(None): use instead;
p.(None): (c) the controller no longer needs the personal data for the purposes of the processing, but they are required by the data subject
p.(None): for the establishment, exercise or defence of legal claims;
p.(None): (d) the data subject has objected to processing pursuant to Article 21(1) pending the veriﬁcation whether the legitimate grounds
p.(None): of the controller override those of the data subject.
p.(None): 2. Where processing has been restricted under paragraph 1, such personal data shall, with the exception of storage, only be
p.(None): processed with the data subject's consent or for the establishment, exercise or defence of legal claims or for the protection of the
p.(None): rights of another natural or legal person or for reasons of important public interest of the Union or of a Member State.
p.(None): 3. A data subject who has obtained restriction of processing pursuant to paragraph 1 shall be informed by the controller before the
p.(None): restriction of processing is lifted.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 19
p.(None): Notification obligation regarding rectification or erasure of personal data or restriction of processing
p.(None): The controller shall communicate any rectiﬁcation or erasure of personal data or restriction of processing carried out in accordance
p.(None): with Article 16, Article 17(1) and Article 18 to each recipient to whom the personal data have been disclosed, unless this proves
p.(None): impossible or involves disproportionate eﬀort. The controller shall inform the data subject about those recipients if the data subject
p.(None): requests it.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 20
p.(None): Right to data portability
p.(None): 1. The data subject shall have the right to receive the personal data concerning him or her, which he or she has provided to a
p.(None): controller, in a structured, commonly used and machine-readable format and have the right to transmit those data to another
p.(None): controller without hindrance from the controller to which the personal data have been provided, where:
p.(None): (a) the processing is based on consent pursuant to point (a) of Article 6(1) or point (a) of Article 9(2) or on a contract pursuant to
p.(None): point (b) of Article 6(1); and
p.(None): (b) the processing is carried out by automated means.
p.(None): 2. In exercising his or her right to data portability pursuant to paragraph 1, the data subject shall have the right to have the
p.(None): personal data transmitted directly from one controller to another, where technically feasible.
...

p.(None): processing of personal data concerning him or her for such marketing, which includes proﬁling to the extent that it is related to such
p.(None): direct marketing.
p.(None): 3. Where the data subject objects to processing for direct marketing purposes, the personal data shall no longer be processed for
p.(None): such purposes.
p.(None): 4. At the latest at the time of the ﬁrst communication with the data subject, the right referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2 shall be
p.(None): explicitly brought to the attention of the data subject and shall be presented clearly and separately from any other information.
p.(None): 5. In the context of the use of information society services, and notwithstanding Directive 2002/58/EC, the data subject may
p.(None): exercise his or her right to object by automated means using technical specifications.
p.(None): 6. Where personal data are processed for scientiﬁc or historical research purposes or statistical purposes pursuant to
p.(None): Article 89(1), the data subject, on grounds relating to his or her particular situation, shall have the right to object to processing of
p.(None): personal data concerning him or her, unless the processing is necessary for the performance of a task carried out for reasons of
p.(None): public interest.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 22
p.(None): Automated individual decision-making, including profiling
p.(None): 1. The data subject shall have the right not to be subject to a decision based solely on automated processing, including proﬁling,
p.(None): which produces legal effects concerning him or her or similarly significantly affects him or her.
p.(None): 2. Paragraph 1 shall not apply if the decision:
p.(None): (a) is necessary for entering into, or performance of, a contract between the data subject and a data controller;
p.(None): (b) is authorised by Union or Member State law to which the controller is subject and which also lays down suitable measures to
p.(None): safeguard the data subject's rights and freedoms and legitimate interests; or
p.(None): (c) is based on the data subject's explicit consent.
p.(None): 3. In the cases referred to in points (a) and (c) of paragraph 2, the data controller shall implement suitable measures to safeguard
p.(None): the data subject's rights and freedoms and legitimate interests, at least the right to obtain human intervention on the part of the
p.(None): controller, to express his or her point of view and to contest the decision.
p.(None): 4. Decisions referred to in paragraph 2 shall not be based on special categories of personal data referred to in Article 9(1), unless
p.(None): point (a) or (g) of Article 9(2) applies and suitable measures to safeguard the data subject's rights and freedoms and legitimate
p.(None): interests are in place.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Section 5
p.(None): Restrictions
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 23
p.(None): Restrictions
p.(None): 1. Union or Member State law to which the data controller or processor is subject may restrict by way of a legislative measure the
p.(None): scope of the obligations and rights provided for in Articles 12 to 22 and Article 34, as well as Article 5 in so far as its provisions
p.(None): correspond to the rights and obligations provided for in Articles 12 to 22, when such a restriction respects the essence of the
p.(None): fundamental rights and freedoms and is a necessary and proportionate measure in a democratic society to safeguard:
p.(None): (a) national security;
p.(None): (b) defence;
p.(None): (c) public security;
p.(None): (d) the prevention, investigation, detection or prosecution of criminal oﬀences or the execution of criminal penalties, including the
p.(None): safeguarding against and the prevention of threats to public security;
p.(None): (e) other important objectives of general public interest of the Union or of a Member State, in particular an important economic or
p.(None): ﬁnancial interest of the Union or of a Member State, including monetary, budgetary and taxation a matters, public health and
p.(None): social security;
p.(None): (f) the protection of judicial independence and judicial proceedings;
p.(None): (g) the prevention, investigation, detection and prosecution of breaches of ethics for regulated professions;
p.(None): (h) a monitoring, inspection or regulatory function connected, even occasionally, to the exercise of oﬃcial authority in the cases
p.(None): referred to in points (a) to (e) and (g);
p.(None): (i) the protection of the data subject or the rights and freedoms of others;
p.(None): (j) the enforcement of civil law claims.
p.(None): 2. In particular, any legislative measure referred to in paragraph 1 shall contain specific provisions at least, where relevant, as to:
p.(None): (a) the purposes of the processing or categories of processing;
p.(None): (b) the categories of personal data;
p.(None): (c) the scope of the restrictions introduced;
p.(None): (d) the safeguards to prevent abuse or unlawful access or transfer;
p.(None): (e) the specification of the controller or categories of controllers;
p.(None): (f) the storage periods and the applicable safeguards taking into account the nature, scope and purposes of the processing or
p.(None): categories of processing;
p.(None): (g) the risks to the rights and freedoms of data subjects; and
p.(None): (h) the right of data subjects to be informed about the restriction, unless that may be prejudicial to the purpose of the restriction.
...

p.(None): principles, such as data minimisation, in an eﬀective manner and to integrate the necessary safeguards into the processing in order
p.(None): to meet the requirements of this Regulation and protect the rights of data subjects.
p.(None): 2. The controller shall implement appropriate technical and organisational measures for ensuring that, by default, only personal
p.(None): data which are necessary for each speciﬁc purpose of the processing are processed. That obligation applies to the amount of
p.(None): personal data collected, the extent of their processing, the period of their storage and their accessibility. In particular, such
p.(None): measures shall ensure that by default personal data are not made accessible without the individual's intervention to an indeﬁnite
p.(None): number of natural persons.
p.(None): 3. An approved certiﬁcation mechanism pursuant to Article 42 may be used as an element to demonstrate compliance with the
p.(None): requirements set out in paragraphs 1 and 2 of this Article.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 26
p.(None): Joint controllers
p.(None): 1. Where two or more controllers jointly determine the purposes and means of processing, they shall be joint controllers. They
p.(None): shall in a transparent manner determine their respective responsibilities for compliance with the obligations under this Regulation, in
p.(None): particular as regards the exercising of the rights of the data subject and their respective duties to provide the information referred to
p.(None): in Articles 13 and 14, by means of an arrangement between them unless, and in so far as, the respective responsibilities of the
p.(None): controllers are determined by Union or Member State law to which the controllers are subject. The arrangement may designate a
p.(None): contact point for data subjects.
p.(None): 2. The arrangement referred to in paragraph 1 shall duly reﬂect the respective roles and relationships of the joint controllersvis-à-
p.(None): vis the data subjects. The essence of the arrangement shall be made available to the data subject.
p.(None): 3. Irrespective of the terms of the arrangement referred to in paragraph 1, the data subject may exercise his or her rights under
p.(None): this Regulation in respect of and against each of the controllers.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 27
p.(None): Representatives of controllers or processors not established in the Union
p.(None): 1. Where Article 3(2) applies, the controller or the processor shall designate in writing a representative in the Union.
p.(None): 2. The obligation laid down in paragraph 1 of this Article shall not apply to:
p.(None): (a) processing which is occasional, does not include, on a large scale, processing of special categories of data as referred to in
p.(None): Article 9(1) or processing of personal data relating to criminal convictions and oﬀences referred to in Article 10, and is unlikely
p.(None): to result in a risk to the rights and freedoms of natural persons, taking into account the nature, context, scope and purposes of
p.(None): the processing; or
p.(None): (b) a public authority or body.
p.(None): 3. The representative shall be established in one of the Member States where the data subjects, whose personal data are
p.(None): processed in relation to the offering of goods or services to them, or whose behaviour is monitored, are.
p.(None): 4. The representative shall be mandated by the controller or processor to be addressed in addition to or instead of the controller or
p.(None): the processor by, in particular, supervisory authorities and data subjects, on all issues related to processing, for the purposes of
p.(None): ensuring compliance with this Regulation.
p.(None): 5. The designation of a representative by the controller or processor shall be without prejudice to legal actions which could be
p.(None): initiated against the controller or the processor themselves.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 28
p.(None): Processor
p.(None): 1. Where processing is to be carried out on behalf of a controller, the controller shall use only processors providing suﬃcient
p.(None): guarantees to implement appropriate technical and organisational measures in such a manner that processing will meet the
p.(None): requirements of this Regulation and ensure the protection of the rights of the data subject.
p.(None): 2. The processor shall not engage another processor without prior speciﬁc or general written authorisation of the controller. In the
p.(None): case of general written authorisation, the processor shall inform the controller of any intended changes concerning the addition or
p.(None): replacement of other processors, thereby giving the controller the opportunity to object to such changes.
p.(None): 3. Processing by a processor shall be governed by a contract or other legal act under Union or Member State law, that is binding
p.(None): on the processor with regard to the controller and that sets out the subject-matter and duration of the processing, the nature and
p.(None): purpose of the processing, the type of personal data and categories of data subjects and the obligations and rights of the controller.
p.(None): That contract or other legal act shall stipulate, in particular, that the processor:
p.(None): (a) processes the personal data only on documented instructions from the controller, including with regard to transfers of
p.(None): personal data to a third country or an international organisation, unless required to do so by Union or Member State law to
p.(None): which the processor is subject; in such a case, the processor shall inform the controller of that legal requirement before
p.(None): processing, unless that law prohibits such information on important grounds of public interest;
p.(None): (b) ensures that persons authorised to process the personal data have committed themselves to conﬁdentiality or are under an
p.(None): appropriate statutory obligation of confidentiality;
p.(None): (c) takes all measures required pursuant to Article 32;
p.(None): (d) respects the conditions referred to in paragraphs 2 and 4 for engaging another processor;
p.(None): (e) taking into account the nature of the processing, assists the controller by appropriate technical and organisational measures,
p.(None): insofar as this is possible, for the fulﬁlment of the controller's obligation to respond to requests for exercising the data subject's
p.(None): rights laid down in Chapter III;
p.(None): (f) assists the controller in ensuring compliance with the obligations pursuant to Articles 32 to 36 taking into account the nature of
p.(None): processing and the information available to the processor;
p.(None): (g) at the choice of the controller, deletes or returns all the personal data to the controller after the end of the provision of services
p.(None): relating to processing, and deletes existing copies unless Union or Member State law requires storage of the personal data;
p.(None): (h) makes available to the controller all information necessary to demonstrate compliance with the obligations laid down in this
p.(None): Article and allow for and contribute to audits, including inspections, conducted by the controller or another auditor mandated
p.(None): by the controller.
p.(None): With regard to point (h) of the ﬁrst subparagraph, the processor shall immediately inform the controller if, in its opinion, an
p.(None): instruction infringes this Regulation or other Union or Member State data protection provisions.
p.(None): 4. Where a processor engages another processor for carrying out speciﬁc processing activities on behalf of the controller, the
p.(None): same data protection obligations as set out in the contract or other legal act between the controller and the processor as referred to
p.(None): in paragraph 3 shall be imposed on that other processor by way of a contract or other legal act under Union or Member State law, in
p.(None): particular providing suﬃcient guarantees to implement appropriate technical and organisational measures in such a manner that the
p.(None): processing will meet the requirements of this Regulation. Where that other processor fails to fulﬁl its data protection obligations, the
p.(None): initial processor shall remain fully liable to the controller for the performance of that other processor's obligations.
p.(None): 5. Adherence of a processor to an approved code of conduct as referred to in Article 40 or an approved certiﬁcation mechanism as
p.(None): referred to in Article 42 may be used as an element by which to demonstrate suﬃcient guarantees as referred to in paragraphs 1
p.(None): and 4 of this Article.
p.(None): 6. Without prejudice to an individual contract between the controller and the processor, the contract or the other legal act referred
p.(None): to in paragraphs 3 and 4 of this Article may be based, in whole or in part, on standard contractual clauses referred to in
p.(None): paragraphs 7 and 8 of this Article, including when they are part of a certiﬁcation granted to the controller or processor pursuant to
p.(None): Articles 42 and 43.
p.(None): 7. The Commission may lay down standard contractual clauses for the matters referred to in paragraph 3 and 4 of this Article and
p.(None): in accordance with the examination procedure referred to in Article 93(2).
p.(None): 8. A supervisory authority may adopt standard contractual clauses for the matters referred to in paragraph 3 and 4 of this Article
p.(None): and in accordance with the consistency mechanism referred to in Article 63.
p.(None): 9. The contract or the other legal act referred to in paragraphs 3 and 4 shall be in writing, including in electronic form.
p.(None): 10. Without prejudice to Articles 82, 83 and 84, if a processor infringes this Regulation by determining the purposes and means of
p.(None): processing, the processor shall be considered to be a controller in respect of that processing.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 29
p.(None): Processing under the authority of the controller or processor
p.(None): The processor and any person acting under the authority of the controller or of the processor, who has access to personal data,
p.(None): shall not process those data except on instructions from the controller, unless required to do so by Union or Member State law.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 30
p.(None): Records of processing activities
p.(None): 1. Each controller and, where applicable, the controller's representative, shall maintain a record of processing activities under its
p.(None): responsibility. That record shall contain all of the following information:
p.(None): (a) the name and contact details of the controller and, where applicable, the joint controller, the controller's representative and the
p.(None): data protection officer;
p.(None): (b) the purposes of the processing;
p.(None): (c) a description of the categories of data subjects and of the categories of personal data;
p.(None): (d) the categories of recipients to whom the personal data have been or will be disclosed including recipients in third countries or
p.(None): international organisations;
p.(None): (e) where applicable, transfers of personal data to a third country or an international organisation, including the identiﬁcation of
p.(None): that third country or international organisation and, in the case of transfers referred to in the second subparagraph of
p.(None): Article 49(1), the documentation of suitable safeguards;
p.(None): (f) where possible, the envisaged time limits for erasure of the different categories of data;
p.(None): (g) where possible, a general description of the technical and organisational security measures referred to in Article 32(1).
p.(None): 2. Each processor and, where applicable, the processor's representative shall maintain a record of all categories of processing
p.(None): activities carried out on behalf of a controller, containing:
p.(None): (a) the name and contact details of the processor or processors and of each controller on behalf of which the processor is acting,
...

p.(None): inter alia as appropriate:
p.(None): (a) the pseudonymisation and encryption of personal data;
p.(None): (b) the ability to ensure the ongoing confidentiality, integrity, availability and resilience of processing systems and services;
p.(None): (c) the ability to restore the availability and access to personal data in a timely manner in the event of a physical or technical
p.(None): incident;
p.(None): (d) a process for regularly testing, assessing and evaluating the eﬀectiveness of technical and organisational measures for
p.(None): ensuring the security of the processing.
p.(None): 2. In assessing the appropriate level of security account shall be taken in particular of the risks that are presented by processing,
p.(None): in particular from accidental or unlawful destruction, loss, alteration, unauthorised disclosure of, or access to personal data
p.(None): transmitted, stored or otherwise processed.
p.(None): 3. Adherence to an approved code of conduct as referred to in Article 40 or an approved certiﬁcation mechanism as referred to in
p.(None): Article 42 may be used as an element by which to demonstrate compliance with the requirements set out in paragraph 1 of this
p.(None): Article.
p.(None): 4. The controller and processor shall take steps to ensure that any natural person acting under the authority of the controller or the
p.(None): processor who has access to personal data does not process them except on instructions from the controller, unless he or she is
p.(None): required to do so by Union or Member State law.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 33
p.(None): Notification of a personal data breach to the supervisory authority
p.(None): 1. In the case of a personal data breach, the controller shall without undue delay and, where feasible, not later than 72 hours after
p.(None): having become aware of it, notify the personal data breach to the supervisory authority competent in accordance with Article 55,
p.(None): unless the personal data breach is unlikely to result in a risk to the rights and freedoms of natural persons. Where the notiﬁcation to
p.(None): the supervisory authority is not made within 72 hours, it shall be accompanied by reasons for the delay.
p.(None): 2. The processor shall notify the controller without undue delay after becoming aware of a personal data breach.
p.(None): 3. The notification referred to in paragraph 1 shall at least:
p.(None): (a) describe the nature of the personal data breach including where possible, the categories and approximate number of data
p.(None): subjects concerned and the categories and approximate number of personal data records concerned;
p.(None): (b) communicate the name and contact details of the data protection oﬃcer or other contact point where more information can be
p.(None): obtained;
p.(None): (c) describe the likely consequences of the personal data breach;
p.(None): (d) describe the measures taken or proposed to be taken by the controller to address the personal data breach, including, where
p.(None): appropriate, measures to mitigate its possible adverse effects.
...

p.(None): similarly significantly affect the natural person;
p.(None): (b) processing on a large scale of special categories of data referred to in Article 9(1), or of personal data relating to criminal
p.(None): convictions and offences referred to in Article 10; or
p.(None): (c) a systematic monitoring of a publicly accessible area on a large scale.
p.(None): 4. The supervisory authority shall establish and make public a list of the kind of processing operations which are subject to the
p.(None): requirement for a data protection impact assessment pursuant to paragraph 1. The supervisory authority shall communicate those
p.(None): lists to the Board referred to in Article 68.
p.(None): 5. The supervisory authority may also establish and make public a list of the kind of processing operations for which no data
p.(None): protection impact assessment is required. The supervisory authority shall communicate those lists to the Board.
p.(None): 6. Prior to the adoption of the lists referred to in paragraphs 4 and 5, the competent supervisory authority shall apply the
p.(None): consistency mechanism referred to in Article 63 where such lists involve processing activities which are related to the oﬀering of
p.(None): goods or services to data subjects or to the monitoring of their behaviour in several Member States, or may substantially aﬀect the
p.(None): free movement of personal data within the Union.
p.(None): 7. The assessment shall contain at least:
p.(None): (a) a systematic description of the envisaged processing operations and the purposes of the processing, including, where
p.(None): applicable, the legitimate interest pursued by the controller;
p.(None): (b) an assessment of the necessity and proportionality of the processing operations in relation to the purposes;
p.(None): (c) an assessment of the risks to the rights and freedoms of data subjects referred to in paragraph 1; and
p.(None): (d) the measures envisaged to address the risks, including safeguards, security measures and mechanisms to ensure the
p.(None): protection of personal data and to demonstrate compliance with this Regulation taking into account the rights and legitimate
p.(None): interests of data subjects and other persons concerned.
p.(None): 8. Compliance with approved codes of conduct referred to in Article 40 by the relevant controllers or processors shall be taken into
p.(None): due account in assessing the impact of the processing operations performed by such controllers or processors, in particular for the
p.(None): purposes of a data protection impact assessment.
p.(None): 9. Where appropriate, the controller shall seek the views of data subjects or their representatives on the intended processing,
p.(None): without prejudice to the protection of commercial or public interests or the security of processing operations.
p.(None): 10. Where processing pursuant to point (c) or (e) of Article 6(1) has a legal basis in Union law or in the law of the Member State to
p.(None): which the controller is subject, that law regulates the speciﬁc processing operation or set of operations in question, and a data
p.(None): protection impact assessment has already been carried out as part of a general impact assessment in the context of the adoption
p.(None): of that legal basis, paragraphs 1 to 7 shall not apply unless Member States deem it to be necessary to carry out such an
p.(None): assessment prior to processing activities.
p.(None): 11. Where necessary, the controller shall carry out a review to assess if processing is performed in accordance with the data
p.(None): protection impact assessment at least when there is a change of the risk represented by processing operations.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 36
p.(None): Prior consultation
p.(None): 1. The controller shall consult the supervisory authority prior to processing where a data protection impact assessment under
p.(None): Article 35 indicates that the processing would result in a high risk in the absence of measures taken by the controller to mitigate the
p.(None): risk.
p.(None): 2. Where the supervisory authority is of the opinion that the intended processing referred to in paragraph 1 would infringe this
...

p.(None): (a) the processing is carried out by a public authority or body, except for courts acting in their judicial capacity;
p.(None): (b) the core activities of the controller or the processor consist of processing operations which, by virtue of their nature, their
p.(None): scope and/or their purposes, require regular and systematic monitoring of data subjects on a large scale; or
p.(None): (c) the core activities of the controller or the processor consist of processing on a large scale of special categories of data
p.(None): pursuant to Article 9 and personal data relating to criminal convictions and offences referred to in Article 10.
p.(None): 2. A group of undertakings may appoint a single data protection oﬃcer provided that a data protection oﬃcer is easily accessible
p.(None): from each establishment.
p.(None): 3. Where the controller or the processor is a public authority or body, a single data protection oﬃcer may be designated for
p.(None): several such authorities or bodies, taking account of their organisational structure and size.
p.(None): 4. In cases other than those referred to in paragraph 1, the controller or processor or associations and other bodies representing
p.(None): categories of controllers or processors may or, where required by Union or Member State law shall, designate a data protection
p.(None): officer. The data protection officer may act for such associations and other bodies representing controllers or processors.
p.(None): 5. The data protection oﬃcer shall be designated on the basis of professional qualities and, in particular, expert knowledge of data
p.(None): protection law and practices and the ability to fulfil the tasks referred to in Article 39.
p.(None): 6. The data protection oﬃcer may be a staﬀ member of the controller or processor, or fulﬁl the tasks on the basis of a service
p.(None): contract.
p.(None): 7. The controller or the processor shall publish the contact details of the data protection oﬃcer and communicate them to the
p.(None): supervisory authority.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 38
p.(None): Position of the data protection officer
p.(None): 1. The controller and the processor shall ensure that the data protection oﬃcer is involved, properly and in a timely manner, in all
p.(None): issues which relate to the protection of personal data.
p.(None): 2. The controller and processor shall support the data protection oﬃcer in performing the tasks referred to in Article 39 by
p.(None): providing resources necessary to carry out those tasks and access to personal data and processing operations, and to maintain his
p.(None): or her expert knowledge.
p.(None): 3. The controller and processor shall ensure that the data protection oﬃcer does not receive any instructions regarding the
p.(None): exercise of those tasks. He or she shall not be dismissed or penalised by the controller or the processor for performing his tasks.
p.(None): The data protection officer shall directly report to the highest management level of the controller or the processor.
p.(None): 4. Data subjects may contact the data protection oﬃcer with regard to all issues related to processing of their personal data and to
p.(None): the exercise of their rights under this Regulation.
p.(None): 5. The data protection oﬃcer shall be bound by secrecy or conﬁdentiality concerning the performance of his or her tasks, in
p.(None): accordance with Union or Member State law.
p.(None): 6. The data protection oﬃcer may fulﬁl other tasks and duties. The controller or processor shall ensure that any such tasks and
p.(None): duties do not result in a conflict of interests.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 39
p.(None): Tasks of the data protection officer
p.(None): 1. The data protection officer shall have at least the following tasks:
p.(None): (a) to inform and advise the controller or the processor and the employees who carry out processing of their obligations pursuant
p.(None): to this Regulation and to other Union or Member State data protection provisions;
p.(None): (b) to monitor compliance with this Regulation, with other Union or Member State data protection provisions and with the policies
p.(None): of the controller or processor in relation to the protection of personal data, including the assignment of responsibilities,
p.(None): awareness-raising and training of staff involved in processing operations, and the related audits;
p.(None): (c) to provide advice where requested as regards the data protection impact assessment and monitor its performance pursuant to
p.(None): Article 35;
p.(None): (d) to cooperate with the supervisory authority;
p.(None): (e) to act as the contact point for the supervisory authority on issues relating to processing, including the prior consultation
p.(None): referred to in Article 36, and to consult, where appropriate, with regard to any other matter.
p.(None): 2. The data protection oﬃcer shall in the performance of his or her tasks have due regard to the risk associated with processing
p.(None): operations, taking into account the nature, scope, context and purposes of processing.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Section 5
p.(None): Codes of conduct and certification
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 40
p.(None): Codes of conduct
p.(None): 1. The Member States, the supervisory authorities, the Board and the Commission shall encourage the drawing up of codes of
p.(None): conduct intended to contribute to the proper application of this Regulation, taking account of the speciﬁc features of the various
p.(None): processing sectors and the specific needs of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises.
...

p.(None): complies with this Regulation and shall approve that draft code, amendment or extension if it ﬁnds that it provides suﬃcient
p.(None): appropriate safeguards.
p.(None): 6. Where the draft code, or amendment or extension is approved in accordance with paragraph 5, and where the code of conduct
p.(None): concerned does not relate to processing activities in several Member States, the supervisory authority shall register and publish the
p.(None): code.
p.(None): 7. Where a draft code of conduct relates to processing activities in several Member States, the supervisory authority which is
p.(None): competent pursuant to Article 55 shall, before approving the draft code, amendment or extension, submit it in the procedure
p.(None): referred to in Article 63 to the Board which shall provide an opinion on whether the draft code, amendment or extension complies
p.(None): with this Regulation or, in the situation referred to in paragraph 3 of this Article, provides appropriate safeguards.
p.(None): 8. Where the opinion referred to in paragraph 7 conﬁrms that the draft code, amendment or extension complies with this
p.(None): Regulation, or, in the situation referred to in paragraph 3, provides appropriate safeguards, the Board shall submit its opinion to the
p.(None): Commission.
p.(None): 9. The Commission may, by way of implementing acts, decide that the approved code of conduct, amendment or extension
p.(None): submitted to it pursuant to paragraph 8 of this Article have general validity within the Union. Those implementing acts shall be
p.(None): adopted in accordance with the examination procedure set out in Article 93(2).
p.(None): 10. The Commission shall ensure appropriate publicity for the approved codes which have been decided as having general validity
p.(None): in accordance with paragraph 9.
p.(None): 11. The Board shall collate all approved codes of conduct, amendments and extensions in a register and shall make them publicly
p.(None): available by way of appropriate means.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 41
p.(None): Monitoring of approved codes of conduct
p.(None): 1. Without prejudice to the tasks and powers of the competent supervisory authority under Articles 57 and 58, the monitoring of
p.(None): compliance with a code of conduct pursuant to Article 40 may be carried out by a body which has an appropriate level of expertise
p.(None): in relation to the subject-matter of the code and is accredited for that purpose by the competent supervisory authority.
p.(None): 2. A body as referred to in paragraph 1 may be accredited to monitor compliance with a code of conduct where that body has:
p.(None): (a) demonstrated its independence and expertise in relation to the subject-matter of the code to the satisfaction of the competent
p.(None): supervisory authority;
p.(None): (b) established procedures which allow it to assess the eligibility of controllers and processors concerned to apply the code, to
p.(None): monitor their compliance with its provisions and to periodically review its operation;
p.(None): (c) established procedures and structures to handle complaints about infringements of the code or the manner in which the code
p.(None): has been, or is being, implemented by a controller or processor, and to make those procedures and structures transparent to
p.(None): data subjects and the public; and
p.(None): (d) demonstrated to the satisfaction of the competent supervisory authority that its tasks and duties do not result in a conﬂict of
p.(None): interests.
p.(None): 3. The competent supervisory authority shall submit the draft criteria for accreditation of a body as referred to in paragraph 1 of this
p.(None): Article to the Board pursuant to the consistency mechanism referred to in Article 63.
p.(None): 4. Without prejudice to the tasks and powers of the competent supervisory authority and the provisions of Chapter VIII, a body as
p.(None): referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article shall, subject to appropriate safeguards, take appropriate action in cases of infringement of
p.(None): the code by a controller or processor, including suspension or exclusion of the controller or processor concerned from the code. It
p.(None): shall inform the competent supervisory authority of such actions and the reasons for taking them.
p.(None): 5. The competent supervisory authority shall revoke the accreditation of a body as referred to in paragraph 1 if the conditions for
p.(None): accreditation are not, or are no longer, met or where actions taken by the body infringe this Regulation.
p.(None): 6. This Article shall not apply to processing carried out by public authorities and bodies.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 42
p.(None): Certification
p.(None): 1. The Member States, the supervisory authorities, the Board and the Commission shall encourage, in particular at Union level,
p.(None): the establishment of data protection certiﬁcation mechanisms and of data protection seals and marks, for the purpose of
p.(None): demonstrating compliance with this Regulation of processing operations by controllers and processors. The speciﬁc needs of micro,
p.(None): small and medium-sized enterprises shall be taken into account.
p.(None): 2. In addition to adherence by controllers or processors subject to this Regulation, data protection certiﬁcation mechanisms, seals
p.(None): or marks approved pursuant to paragraph 5 of this Article may be established for the purpose of demonstrating the existence of
p.(None): appropriate safeguards provided by controllers or processors that are not subject to this Regulation pursuant to Article 3 within the
p.(None): framework of personal data transfers to third countries or international organisations under the terms referred to in point (f) of
p.(None): Article 46(2). Such controllers or processors shall make binding and enforceable commitments, via contractual or other legally
p.(None): binding instruments, to apply those appropriate safeguards, including with regard to the rights of data subjects.
p.(None): 3. The certification shall be voluntary and available via a process that is transparent.
p.(None): 4. A certiﬁcation pursuant to this Article does not reduce the responsibility of the controller or the processor for compliance with
p.(None): this Regulation and is without prejudice to the tasks and powers of the supervisory authorities which are competent pursuant to
p.(None): Article 55 or 56.
p.(None): 5. A certiﬁcation pursuant to this Article shall be issued by the certiﬁcation bodies referred to in Article 43 or by the competent
...

p.(None): 4. The Commission shall, on an ongoing basis, monitor developments in third countries and international organisations that could
p.(None): aﬀect the functioning of decisions adopted pursuant to paragraph 3 of this Article and decisions adopted on the basis of
p.(None): Article 25(6) of Directive 95/46/EC.
p.(None): 5. The Commission shall, where available information reveals, in particular following the review referred to in paragraph 3 of this
p.(None): Article, that a third country, a territory or one or more speciﬁed sectors within a third country, or an international organisation no
p.(None): longer ensures an adequate level of protection within the meaning of paragraph 2 of this Article, to the extent necessary, repeal,
p.(None): amend or suspend the decision referred to in paragraph 3 of this Article by means of implementing acts without retro-active eﬀect.
p.(None): Those implementing acts shall be adopted in accordance with the examination procedure referred to in Article 93(2).
p.(None): On duly justiﬁed imperative grounds of urgency, the Commission shall adopt immediately applicable implementing acts in
p.(None): accordance with the procedure referred to in Article 93(3).
p.(None): 6. The Commission shall enter into consultations with the third country or international organisation with a view to remedying the
p.(None): situation giving rise to the decision made pursuant to paragraph 5.
p.(None): 7. A decision pursuant to paragraph 5 of this Article is without prejudice to transfers of personal data to the third country, a territory
p.(None): or one or more specified sectors within that third country, or the international organisation in question pursuant to Articles 46 to 49.
p.(None): 8. The Commission shall publish in the Oﬃcial Journal of the European Union and on its website a list of the third countries,
p.(None): territories and speciﬁed sectors within a third country and international organisations for which it has decided that an adequate level
p.(None): of protection is or is no longer ensured.
p.(None): 9. Decisions adopted by the Commission on the basis of Article 25(6) of Directive 95/46/EC shall remain in force until amended,
p.(None): replaced or repealed by a Commission Decision adopted in accordance with paragraph 3 or 5 of this Article.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 46
p.(None): Transfers subject to appropriate safeguards
p.(None): 1. In the absence of a decision pursuant to Article 45(3), a controller or processor may transfer personal data to a third country or
p.(None): an international organisation only if the controller or processor has provided appropriate safeguards, and on condition that
p.(None): enforceable data subject rights and effective legal remedies for data subjects are available.
p.(None): 2. The appropriate safeguards referred to in paragraph 1 may be provided for, without requiring any speciﬁc authorisation from a
p.(None): supervisory authority, by:
p.(None): (a) a legally binding and enforceable instrument between public authorities or bodies;
p.(None): (b) binding corporate rules in accordance with Article 47;
p.(None): (c) standard data protection clauses adopted by the Commission in accordance with the examination procedure referred to in
p.(None): Article 93(2);
p.(None): (d) standard data protection clauses adopted by a supervisory authority and approved by the Commission pursuant to the
...

p.(None): of each of its members;
p.(None): (b) the data transfers or set of transfers, including the categories of personal data, the type of processing and its purposes, the
p.(None): type of data subjects affected and the identification of the third country or countries in question;
p.(None): (c) their legally binding nature, both internally and externally;
p.(None): (d) the application of the general data protection principles, in particular purpose limitation, data minimisation, limited storage
p.(None): periods, data quality, data protection by design and by default, legal basis for processing, processing of special categories of
p.(None): personal data, measures to ensure data security, and the requirements in respect of onward transfers to bodies not bound by
p.(None): the binding corporate rules;
p.(None): (e) the rights of data subjects in regard to processing and the means to exercise those rights, including the right not to be subject
p.(None): to decisions based solely on automated processing, including proﬁling in accordance with Article 22, the right to lodge a
p.(None): complaint with the competent supervisory authority and before the competent courts of the Member States in accordance with
p.(None): Article 79, and to obtain redress and, where appropriate, compensation for a breach of the binding corporate rules;
p.(None): (f) the acceptance by the controller or processor established on the territory of a Member State of liability for any breaches of the
p.(None): binding corporate rules by any member concerned not established in the Union; the controller or the processor shall be
p.(None): exempt from that liability, in whole or in part, only if it proves that that member is not responsible for the event giving rise to the
p.(None): damage;
p.(None): (g) how the information on the binding corporate rules, in particular on the provisions referred to in points (d), (e) and (f) of this
p.(None): paragraph is provided to the data subjects in addition to Articles 13 and 14;
p.(None): (h) the tasks of any data protection oﬃcer designated in accordance with Article 37 or any other person or entity in charge of the
p.(None): monitoring compliance with the binding corporate rules within the group of undertakings, or group of enterprises engaged in a
p.(None): joint economic activity, as well as monitoring training and complaint-handling;
p.(None): (i) the complaint procedures;
p.(None): (j) the mechanisms within the group of undertakings, or group of enterprises engaged in a joint economic activity for ensuring the
p.(None): veriﬁcation of compliance with the binding corporate rules. Such mechanisms shall include data protection audits and methods
p.(None): for ensuring corrective actions to protect the rights of the data subject. Results of such veriﬁcation should be communicated to
p.(None): the person or entity referred to in point (h) and to the board of the controlling undertaking of a group of undertakings, or of the
p.(None): group of enterprises engaged in a joint economic activity, and should be available upon request to the competent supervisory
p.(None): authority;
p.(None): (k) the mechanisms for reporting and recording changes to the rules and reporting those changes to the supervisory authority;
p.(None): (l) the cooperation mechanism with the supervisory authority to ensure compliance by any member of the group of undertakings,
p.(None): or group of enterprises engaged in a joint economic activity, in particular by making available to the supervisory authority the
p.(None): results of verifications of the measures referred to in point (j);
p.(None): (m) the mechanisms for reporting to the competent supervisory authority any legal requirements to which a member of the group
p.(None): of undertakings, or group of enterprises engaged in a joint economic activity is subject in a third country which are likely to
p.(None): have a substantial adverse effect on the guarantees provided by the binding corporate rules; and
p.(None): (n) the appropriate data protection training to personnel having permanent or regular access to personal data.
p.(None): 3. The Commission may specify the format and procedures for the exchange of information between controllers, processors and
p.(None): supervisory authorities for binding corporate rules within the meaning of this Article. Those implementing acts shall be adopted in
p.(None): accordance with the examination procedure set out in Article 93(2).
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 48
p.(None): Transfers or disclosures not authorised by Union law
p.(None): Any judgment of a court or tribunal and any decision of an administrative authority of a third country requiring a controller or
p.(None): processor to transfer or disclose personal data may only be recognised or enforceable in any manner if based on an international
p.(None): agreement, such as a mutual legal assistance treaty, in force between the requesting third country and the Union or a
p.(None): Member State, without prejudice to other grounds for transfer pursuant to this Chapter.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 49
p.(None): Derogations for specific situations
p.(None): 1. In the absence of an adequacy decision pursuant to Article 45(3), or of appropriate safeguards pursuant to Article 46, including
p.(None): binding corporate rules, a transfer or a set of transfers of personal data to a third country or an international organisation shall take
p.(None): place only on one of the following conditions:
p.(None): (a) the data subject has explicitly consented to the proposed transfer, after having been informed of the possible risks of such
p.(None): transfers for the data subject due to the absence of an adequacy decision and appropriate safeguards;
p.(None): (b) the transfer is necessary for the performance of a contract between the data subject and the controller or the implementation
p.(None): of pre-contractual measures taken at the data subject's request;
p.(None): (c) the transfer is necessary for the conclusion or performance of a contract concluded in the interest of the data subject between
p.(None): the controller and another natural or legal person;
p.(None): (d) the transfer is necessary for important reasons of public interest;
p.(None): (e) the transfer is necessary for the establishment, exercise or defence of legal claims;
p.(None): (f) the transfer is necessary in order to protect the vital interests of the data subject or of other persons, where the data subject is
p.(None): physically or legally incapable of giving consent;
p.(None): (g) the transfer is made from a register which according to Union or Member State law is intended to provide information to the
p.(None): public and which is open to consultation either by the public in general or by any person who can demonstrate a legitimate
p.(None): interest, but only to the extent that the conditions laid down by Union or Member State law for consultation are fulﬁlled in the
p.(None): particular case.
p.(None): Where a transfer could not be based on a provision in Article 45 or 46, including the provisions on binding corporate rules, and
p.(None): none of the derogations for a speciﬁc situation referred to in the ﬁrst subparagraph of this paragraph is applicable, a transfer to a
p.(None): third country or an international organisation may take place only if the transfer is not repetitive, concerns only a limited number of
p.(None): data subjects, is necessary for the purposes of compelling legitimate interests pursued by the controller which are not overridden by
p.(None): the interests or rights and freedoms of the data subject, and the controller has assessed all the circumstances surrounding the data
p.(None): transfer and has on the basis of that assessment provided suitable safeguards with regard to the protection of personal data. The
p.(None): controller shall inform the supervisory authority of the transfer. The controller shall, in addition to providing the information referred
p.(None): to in Articles 13 and 14, inform the data subject of the transfer and on the compelling legitimate interests pursued.
p.(None): 2. A transfer pursuant to point (g) of the ﬁrst subparagraph of paragraph 1 shall not involve the entirety of the personal data or
p.(None): entire categories of the personal data contained in the register. Where the register is intended for consultation by persons having a
p.(None): legitimate interest, the transfer shall be made only at the request of those persons or if they are to be the recipients.
p.(None): 3. Points (a), (b) and (c) of the ﬁrst subparagraph of paragraph 1 and the second subparagraph thereof shall not apply to activities
p.(None): carried out by public authorities in the exercise of their public powers.
p.(None): 4. The public interest referred to in point (d) of the ﬁrst subparagraph of paragraph 1 shall be recognised in Union law or in the law
p.(None): of the Member State to which the controller is subject.
p.(None): 5. In the absence of an adequacy decision, Union or Member State law may, for important reasons of public interest, expressly set
p.(None): limits to the transfer of speciﬁc categories of personal data to a third country or an international organisation. Member States shall
p.(None): notify such provisions to the Commission.
p.(None): 6. The controller or processor shall document the assessment as well as the suitable safeguards referred to in the second
p.(None): subparagraph of paragraph 1 of this Article in the records referred to in Article 30.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 50
p.(None): International cooperation for the protection of personal data
p.(None): In relation to third countries and international organisations, the Commission and supervisory authorities shall take appropriate
p.(None): steps to:
p.(None): (a) develop international cooperation mechanisms to facilitate the eﬀective enforcement of legislation for the protection of
p.(None): personal data;
p.(None): (b) provide international mutual assistance in the enforcement of legislation for the protection of personal data, including through
p.(None): notiﬁcation, complaint referral, investigative assistance and information exchange, subject to appropriate safeguards for the
p.(None): protection of personal data and other fundamental rights and freedoms;
p.(None): (c) engage relevant stakeholders in discussion and activities aimed at furthering international cooperation in the enforcement of
p.(None): legislation for the protection of personal data;
p.(None): (d) promote the exchange and documentation of personal data protection legislation and practice, including on jurisdictional
p.(None): conflicts with third countries.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): CHAPTER VI
p.(None): Independent supervisory authorities
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Section 1
p.(None): Independent status
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 51
p.(None): Supervisory authority
p.(None): 1. Each Member State shall provide for one or more independent public authorities to be responsible for monitoring the application
p.(None): of this Regulation, in order to protect the fundamental rights and freedoms of natural persons in relation to processing and to
p.(None): facilitate the free flow of personal data within the Union (‘supervisory authority’).
p.(None): 2. Each supervisory authority shall contribute to the consistent application of this Regulation throughout the Union. For that
p.(None): purpose, the supervisory authorities shall cooperate with each other and the Commission in accordance with Chapter VII.
p.(None): 3. Where more than one supervisory authority is established in a Member State, that Member State shall designate the
p.(None): supervisory authority which is to represent those authorities in the Board and shall set out the mechanism to ensure compliance by
p.(None): the other authorities with the rules relating to the consistency mechanism referred to in Article 63.
p.(None): 4. Each Member State shall notify to the Commission the provisions of its law which it adopts pursuant to this Chapter, by 25 May
p.(None): 2018 and, without delay, any subsequent amendment affecting them.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 52
p.(None): Independence
p.(None): 1. Each supervisory authority shall act with complete independence in performing its tasks and exercising its powers in
p.(None): accordance with this Regulation.
p.(None): 2. The member or members of each supervisory authority shall, in the performance of their tasks and exercise of their powers in
p.(None): accordance with this Regulation, remain free from external inﬂuence, whether direct or indirect, and shall neither seek nor take
p.(None): instructions from anybody.
p.(None): 3. Member or members of each supervisory authority shall refrain from any action incompatible with their duties and shall not,
p.(None): during their term of office, engage in any incompatible occupation, whether gainful or not.
...

p.(None): 1. Each Member State shall provide by law for all of the following:
p.(None): (a) the establishment of each supervisory authority;
p.(None): (b) the qualifications and eligibility conditions required to be appointed as member of each supervisory authority;
p.(None): (c) the rules and procedures for the appointment of the member or members of each supervisory authority;
p.(None): (d) the duration of the term of the member or members of each supervisory authority of no less than four years, except for the ﬁrst
p.(None): appointment after 24 May 2016, part of which may take place for a shorter period where that is necessary to protect the
p.(None): independence of the supervisory authority by means of a staggered appointment procedure;
p.(None): (e) whether and, if so, for how many terms the member or members of each supervisory authority is eligible for reappointment;
p.(None): (f) the conditions governing the obligations of the member or members and staﬀ of each supervisory authority, prohibitions on
p.(None): actions, occupations and beneﬁts incompatible therewith during and after the term of oﬃce and rules governing the cessation
p.(None): of employment.
p.(None): 2. The member or members and the staﬀ of each supervisory authority shall, in accordance with Union or Member State law, be
p.(None): subject to a duty of professional secrecy both during and after their term of oﬃce, with regard to any conﬁdential information which
p.(None): has come to their knowledge in the course of the performance of their tasks or exercise of their powers. During their term of oﬃce,
p.(None): that duty of professional secrecy shall in particular apply to reporting by natural persons of infringements of this Regulation.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Section 2
p.(None): Competence, tasks and powers
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 55
p.(None): Competence
p.(None): 1. Each supervisory authority shall be competent for the performance of the tasks assigned to and the exercise of the powers
p.(None): conferred on it in accordance with this Regulation on the territory of its own Member State.
p.(None): 2. Where processing is carried out by public authorities or private bodies acting on the basis of point (c) or (e) of Article 6(1), the
p.(None): supervisory authority of the Member State concerned shall be competent. In such cases Article 56 does not apply.
p.(None): 3. Supervisory authorities shall not be competent to supervise processing operations of courts acting in their judicial capacity.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 56
p.(None): Competence of the lead supervisory authority
p.(None): 1. Without prejudice to Article 55, the supervisory authority of the main establishment or of the single establishment of the
...

p.(None): for the data protection officer.
p.(None): 4. Where requests are manifestly unfounded or excessive, in particular because of their repetitive character, the supervisory
p.(None): authority may charge a reasonable fee based on administrative costs, or refuse to act on the request. The supervisory authority
p.(None): shall bear the burden of demonstrating the manifestly unfounded or excessive character of the request.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 58
p.(None): Powers
p.(None): 1. Each supervisory authority shall have all of the following investigative powers:
p.(None): (a) to order the controller and the processor, and, where applicable, the controller's or the processor's representative to provide
p.(None): any information it requires for the performance of its tasks;
p.(None): (b) to carry out investigations in the form of data protection audits;
p.(None): (c) to carry out a review on certifications issued pursuant to Article 42(7);
p.(None): (d) to notify the controller or the processor of an alleged infringement of this Regulation;
p.(None): (e) to obtain, from the controller and the processor, access to all personal data and to all information necessary for the
p.(None): performance of its tasks;
p.(None): (f) to obtain access to any premises of the controller and the processor, including to any data processing equipment and means,
p.(None): in accordance with Union or Member State procedural law.
p.(None): 2. Each supervisory authority shall have all of the following corrective powers:
p.(None): (a) to issue warnings to a controller or processor that intended processing operations are likely to infringe provisions of this
p.(None): Regulation;
p.(None): (b) to issue reprimands to a controller or a processor where processing operations have infringed provisions of this Regulation;
p.(None): (c) to order the controller or the processor to comply with the data subject's requests to exercise his or her rights pursuant to this
p.(None): Regulation;
p.(None): (d) to order the controller or processor to bring processing operations into compliance with the provisions of this Regulation,
p.(None): where appropriate, in a specified manner and within a specified period;
p.(None): (e) to order the controller to communicate a personal data breach to the data subject;
p.(None): (f) to impose a temporary or definitive limitation including a ban on processing;
p.(None): (g) to order the rectiﬁcation or erasure of personal data or restriction of processing pursuant to Articles 16, 17 and 18 and the
p.(None): notiﬁcation of such actions to recipients to whom the personal data have been disclosed pursuant to Article 17(2) and Article
p.(None): 19;
p.(None): (h) to withdraw a certiﬁcation or to order the certiﬁcation body to withdraw a certiﬁcation issued pursuant to Articles 42 and 43, or
p.(None): to order the certification body not to issue certification if the requirements for the certification are not or are no longer met;
p.(None): (i) to impose an administrative ﬁne pursuant to Article 83, in addition to, or instead of measures referred to in this paragraph,
p.(None): depending on the circumstances of each individual case;
p.(None): (j) to order the suspension of data flows to a recipient in a third country or to an international organisation.
p.(None): 3. Each supervisory authority shall have all of the following authorisation and advisory powers:
p.(None): (a) to advise the controller in accordance with the prior consultation procedure referred to in Article 36;
p.(None): (b) to issue, on its own initiative or on request, opinions to the national parliament, the Member State government or, in
p.(None): accordance with Member State law, to other institutions and bodies as well as to the public on any issue related to the
p.(None): protection of personal data;
p.(None): (c) to authorise processing referred to in Article 36(5), if the law of the Member State requires such prior authorisation;
p.(None): (d) to issue an opinion and approve draft codes of conduct pursuant to Article 40(5);
p.(None): (e) to accredit certification bodies pursuant to Article 43;
p.(None): (f) to issue certifications and approve criteria of certification in accordance with Article 42(5);
p.(None): (g) to adopt standard data protection clauses referred to in Article 28(8) and in point (d) of Article 46(2);
p.(None): (h) to authorise contractual clauses referred to in point (a) of Article 46(3);
p.(None): (i) to authorise administrative arrangements referred to in point (b) of Article 46(3);
p.(None): (j) to approve binding corporate rules pursuant to Article 47.
p.(None): 4. The exercise of the powers conferred on the supervisory authority pursuant to this Article shall be subject to appropriate
p.(None): safeguards, including eﬀective judicial remedy and due process, set out in Union and Member State law in accordance with the
p.(None): Charter.
p.(None): 5. Each Member State shall provide by law that its supervisory authority shall have the power to bring infringements of this
p.(None): Regulation to the attention of the judicial authorities and where appropriate, to commence or engage otherwise in legal
p.(None): proceedings, in order to enforce the provisions of this Regulation.
p.(None): 6. Each Member State may provide by law that its supervisory authority shall have additional powers to those referred to in
p.(None): paragraphs 1, 2 and 3. The exercise of those powers shall not impair the effective operation of Chapter VII.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 59
p.(None): Activity reports
p.(None): Each supervisory authority shall draw up an annual report on its activities, which may include a list of types of infringement notiﬁed
p.(None): and types of measures taken in accordance with Article 58(2). Those reports shall be transmitted to the national parliament, the
p.(None): government and other authorities as designated by Member State law. They shall be made available to the public, to the
p.(None): Commission and to the Board.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): CHAPTER VII
p.(None): Cooperation and consistency
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Section 1
p.(None): Cooperation
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 60
p.(None): Cooperation between the lead supervisory authority and the other supervisory authorities concerned
p.(None): 1. The lead supervisory authority shall cooperate with the other supervisory authorities concerned in accordance with this Article in
...

p.(None): shall inform the complainant on the decision.
p.(None): 8. By derogation from paragraph 7, where a complaint is dismissed or rejected, the supervisory authority with which the complaint
p.(None): was lodged shall adopt the decision and notify it to the complainant and shall inform the controller thereof.
p.(None): 9. Where the lead supervisory authority and the supervisory authorities concerned agree to dismiss or reject parts of a complaint
p.(None): and to act on other parts of that complaint, a separate decision shall be adopted for each of those parts of the matter. The lead
p.(None): supervisory authority shall adopt the decision for the part concerning actions in relation to the controller, shall notify it to the main
p.(None): establishment or single establishment of the controller or processor on the territory of its Member State and shall inform the
p.(None): complainant thereof, while the supervisory authority of the complainant shall adopt the decision for the part concerning dismissal or
p.(None): rejection of that complaint, and shall notify it to that complainant and shall inform the controller or processor thereof.
p.(None): 10. After being notiﬁed of the decision of the lead supervisory authority pursuant to paragraphs 7 and 9, the controller or
p.(None): processor shall take the necessary measures to ensure compliance with the decision as regards processing activities in the context
p.(None): of all its establishments in the Union. The controller or processor shall notify the measures taken for complying with the decision to
p.(None): the lead supervisory authority, which shall inform the other supervisory authorities concerned.
p.(None): 11. Where, in exceptional circumstances, a supervisory authority concerned has reasons to consider that there is an urgent need
p.(None): to act in order to protect the interests of data subjects, the urgency procedure referred to in Article 66 shall apply.
p.(None): 12. The lead supervisory authority and the other supervisory authorities concerned shall supply the information required under this
p.(None): Article to each other by electronic means, using a standardised format.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 61
p.(None): Mutual assistance
p.(None): 1. Supervisory authorities shall provide each other with relevant information and mutual assistance in order to implement and
p.(None): apply this Regulation in a consistent manner, and shall put in place measures for eﬀective cooperation with one another. Mutual
p.(None): assistance shall cover, in particular, information requests and supervisory measures, such as requests to carry out prior
p.(None): authorisations and consultations, inspections and investigations.
p.(None): 2. Each supervisory authority shall take all appropriate measures required to reply to a request of another supervisory authority
p.(None): without undue delay and no later than one month after receiving the request. Such measures may include, in particular, the
p.(None): transmission of relevant information on the conduct of an investigation.
p.(None): 3. Requests for assistance shall contain all the necessary information, including the purpose of and reasons for the request.
p.(None): Information exchanged shall be used only for the purpose for which it was requested.
p.(None): 4. The requested supervisory authority shall not refuse to comply with the request unless:
p.(None): (a) it is not competent for the subject-matter of the request or for the measures it is requested to execute; or
p.(None): (b) compliance with the request would infringe this Regulation or Union or Member State law to which the supervisory authority
p.(None): receiving the request is subject.
p.(None): 5. The requested supervisory authority shall inform the requesting supervisory authority of the results or, as the case may be, of
p.(None): the progress of the measures taken in order to respond to the request. The requested supervisory authority shall provide reasons
p.(None): for any refusal to comply with a request pursuant to paragraph 4.
p.(None): 6. Requested supervisory authorities shall, as a rule, supply the information requested by other supervisory authorities by
p.(None): electronic means, using a standardised format.
p.(None): 7. Requested supervisory authorities shall not charge a fee for any action taken by them pursuant to a request for mutual
p.(None): assistance. Supervisory authorities may agree on rules to indemnify each other for speciﬁc expenditure arising from the provision of
p.(None): mutual assistance in exceptional circumstances.
p.(None): 8. Where a supervisory authority does not provide the information referred to in paragraph 5 of this Article within one month of
p.(None): receiving the request of another supervisory authority, the requesting supervisory authority may adopt a provisional measure on the
p.(None): territory of its Member State in accordance with Article 55(1). In that case, the urgent need to act under Article 66(1) shall be
p.(None): presumed to be met and require an urgent binding decision from the Board pursuant to Article 66(2).
...

p.(None): caused by them during their operations, in accordance with the law of the Member State in whose territory they are operating.
p.(None): 5. The Member State in whose territory the damage was caused shall make good such damage under the conditions applicable to
p.(None): damage caused by its own staﬀ. The Member State of the seconding supervisory authority whose staﬀ has caused damage to any
p.(None): person in the territory of another Member State shall reimburse that other Member State in full any sums it has paid to the persons
p.(None): entitled on their behalf.
p.(None): 6. Without prejudice to the exercise of its rights vis-à-vis third parties and with the exception of paragraph 5, each Member State
p.(None): shall refrain, in the case provided for in paragraph 1, from requesting reimbursement from another Member State in relation to
p.(None): damage referred to in paragraph 4.
p.(None): 7. Where a joint operation is intended and a supervisory authority does not, within one month, comply with the obligation laid down
p.(None): in the second sentence of paragraph 2 of this Article, the other supervisory authorities may adopt a provisional measure on the
p.(None): territory of its Member State in accordance with Article 55. In that case, the urgent need to act under Article 66(1) shall be
p.(None): presumed to be met and require an opinion or an urgent binding decision from the Board pursuant to Article 66(2).
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Section 2
p.(None): Consistency
p.(None): Article 63
p.(None): Consistency mechanism
p.(None): In order to contribute to the consistent application of this Regulation throughout the Union, the supervisory authorities shall
p.(None): cooperate with each other and, where relevant, with the Commission, through the consistency mechanism as set out in this
p.(None): Section.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 64
p.(None): Opinion of the Board
p.(None): 1. The Board shall issue an opinion where a competent supervisory authority intends to adopt any of the measures below. To that
p.(None): end, the competent supervisory authority shall communicate the draft decision to the Board, when it:
p.(None): (a) aims to adopt a list of the processing operations subject to the requirement for a data protection impact assessment pursuant
p.(None): to Article 35(4);
p.(None): (b) concerns a matter pursuant to Article 40(7) whether a draft code of conduct or an amendment or extension to a code of
p.(None): conduct complies with this Regulation;
p.(None): (c) aims to approve the criteria for accreditation of a body pursuant to Article 41(3) or a certification body pursuant to Article 43(3);
p.(None): (d) aims to determine standard data protection clauses referred to in point (d) of Article 46(2) and in Article 28(8);
p.(None): (e) aims to authorise contractual clauses referred to in point (a) of Article 46(3); or
p.(None): (f) aims to approve binding corporate rules within the meaning of Article 47.
p.(None): 2. Any supervisory authority, the Chair of the Board or the Commission may request that any matter of general application or
...

p.(None): where a competent supervisory authority has not taken an appropriate measure in a situation where there is an urgent need to act,
p.(None): in order to protect the rights and freedoms of data subjects, giving reasons for requesting such opinion or decision, including for the
p.(None): urgent need to act.
p.(None): 4. By derogation from Article 64(3) and Article 65(2), an urgent opinion or an urgent binding decision referred to in paragraphs 2
p.(None): and 3 of this Article shall be adopted within two weeks by simple majority of the members of the Board.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 67
p.(None): Exchange of information
p.(None): The Commission may adopt implementing acts of general scope in order to specify the arrangements for the exchange of
p.(None): information by electronic means between supervisory authorities, and between supervisory authorities and the Board, in particular
p.(None): the standardised format referred to in Article 64.
p.(None): Those implementing acts shall be adopted in accordance with the examination procedure referred to in Article 93(2).
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Section 3
p.(None): European data protection board
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 68
p.(None): European Data Protection Board
p.(None): 1. The European Data Protection Board (the ‘Board’) is hereby established as a body of the Union and shall have legal personality.
p.(None): 2. The Board shall be represented by its Chair.
p.(None): 3. The Board shall be composed of the head of one supervisory authority of each Member State and of the European Data
p.(None): Protection Supervisor, or their respective representatives.
p.(None): 4. Where in a Member State more than one supervisory authority is responsible for monitoring the application of the provisions
p.(None): pursuant to this Regulation, a joint representative shall be appointed in accordance with that Member State's law.
p.(None): 5. The Commission shall have the right to participate in the activities and meetings of the Board without voting right. The
p.(None): Commission shall designate a representative. The Chair of the Board shall communicate to the Commission the activities of the
p.(None): Board.
p.(None): 6. In the cases referred to in Article 65, the European Data Protection Supervisor shall have voting rights only on decisions which
p.(None): concern principles and rules applicable to the Union institutions, bodies, oﬃces and agencies which correspond in substance to
p.(None): those of this Regulation.
p.(None): Article 69
p.(None): Independence
p.(None): 1. The Board shall act independently when performing its tasks or exercising its powers pursuant to Articles 70 and 71.
p.(None): 2. Without prejudice to requests by the Commission referred to in point (b) of Article 70(1) and in Article 70(2), the Board shall, in
p.(None): the performance of its tasks or the exercise of its powers, neither seek nor take instructions from anybody.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 70
p.(None): Tasks of the Board
p.(None): 1. The Board shall ensure the consistent application of this Regulation. To that end, the Board shall, on its own initiative or, where
p.(None): relevant, at the request of the Commission, in particular:
p.(None): (a) monitor and ensure the correct application of this Regulation in the cases provided for in Articles 64 and 65 without prejudice
p.(None): to the tasks of national supervisory authorities;
p.(None): (b) advise the Commission on any issue related to the protection of personal data in the Union, including on any proposed
p.(None): amendment of this Regulation;
p.(None): (c) advise the Commission on the format and procedures for the exchange of information between controllers, processors and
p.(None): supervisory authorities for binding corporate rules;
p.(None): (d) issue guidelines, recommendations, and best practices on procedures for erasing links, copies or replications of personal data
p.(None): from publicly available communication services as referred to in Article 17(2);
p.(None): (e) examine, on its own initiative, on request of one of its members or on request of the Commission, any question covering the
p.(None): application of this Regulation and issue guidelines, recommendations and best practices in order to encourage consistent
p.(None): application of this Regulation;
p.(None): (f) issue guidelines, recommendations and best practices in accordance with point (e) of this paragraph for further specifying the
p.(None): criteria and conditions for decisions based on profiling pursuant to Article 22(2);
p.(None): (g) issue guidelines, recommendations and best practices in accordance with point (e) of this paragraph for establishing the
p.(None): personal data breaches and determining the undue delay referred to in Article 33(1) and (2) and for the particular
p.(None): circumstances in which a controller or a processor is required to notify the personal data breach;
p.(None): (h) issue guidelines, recommendations and best practices in accordance with point (e) of this paragraph as to the circumstances
p.(None): in which a personal data breach is likely to result in a high risk to the rights and freedoms of the natural persons referred to in
p.(None): Article 34(1).
p.(None): (i) issue guidelines, recommendations and best practices in accordance with point (e) of this paragraph for the purpose of further
...

p.(None): international organisation, including for the assessment whether a third country, a territory or one or more speciﬁed sectors
p.(None): within that third country, or an international organisation no longer ensures an adequate level of protection. To that end, the
p.(None): Commission shall provide the Board with all necessary documentation, including correspondence with the government of the
p.(None): third country, with regard to that third country, territory or specified sector, or with the international organisation.
p.(None): (t) issue opinions on draft decisions of supervisory authorities pursuant to the consistency mechanism referred to in Article 64(1),
p.(None): on matters submitted pursuant to Article 64(2) and to issue binding decisions pursuant to Article 65, including in cases
p.(None): referred to in Article 66;
p.(None): (u) promote the cooperation and the eﬀective bilateral and multilateral exchange of information and best practices between the
p.(None): supervisory authorities;
p.(None): (v) promote common training programmes and facilitate personnel exchanges between the supervisory authorities and, where
p.(None): appropriate, with the supervisory authorities of third countries or with international organisations;
p.(None): (w) promote the exchange of knowledge and documentation on data protection legislation and practice with data protection
p.(None): supervisory authorities worldwide.
p.(None): (x) issue opinions on codes of conduct drawn up at Union level pursuant to Article 40(9); and
p.(None): (y) maintain a publicly accessible electronic register of decisions taken by supervisory authorities and courts on issues handled in
p.(None): the consistency mechanism.
p.(None): 2. Where the Commission requests advice from the Board, it may indicate a time limit, taking into account the urgency of the
p.(None): matter.
p.(None): 3. The Board shall forward its opinions, guidelines, recommendations, and best practices to the Commission and to the committee
p.(None): referred to in Article 93 and make them public.
p.(None): 4. The Board shall, where appropriate, consult interested parties and give them the opportunity to comment within a reasonable
p.(None): period. The Board shall, without prejudice to Article 76, make the results of the consultation procedure publicly available.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 71
p.(None): Reports
p.(None): 1. The Board shall draw up an annual report regarding the protection of natural persons with regard to processing in the Union
p.(None): and, where relevant, in third countries and international organisations. The report shall be made public and be transmitted to the
p.(None): European Parliament, to the Council and to the Commission.
p.(None): 2. The annual report shall include a review of the practical application of the guidelines, recommendations and best practices
p.(None): referred to in point (l) of Article 70(1) as well as of the binding decisions referred to in Article 65.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 72
p.(None): Procedure
p.(None): 1. The Board shall take decisions by a simple majority of its members, unless otherwise provided for in this Regulation.
p.(None): 2. The Board shall adopt its own rules of procedure by a two-thirds majority of its members and organise its own operational
p.(None): arrangements.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 73
p.(None): Chair
p.(None): 1. The Board shall elect a chair and two deputy chairs from amongst its members by simple majority.
p.(None): 2. The term of office of the Chair and of the deputy chairs shall be five years and be renewable once.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 74
p.(None): Tasks of the Chair
p.(None): 1. The Chair shall have the following tasks:
p.(None): (a) to convene the meetings of the Board and prepare its agenda;
p.(None): (b) to notify decisions adopted by the Board pursuant to Article 65 to the lead supervisory authority and the supervisory
p.(None): authorities concerned;
p.(None): (c) to ensure the timely performance of the tasks of the Board, in particular in relation to the consistency mechanism referred to in
p.(None): Article 63.
p.(None): 2. The Board shall lay down the allocation of tasks between the Chair and the deputy chairs in its rules of procedure.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 75
p.(None): Secretariat
...

p.(None): whichever is higher:
p.(None): (a) the basic principles for processing, including conditions for consent, pursuant to Articles 5, 6, 7 and 9;
p.(None): (b) the data subjects' rights pursuant to Articles 12 to 22;
p.(None): (c) the transfers of personal data to a recipient in a third country or an international organisation pursuant to Articles 44 to 49;
p.(None): (d) any obligations pursuant to Member State law adopted under Chapter IX;
p.(None): (e) non-compliance with an order or a temporary or deﬁnitive limitation on processing or the suspension of data ﬂows by the
p.(None): supervisory authority pursuant to Article 58(2) or failure to provide access in violation of Article 58(1).
p.(None): 6. Non-compliance with an order by the supervisory authority as referred to in Article 58(2) shall, in accordance with paragraph 2
p.(None): of this Article, be subject to administrative ﬁnes up to 20 000 000 EUR, or in the case of an undertaking, up to 4 % of the total
p.(None): worldwide annual turnover of the preceding financial year, whichever is higher.
p.(None): 7. Without prejudice to the corrective powers of supervisory authorities pursuant to Article 58(2), each Member State may lay
p.(None): down the rules on whether and to what extent administrative ﬁnes may be imposed on public authorities and bodies established in
p.(None): that Member State.
p.(None): 8. The exercise by the supervisory authority of its powers under this Article shall be subject to appropriate procedural safeguards
p.(None): in accordance with Union and Member State law, including effective judicial remedy and due process.
p.(None): 9. Where the legal system of the Member State does not provide for administrative ﬁnes, this Article may be applied in such a
p.(None): manner that the ﬁne is initiated by the competent supervisory authority and imposed by competent national courts, while ensuring
p.(None): that those legal remedies are eﬀective and have an equivalent eﬀect to the administrative ﬁnes imposed by supervisory authorities.
p.(None): In any event, the ﬁnes imposed shall be eﬀective, proportionate and dissuasive. Those Member States shall notify to the
p.(None): Commission the provisions of their laws which they adopt pursuant to this paragraph by 25 May 2018 and, without delay, any
p.(None): subsequent amendment law or amendment affecting them.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 84
p.(None): Penalties
p.(None): 1. Member States shall lay down the rules on other penalties applicable to infringements of this Regulation in particular for
p.(None): infringements which are not subject to administrative ﬁnes pursuant to Article 83, and shall take all measures necessary to ensure
p.(None): that they are implemented. Such penalties shall be effective, proportionate and dissuasive.
p.(None): 2. Each Member State shall notify to the Commission the provisions of its law which it adopts pursuant to paragraph 1, by 25 May
p.(None): 2018 and, without delay, any subsequent amendment affecting them.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): CHAPTER IX
p.(None): Provisions relating to specific processing situations
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 85
p.(None): Processing and freedom of expression and information
p.(None): 1. Member States shall by law reconcile the right to the protection of personal data pursuant to this Regulation with the right to
p.(None): freedom of expression and information, including processing for journalistic purposes and the purposes of academic, artistic or
p.(None): literary expression.
p.(None): 2. For processing carried out for journalistic purposes or the purpose of academic artistic or literary expression, Member States
p.(None): shall provide for exemptions or derogations from Chapter II (principles), Chapter III (rights of the data subject), Chapter IV
p.(None): (controller and processor), Chapter V (transfer of personal data to third countries or international organisations), Chapter VI
p.(None): (independent supervisory authorities), Chapter VII (cooperation and consistency) and Chapter IX (speciﬁc data processing
p.(None): situations) if they are necessary to reconcile the right to the protection of personal data with the freedom of expression and
p.(None): information.
p.(None): 3. Each Member State shall notify to the Commission the provisions of its law which it has adopted pursuant to paragraph 2 and,
p.(None): without delay, any subsequent amendment law or amendment affecting them.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 86
p.(None): Processing and public access to official documents
p.(None): Personal data in oﬃcial documents held by a public authority or a public body or a private body for the performance of a task
p.(None): carried out in the public interest may be disclosed by the authority or body in accordance with Union or Member State law to which
p.(None): the public authority or body is subject in order to reconcile public access to oﬃcial documents with the right to the protection of
p.(None): personal data pursuant to this Regulation.
p.(None): Article 87
p.(None): Processing of the national identification number
p.(None): Member States may further determine the speciﬁc conditions for the processing of a national identiﬁcation number or any other
p.(None): identiﬁer of general application. In that case the national identiﬁcation number or any other identiﬁer of general application shall be
p.(None): used only under appropriate safeguards for the rights and freedoms of the data subject pursuant to this Regulation.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 88
p.(None): Processing in the context of employment
p.(None): 1. Member States may, by law or by collective agreements, provide for more speciﬁc rules to ensure the protection of the rights
p.(None): and freedoms in respect of the processing of employees' personal data in the employment context, in particular for the purposes of
p.(None): the recruitment, the performance of the contract of employment, including discharge of obligations laid down by law or by collective
p.(None): agreements, management, planning and organisation of work, equality and diversity in the workplace, health and safety at work,
p.(None): protection of employer's or customer's property and for the purposes of the exercise and enjoyment, on an individual or collective
p.(None): basis, of rights and benefits related to employment, and for the purpose of the termination of the employment relationship.
p.(None): 2. Those rules shall include suitable and speciﬁc measures to safeguard the data subject's human dignity, legitimate interests and
p.(None): fundamental rights, with particular regard to the transparency of processing, the transfer of personal data within a group of
p.(None): undertakings, or a group of enterprises engaged in a joint economic activity and monitoring systems at the work place.
p.(None): 3. Each Member State shall notify to the Commission those provisions of its law which it adopts pursuant to paragraph 1, by 25
p.(None): May 2018 and, without delay, any subsequent amendment affecting them.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 89
p.(None): Safeguards and derogations relating to processing for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientific or historical
p.(None): research purposes or statistical purposes
p.(None): 1. Processing for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientiﬁc or historical research purposes or statistical purposes, shall be
p.(None): subject to appropriate safeguards, in accordance with this Regulation, for the rights and freedoms of the data subject. Those
p.(None): safeguards shall ensure that technical and organisational measures are in place in particular in order to ensure respect for the
p.(None): principle of data minimisation. Those measures may include pseudonymisation provided that those purposes can be fulﬁlled in that
p.(None): manner. Where those purposes can be fulﬁlled by further processing which does not permit or no longer permits the identiﬁcation of
p.(None): data subjects, those purposes shall be fulfilled in that manner.
p.(None): 2. Where personal data are processed for scientiﬁc or historical research purposes or statistical purposes, Union or Member State
p.(None): law may provide for derogations from the rights referred to in Articles 15, 16, 18 and 21 subject to the conditions and safeguards
p.(None): referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article in so far as such rights are likely to render impossible or seriously impair the achievement
p.(None): of the specific purposes, and such derogations are necessary for the fulfilment of those purposes.
p.(None): 3. Where personal data are processed for archiving purposes in the public interest, Union or Member State law may provide for
p.(None): derogations from the rights referred to in Articles 15, 16, 18, 19, 20 and 21 subject to the conditions and safeguards referred to in
p.(None): paragraph 1 of this Article in so far as such rights are likely to render impossible or seriously impair the achievement of the speciﬁc
p.(None): purposes, and such derogations are necessary for the fulfilment of those purposes.
p.(None): 4. Where processing referred to in paragraphs 2 and 3 serves at the same time another purpose, the derogations shall apply only
p.(None): to processing for the purposes referred to in those paragraphs.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 90
p.(None): Obligations of secrecy
p.(None): 1. Member States may adopt speciﬁc rules to set out the powers of the supervisory authorities laid down in points (e) and (f) of
p.(None): Article 58(1) in relation to controllers or processors that are subject, under Union or Member State law or rules established by
p.(None): national competent bodies, to an obligation of professional secrecy or other equivalent obligations of secrecy where this is
p.(None): necessary and proportionate to reconcile the right of the protection of personal data with the obligation of secrecy. Those rules
p.(None): shall apply only with regard to personal data which the controller or processor has received as a result of or has obtained in an
p.(None): activity covered by that obligation of secrecy.
p.(None): 2. Each Member State shall notify to the Commission the rules adopted pursuant to paragraph 1, by 25 May 2018 and, without
p.(None): delay, any subsequent amendment affecting them.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 91
p.(None): Existing data protection rules of churches and religious associations
p.(None): 1. Where in a Member State, churches and religious associations or communities apply, at the time of entry into force of this
p.(None): Regulation, comprehensive rules relating to the protection of natural persons with regard to processing, such rules may continue to
p.(None): apply, provided that they are brought into line with this Regulation.
p.(None): 2. Churches and religious associations which apply comprehensive rules in accordance with paragraph 1 of this Article shall be
p.(None): subject to the supervision of an independent supervisory authority, which may be speciﬁc, provided that it fulﬁls the conditions laid
p.(None): down in Chapter VI of this Regulation.
p.(None): CHAPTER X
p.(None): Delegated acts and implementing acts
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 92
p.(None): Exercise of the delegation
p.(None): 1. The power to adopt delegated acts is conferred on the Commission subject to the conditions laid down in this Article.
p.(None): 2. The delegation of power referred to in Article 12(8) and Article 43(8) shall be conferred on the Commission for an indeterminate
p.(None): period of time from 24 May 2016.
p.(None): 3. The delegation of power referred to in Article 12(8) and Article 43(8) may be revoked at any time by the European Parliament or
p.(None): by the Council. A decision of revocation shall put an end to the delegation of power speciﬁed in that decision. It shall take eﬀect the
p.(None): day following that of its publication in the Oﬃcial Journal of the European Union or at a later date speciﬁed therein. It shall not aﬀect
p.(None): the validity of any delegated acts already in force.
p.(None): 4. As soon as it adopts a delegated act, the Commission shall notify it simultaneously to the European Parliament and to the
p.(None): Council.
p.(None): 5. A delegated act adopted pursuant to Article 12(8) and Article 43(8) shall enter into force only if no objection has been expressed
p.(None): by either the European Parliament or the Council within a period of three months of notiﬁcation of that act to the European
p.(None): Parliament and the Council or if, before the expiry of that period, the European Parliament and the Council have both informed the
p.(None): Commission that they will not object. That period shall be extended by three months at the initiative of the European Parliament or
p.(None): of the Council.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 93
p.(None): Committee procedure
p.(None): 1. The Commission shall be assisted by a committee. That committee shall be a committee within the meaning of Regulation (EU)
p.(None): No 182/2011.
p.(None): 2. Where reference is made to this paragraph, Article 5 of Regulation (EU) No 182/2011 shall apply.
p.(None): 3. Where reference is made to this paragraph, Article 8 of Regulation (EU) No 182/2011, in conjunction with Article 5 thereof, shall
p.(None): apply.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): CHAPTER XI
p.(None): Final provisions
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 94
p.(None): Repeal of Directive 95/46/EC
p.(None): 1. Directive 95/46/EC is repealed with effect from 25 May 2018.
p.(None): 2. References to the repealed Directive shall be construed as references to this Regulation. References to the Working Party on
p.(None): the Protection of Individuals with regard to the Processing of Personal Data established by Article 29 of Directive 95/46/EC shall be
p.(None): construed as references to the European Data Protection Board established by this Regulation.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 95
p.(None): Relationship with Directive 2002/58/EC
p.(None): This Regulation shall not impose additional obligations on natural or legal persons in relation to processing in connection with the
p.(None): provision of publicly available electronic communications services in public communication networks in the Union in relation to
p.(None): matters for which they are subject to specific obligations with the same objective set out in Directive 2002/58/EC.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 96
p.(None): Relationship with previously concluded Agreements
p.(None): International agreements involving the transfer of personal data to third countries or international organisations which were
p.(None): concluded by Member States prior to 24 May 2016, and which comply with Union law as applicable prior to that date, shall remain in
p.(None): force until amended, replaced or revoked.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 97
p.(None): Commission reports
p.(None): 1. By 25 May 2020 and every four years thereafter, the Commission shall submit a report on the evaluation and review of this
p.(None): Regulation to the European Parliament and to the Council. The reports shall be made public.
p.(None): 2. In the context of the evaluations and reviews referred to in paragraph 1, the Commission shall examine, in particular, the
p.(None): application and functioning of:
p.(None): (a) Chapter V on the transfer of personal data to third countries or international organisations with particular regard to decisions
p.(None): adopted pursuant to Article 45(3) of this Regulation and decisions adopted on the basis of Article 25(6) of Directive 95/46/EC;
p.(None): (b) Chapter VII on cooperation and consistency.
p.(None): 3. For the purpose of paragraph 1, the Commission may request information from Member States and supervisory authorities.
p.(None): 4. In carrying out the evaluations and reviews referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2, the Commission shall take into account the
p.(None): positions and findings of the European Parliament, of the Council, and of other relevant bodies or sources.
p.(None): 5. The Commission shall, if necessary, submit appropriate proposals to amend this Regulation, in particular taking into account of
p.(None): developments in information technology and in the light of the state of progress in the information society.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 98
p.(None): Review of other Union legal acts on data protection
p.(None): The Commission shall, if appropriate, submit legislative proposals with a view to amending other Union legal acts on the protection
p.(None): of personal data, in order to ensure uniform and consistent protection of natural persons with regard to processing. This shall in
p.(None): particular concern the rules relating to the protection of natural persons with regard to processing by Union institutions, bodies,
p.(None): offices and agencies and on the free movement of such data.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 99
p.(None): Entry into force and application
p.(None): 1. This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in theOﬃcial Journal of the European
p.(None): Union.
p.(None): 2. It shall apply from 25 May 2018.
p.(None):
p.(None): This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States.
p.(None): Done at Brussels, 27 April 2016.
p.(None): For the European Parliament
p.(None): The President
p.(None): M. SCHULZ
p.(None): For the Council
p.(None): The President
p.(None): J.A. HENNIS-PLASSCHAERT
p.(None):
p.(None): (1) OJ C 229, 31.7.2012, p. 90.
p.(None): (2) OJ C 391, 18.12.2012, p. 127 .
p.(None): (3) Position of the European Parliament of 12 March 2014 (not yet published in the Oﬃcial Journal) and position of the Council at ﬁrst reading of 8 April 2016 (not
p.(None): yet published in the Official Journal). Position of the European Parliament of 14 April 2016.
p.(None): (4) Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal
p.(None): data and on the free movement of such data (OJ L 281, 23.11.1995, p. 31 ).
p.(None): (5) Commission Recommendation of 6 May 2003 concerning the definition of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (C(2003) 1422) ( OJ L 124, 20.5.2003, p.
p.(None): 36).
p.(None): (6) Regulation (EC) No 45/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2000 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing
p.(None): of personal data by the Community institutions and bodies and on the free movement of such data (OJ L 8, 12.1.2001, p. 1).
p.(None): (7) Directive (EU) 2016/680 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of
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p.(None): should provide for appropriate safeguards for the processing of personal data for archiving purposes in the public interest,
p.(None): scientiﬁc or historical research purposes or statistical purposes. Member States should be authorised to provide, under
p.(None): speciﬁc conditions and subject to appropriate safeguards for data subjects, speciﬁcations and derogations with regard to the
p.(None): information requirements and rights to rectiﬁcation, to erasure, to be forgotten, to restriction of processing, to data portability,
p.(None): and to object when processing personal data for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientiﬁc or historical research
p.(None): purposes or statistical purposes. The conditions and safeguards in question may entail speciﬁc procedures for data subjects
p.(None): to exercise those rights if this is appropriate in the light of the purposes sought by the speciﬁc processing along with technical
p.(None): and organisational measures aimed at minimising the processing of personal data in pursuance of the proportionality and
p.(None): necessity principles. The processing of personal data for scientiﬁc purposes should also comply with other relevant legislation
p.(None): such as on clinical trials.
p.(None): (157)By coupling information from registries, researchers can obtain new knowledge of great value with regard to widespread
p.(None): medical conditions such as cardiovascular disease, cancer and depression. On the basis of registries, research results can be
p.(None): enhanced, as they draw on a larger population. Within social science, research on the basis of registries enables researchers
p.(None): to obtain essential knowledge about the long-term correlation of a number of social conditions such as unemployment and
p.(None): education with other life conditions. Research results obtained through registries provide solid, high-quality knowledge which
p.(None): can provide the basis for the formulation and implementation of knowledge-based policy, improve the quality of life for a
p.(None): number of people and improve the eﬃciency of social services. In order to facilitate scientiﬁc research, personal data can be
p.(None): processed for scientiﬁc research purposes, subject to appropriate conditions and safeguards set out in Union or
p.(None): Member State law.
p.(None): (158)Where personal data are processed for archiving purposes, this Regulation should also apply to that processing, bearing in
p.(None): mind that this Regulation should not apply to deceased persons. Public authorities or public or private bodies that hold
p.(None): records of public interest should be services which, pursuant to Union or Member State law, have a legal obligation to acquire,
p.(None): preserve, appraise, arrange, describe, communicate, promote, disseminate and provide access to records of enduring value
p.(None): for general public interest. Member States should also be authorised to provide for the further processing of personal data for
p.(None): archiving purposes, for example with a view to providing speciﬁc information related to the political behaviour under former
p.(None): totalitarian state regimes, genocide, crimes against humanity, in particular the Holocaust, or war crimes.
p.(None): (159)Where personal data are processed for scientiﬁc research purposes, this Regulation should also apply to that processing. For
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p.(None): safeguarding against and the prevention of threats to public security;
p.(None): (e) other important objectives of general public interest of the Union or of a Member State, in particular an important economic or
p.(None): ﬁnancial interest of the Union or of a Member State, including monetary, budgetary and taxation a matters, public health and
p.(None): social security;
p.(None): (f) the protection of judicial independence and judicial proceedings;
p.(None): (g) the prevention, investigation, detection and prosecution of breaches of ethics for regulated professions;
p.(None): (h) a monitoring, inspection or regulatory function connected, even occasionally, to the exercise of oﬃcial authority in the cases
p.(None): referred to in points (a) to (e) and (g);
p.(None): (i) the protection of the data subject or the rights and freedoms of others;
p.(None): (j) the enforcement of civil law claims.
p.(None): 2. In particular, any legislative measure referred to in paragraph 1 shall contain specific provisions at least, where relevant, as to:
p.(None): (a) the purposes of the processing or categories of processing;
p.(None): (b) the categories of personal data;
p.(None): (c) the scope of the restrictions introduced;
p.(None): (d) the safeguards to prevent abuse or unlawful access or transfer;
p.(None): (e) the specification of the controller or categories of controllers;
p.(None): (f) the storage periods and the applicable safeguards taking into account the nature, scope and purposes of the processing or
p.(None): categories of processing;
p.(None): (g) the risks to the rights and freedoms of data subjects; and
p.(None): (h) the right of data subjects to be informed about the restriction, unless that may be prejudicial to the purpose of the restriction.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): CHAPTER IV
p.(None): Controller and processor
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Section 1
p.(None): General obligations
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 24
p.(None): Responsibility of the controller
p.(None): 1. Taking into account the nature, scope, context and purposes of processing as well as the risks of varying likelihood and severity
p.(None): for the rights and freedoms of natural persons, the controller shall implement appropriate technical and organisational measures to
p.(None): ensure and to be able to demonstrate that processing is performed in accordance with this Regulation. Those measures shall be
p.(None): reviewed and updated where necessary.
p.(None): 2. Where proportionate in relation to processing activities, the measures referred to in paragraph 1 shall include the
p.(None): implementation of appropriate data protection policies by the controller.
p.(None): 3. Adherence to approved codes of conduct as referred to in Article 40 or approved certiﬁcation mechanisms as referred to in
p.(None): Article 42 may be used as an element by which to demonstrate compliance with the obligations of the controller.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 25
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p.(None): that infringes delegated and implementing acts adopted in accordance with this Regulation and Member State law specifying
p.(None): rules of this Regulation. Data subjects should receive full and eﬀective compensation for the damage they have suﬀered.
p.(None): Where controllers or processors are involved in the same processing, each controller or processor should be held liable for
p.(None): the entire damage. However, where they are joined to the same judicial proceedings, in accordance with Member State law,
p.(None): compensation may be apportioned according to the responsibility of each controller or processor for the damage caused by
p.(None): the processing, provided that full and eﬀective compensation of the data subject who suﬀered the damage is ensured. Any
p.(None): controller or processor which has paid full compensation may subsequently institute recourse proceedings against other
p.(None): controllers or processors involved in the same processing.
p.(None): (147)Where speciﬁc rules on jurisdiction are contained in this Regulation, in particular as regards proceedings seeking a judicial
p.(None): remedy including compensation, against a controller or processor, general jurisdiction rules such as those of Regulation (EU)
p.(None): No 1215/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council (13) should not prejudice the application of such specific rules.
p.(None): (148)In order to strengthen the enforcement of the rules of this Regulation, penalties including administrative ﬁnes should be
p.(None): imposed for any infringement of this Regulation, in addition to, or instead of appropriate measures imposed by the supervisory
p.(None): authority pursuant to this Regulation. In a case of a minor infringement or if the ﬁne likely to be imposed would constitute a
p.(None): disproportionate burden to a natural person, a reprimand may be issued instead of a ﬁne. Due regard should however be
p.(None): given to the nature, gravity and duration of the infringement, the intentional character of the infringement, actions taken to
p.(None): mitigate the damage suﬀered, degree of responsibility or any relevant previous infringements, the manner in which the
p.(None): infringement became known to the supervisory authority, compliance with measures ordered against the controller or
p.(None): processor, adherence to a code of conduct and any other aggravating or mitigating factor. The imposition of penalties
p.(None): including administrative ﬁnes should be subject to appropriate procedural safeguards in accordance with the general
p.(None): principles of Union law and the Charter, including effective judicial protection and due process.
p.(None): (149)Member States should be able to lay down the rules on criminal penalties for infringements of this Regulation, including for
p.(None): infringements of national rules adopted pursuant to and within the limits of this Regulation. Those criminal penalties may also
p.(None): allow for the deprivation of the proﬁts obtained through infringements of this Regulation. However, the imposition of criminal
p.(None): penalties for infringements of such national rules and of administrative penalties should not lead to a breach of the principle of
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p.(None): processor but the concrete subject matter of a complaint or the possible infringement concerns only processing activities of
p.(None): the controller or processor in the Member State where the complaint has been lodged or the possible infringement detected
p.(None): and the matter does not substantially aﬀect or is not likely to substantially aﬀect data subjects in other Member States, the
p.(None): supervisory authority receiving a complaint or detecting or being informed otherwise of situations that entail possible
p.(None): infringements of this Regulation should seek an amicable settlement with the controller and, if this proves unsuccessful,
p.(None): exercise its full range of powers. This should include: speciﬁc processing carried out in the territory of the Member State of the
p.(None): supervisory authority or with regard to data subjects on the territory of that Member State; processing that is carried out in the
p.(None): context of an oﬀer of goods or services speciﬁcally aimed at data subjects in the territory of the Member State of the
p.(None): supervisory authority; or processing that has to be assessed taking into account relevant legal obligations under Member State
p.(None): law.
p.(None): (132)Awareness-raising activities by supervisory authorities addressed to the public should include speciﬁc measures directed at
p.(None): controllers and processors, including micro, small and medium-sized enterprises, as well as natural persons in particular in the
p.(None): educational context.
p.(None): (133)The supervisory authorities should assist each other in performing their tasks and provide mutual assistance, so as to ensure
p.(None): the consistent application and enforcement of this Regulation in the internal market. A supervisory authority requesting mutual
p.(None): assistance may adopt a provisional measure if it receives no response to a request for mutual assistance within one month of
p.(None): the receipt of that request by the other supervisory authority.
p.(None): (134)Each supervisory authority should, where appropriate, participate in joint operations with other supervisory authorities. The
p.(None): requested supervisory authority should be obliged to respond to the request within a specified time period.
p.(None): (135)In order to ensure the consistent application of this Regulation throughout the Union, a consistency mechanism for
p.(None): cooperation between the supervisory authorities should be established. That mechanism should in particular apply where a
p.(None): supervisory authority intends to adopt a measure intended to produce legal eﬀects as regards processing operations which
p.(None): substantially aﬀect a signiﬁcant number of data subjects in several Member States. It should also apply where any supervisory
p.(None): authority concerned or the Commission requests that such matter should be handled in the consistency mechanism. That
p.(None): mechanism should be without prejudice to any measures that the Commission may take in the exercise of its powers under
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p.(None): infringements in the Member States.
p.(None): (12) Article 16(2) TFEU mandates the European Parliament and the Council to lay down the rules relating to the protection of
p.(None): natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and the rules relating to the free movement of personal data.
p.(None): (13) In order to ensure a consistent level of protection for natural persons throughout the Union and to prevent divergences
p.(None): hampering the free movement of personal data within the internal market, a Regulation is necessary to provide legal certainty
p.(None): and transparency for economic operators, including micro, small and medium-sized enterprises, and to provide natural
p.(None): persons in all Member States with the same level of legally enforceable rights and obligations and responsibilities for
p.(None): controllers and processors, to ensure consistent monitoring of the processing of personal data, and equivalent sanctions in all
p.(None): Member States as well as eﬀective cooperation between the supervisory authorities of diﬀerent Member States. The proper
p.(None): functioning of the internal market requires that the free movement of personal data within the Union is not restricted or
p.(None): prohibited for reasons connected with the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data. To take
p.(None): account of the speciﬁc situation of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises, this Regulation includes a derogation for
p.(None): organisations with fewer than 250 employees with regard to record-keeping. In addition, the Union institutions and bodies, and
p.(None): Member States and their supervisory authorities, are encouraged to take account of the speciﬁc needs of micro, small and
p.(None): medium-sized enterprises in the application of this Regulation. The notion of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises
p.(None): should draw from Article 2 of the Annex to Commission Recommendation 2003/361/EC (5).
p.(None): (14) The protection aﬀorded by this Regulation should apply to natural persons, whatever their nationality or place of residence, in
p.(None): relation to the processing of their personal data. This Regulation does not cover the processing of personal data which
p.(None): concerns legal persons and in particular undertakings established as legal persons, including the name and the form of the
p.(None): legal person and the contact details of the legal person.
p.(None): (15) In order to prevent creating a serious risk of circumvention, the protection of natural persons should be technologically neutral
p.(None): and should not depend on the techniques used. The protection of natural persons should apply to the processing of personal
p.(None): data by automated means, as well as to manual processing, if the personal data are contained or are intended to be
p.(None): contained in a ﬁling system. Files or sets of ﬁles, as well as their cover pages, which are not structured according to speciﬁc
p.(None): criteria should not fall within the scope of this Regulation.
...

p.(None): data subject are not overriding, taking into consideration the reasonable expectations of data subjects based on their
p.(None): relationship with the controller. Such legitimate interest could exist for example where there is a relevant and appropriate
p.(None): relationship between the data subject and the controller in situations such as where the data subject is a client or in the
p.(None): service of the controller. At any rate the existence of a legitimate interest would need careful assessment including whether a
p.(None): data subject can reasonably expect at the time and in the context of the collection of the personal data that processing for that
p.(None): purpose may take place. The interests and fundamental rights of the data subject could in particular override the interest of
p.(None): the data controller where personal data are processed in circumstances where data subjects do not reasonably expect further
p.(None): processing. Given that it is for the legislator to provide by law for the legal basis for public authorities to process personal data,
p.(None): that legal basis should not apply to the processing by public authorities in the performance of their tasks. The processing of
p.(None): personal data strictly necessary for the purposes of preventing fraud also constitutes a legitimate interest of the data controller
p.(None): concerned. The processing of personal data for direct marketing purposes may be regarded as carried out for a legitimate
p.(None): interest.
p.(None): (48) Controllers that are part of a group of undertakings or institutions aﬃliated to a central body may have a legitimate interest in
p.(None): transmitting personal data within the group of undertakings for internal administrative purposes, including the processing of
p.(None): clients' or employees' personal data. The general principles for the transfer of personal data, within a group of undertakings, to
p.(None): an undertaking located in a third country remain unaffected.
p.(None): (49) The processing of personal data to the extent strictly necessary and proportionate for the purposes of ensuring network and
p.(None): information security, i.e. the ability of a network or an information system to resist, at a given level of conﬁdence, accidental
p.(None): events or unlawful or malicious actions that compromise the availability, authenticity, integrity and conﬁdentiality of stored or
p.(None): transmitted personal data, and the security of the related services oﬀered by, or accessible via, those networks and systems,
p.(None): by public authorities, by computer emergency response teams (CERTs), computer security incident response teams
p.(None): (CSIRTs), by providers of electronic communications networks and services and by providers of security technologies and
p.(None): services, constitutes a legitimate interest of the data controller concerned. This could, for example, include preventing
p.(None): unauthorised access to electronic communications networks and malicious code distribution and stopping ‘denial of service’
p.(None): attacks and damage to computer and electronic communication systems.
p.(None): (50) The processing of personal data for purposes other than those for which the personal data were initially collected should be
p.(None): allowed only where the processing is compatible with the purposes for which the personal data were initially collected. In such
p.(None): a case, no legal basis separate from that which allowed the collection of the personal data is required. If the processing is
...

p.(None): coordinate the supervisory authorities concerned in the decision-making process. Where the decision is to reject the
p.(None): complaint by the data subject in whole or in part, that decision should be adopted by the supervisory authority with which the
p.(None): complaint has been lodged.
p.(None): (126)The decision should be agreed jointly by the lead supervisory authority and the supervisory authorities concerned and should
p.(None): be directed towards the main or single establishment of the controller or processor and be binding on the controller and
p.(None): processor. The controller or processor should take the necessary measures to ensure compliance with this Regulation and
p.(None): the implementation of the decision notiﬁed by the lead supervisory authority to the main establishment of the controller or
p.(None): processor as regards the processing activities in the Union.
p.(None): (127)Each supervisory authority not acting as the lead supervisory authority should be competent to handle local cases where the
p.(None): controller or processor is established in more than one Member State, but the subject matter of the speciﬁc processing
p.(None): concerns only processing carried out in a single Member State and involves only data subjects in that single Member State,
p.(None): for example, where the subject matter concerns the processing of employees' personal data in the speciﬁc employment
p.(None): context of a Member State. In such cases, the supervisory authority should inform the lead supervisory authority without delay
p.(None): about the matter. After being informed, the lead supervisory authority should decide, whether it will handle the case pursuant
p.(None): to the provision on cooperation between the lead supervisory authority and other supervisory authorities concerned (‘one-stop-
p.(None): shop mechanism’), or whether the supervisory authority which informed it should handle the case at local level. When deciding
p.(None): whether it will handle the case, the lead supervisory authority should take into account whether there is an establishment of
p.(None): the controller or processor in the Member State of the supervisory authority which informed it in order to ensure eﬀective
p.(None): enforcement of a decision vis-à-vis the controller or processor. Where the lead supervisory authority decides to handle the
p.(None): case, the supervisory authority which informed it should have the possibility to submit a draft for a decision, of which the lead
p.(None): supervisory authority should take utmost account when preparing its draft decision in that one-stop-shop mechanism.
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p.(None): and may therefore provide for the necessary reconciliation with the right to the protection of personal data pursuant to this
p.(None): Regulation. The reference to public authorities and bodies should in that context include all authorities or other bodies covered
p.(None): by Member State law on public access to documents. Directive 2003/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (14)
p.(None): leaves intact and in no way aﬀects the level of protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data
p.(None): under the provisions of Union and Member State law, and in particular does not alter the obligations and rights set out in this
p.(None): Regulation. In particular, that Directive should not apply to documents to which access is excluded or restricted by virtue of
p.(None): the access regimes on the grounds of protection of personal data, and parts of documents accessible by virtue of those
p.(None): regimes which contain personal data the re-use of which has been provided for by law as being incompatible with the law
p.(None): concerning the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data.
p.(None): (155)Member State law or collective agreements, including ‘works agreements’, may provide for speciﬁc rules on the processing of
p.(None): employees' personal data in the employment context, in particular for the conditions under which personal data in the
p.(None): employment context may be processed on the basis of the consent of the employee, the purposes of the recruitment, the
p.(None): performance of the contract of employment, including discharge of obligations laid down by law or by collective agreements,
p.(None): management, planning and organisation of work, equality and diversity in the workplace, health and safety at work, and for
p.(None): the purposes of the exercise and enjoyment, on an individual or collective basis, of rights and beneﬁts related to employment,
p.(None): and for the purpose of the termination of the employment relationship.
p.(None): (156)The processing of personal data for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientiﬁc or historical research purposes or
p.(None): statistical purposes should be subject to appropriate safeguards for the rights and freedoms of the data subject pursuant to
p.(None): this Regulation. Those safeguards should ensure that technical and organisational measures are in place in order to ensure,
p.(None): in particular, the principle of data minimisation. The further processing of personal data for archiving purposes in the public
p.(None): interest, scientiﬁc or historical research purposes or statistical purposes is to be carried out when the controller has assessed
p.(None): the feasibility to fulﬁl those purposes by processing data which do not permit or no longer permit the identiﬁcation of data
p.(None): subjects, provided that appropriate safeguards exist (such as, for instance, pseudonymisation of the data). Member States
p.(None): should provide for appropriate safeguards for the processing of personal data for archiving purposes in the public interest,
...

p.(None): or her expert knowledge.
p.(None): 3. The controller and processor shall ensure that the data protection oﬃcer does not receive any instructions regarding the
p.(None): exercise of those tasks. He or she shall not be dismissed or penalised by the controller or the processor for performing his tasks.
p.(None): The data protection officer shall directly report to the highest management level of the controller or the processor.
p.(None): 4. Data subjects may contact the data protection oﬃcer with regard to all issues related to processing of their personal data and to
p.(None): the exercise of their rights under this Regulation.
p.(None): 5. The data protection oﬃcer shall be bound by secrecy or conﬁdentiality concerning the performance of his or her tasks, in
p.(None): accordance with Union or Member State law.
p.(None): 6. The data protection oﬃcer may fulﬁl other tasks and duties. The controller or processor shall ensure that any such tasks and
p.(None): duties do not result in a conflict of interests.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 39
p.(None): Tasks of the data protection officer
p.(None): 1. The data protection officer shall have at least the following tasks:
p.(None): (a) to inform and advise the controller or the processor and the employees who carry out processing of their obligations pursuant
p.(None): to this Regulation and to other Union or Member State data protection provisions;
p.(None): (b) to monitor compliance with this Regulation, with other Union or Member State data protection provisions and with the policies
p.(None): of the controller or processor in relation to the protection of personal data, including the assignment of responsibilities,
p.(None): awareness-raising and training of staff involved in processing operations, and the related audits;
p.(None): (c) to provide advice where requested as regards the data protection impact assessment and monitor its performance pursuant to
p.(None): Article 35;
p.(None): (d) to cooperate with the supervisory authority;
p.(None): (e) to act as the contact point for the supervisory authority on issues relating to processing, including the prior consultation
p.(None): referred to in Article 36, and to consult, where appropriate, with regard to any other matter.
p.(None): 2. The data protection oﬃcer shall in the performance of his or her tasks have due regard to the risk associated with processing
p.(None): operations, taking into account the nature, scope, context and purposes of processing.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Section 5
p.(None): Codes of conduct and certification
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 40
p.(None): Codes of conduct
...

p.(None): may also be provided for, in particular, by:
p.(None): (a) contractual clauses between the controller or processor and the controller, processor or the recipient of the personal data in
p.(None): the third country or international organisation; or
p.(None): (b) provisions to be inserted into administrative arrangements between public authorities or bodies which include enforceable and
p.(None): effective data subject rights.
p.(None): 4. The supervisory authority shall apply the consistency mechanism referred to in Article 63 in the cases referred to in paragraph 3
p.(None): of this Article.
p.(None): 5. Authorisations by a Member State or supervisory authority on the basis of Article 26(2) of Directive 95/46/EC shall remain valid
p.(None): until amended, replaced or repealed, if necessary, by that supervisory authority. Decisions adopted by the Commission on the basis
p.(None): of Article 26(4) of Directive 95/46/EC shall remain in force until amended, replaced or repealed, if necessary, by a Commission
p.(None): Decision adopted in accordance with paragraph 2 of this Article.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 47
p.(None): Binding corporate rules
p.(None): 1. The competent supervisory authority shall approve binding corporate rules in accordance with the consistency mechanism set
p.(None): out in Article 63, provided that they:
p.(None): (a) are legally binding and apply to and are enforced by every member concerned of the group of undertakings, or group of
p.(None): enterprises engaged in a joint economic activity, including their employees;
p.(None): (b) expressly confer enforceable rights on data subjects with regard to the processing of their personal data; and
p.(None): (c) fulfil the requirements laid down in paragraph 2.
p.(None): 2. The binding corporate rules referred to in paragraph 1 shall specify at least:
p.(None): (a) the structure and contact details of the group of undertakings, or group of enterprises engaged in a joint economic activity and
p.(None): of each of its members;
p.(None): (b) the data transfers or set of transfers, including the categories of personal data, the type of processing and its purposes, the
p.(None): type of data subjects affected and the identification of the third country or countries in question;
p.(None): (c) their legally binding nature, both internally and externally;
p.(None): (d) the application of the general data protection principles, in particular purpose limitation, data minimisation, limited storage
p.(None): periods, data quality, data protection by design and by default, legal basis for processing, processing of special categories of
p.(None): personal data, measures to ensure data security, and the requirements in respect of onward transfers to bodies not bound by
p.(None): the binding corporate rules;
p.(None): (e) the rights of data subjects in regard to processing and the means to exercise those rights, including the right not to be subject
p.(None): to decisions based solely on automated processing, including proﬁling in accordance with Article 22, the right to lodge a
p.(None): complaint with the competent supervisory authority and before the competent courts of the Member States in accordance with
...

p.(None): without delay, any subsequent amendment law or amendment affecting them.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 86
p.(None): Processing and public access to official documents
p.(None): Personal data in oﬃcial documents held by a public authority or a public body or a private body for the performance of a task
p.(None): carried out in the public interest may be disclosed by the authority or body in accordance with Union or Member State law to which
p.(None): the public authority or body is subject in order to reconcile public access to oﬃcial documents with the right to the protection of
p.(None): personal data pursuant to this Regulation.
p.(None): Article 87
p.(None): Processing of the national identification number
p.(None): Member States may further determine the speciﬁc conditions for the processing of a national identiﬁcation number or any other
p.(None): identiﬁer of general application. In that case the national identiﬁcation number or any other identiﬁer of general application shall be
p.(None): used only under appropriate safeguards for the rights and freedoms of the data subject pursuant to this Regulation.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 88
p.(None): Processing in the context of employment
p.(None): 1. Member States may, by law or by collective agreements, provide for more speciﬁc rules to ensure the protection of the rights
p.(None): and freedoms in respect of the processing of employees' personal data in the employment context, in particular for the purposes of
p.(None): the recruitment, the performance of the contract of employment, including discharge of obligations laid down by law or by collective
p.(None): agreements, management, planning and organisation of work, equality and diversity in the workplace, health and safety at work,
p.(None): protection of employer's or customer's property and for the purposes of the exercise and enjoyment, on an individual or collective
p.(None): basis, of rights and benefits related to employment, and for the purpose of the termination of the employment relationship.
p.(None): 2. Those rules shall include suitable and speciﬁc measures to safeguard the data subject's human dignity, legitimate interests and
p.(None): fundamental rights, with particular regard to the transparency of processing, the transfer of personal data within a group of
p.(None): undertakings, or a group of enterprises engaged in a joint economic activity and monitoring systems at the work place.
p.(None): 3. Each Member State shall notify to the Commission those provisions of its law which it adopts pursuant to paragraph 1, by 25
p.(None): May 2018 and, without delay, any subsequent amendment affecting them.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 89
p.(None): Safeguards and derogations relating to processing for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientific or historical
p.(None): research purposes or statistical purposes
p.(None): 1. Processing for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientiﬁc or historical research purposes or statistical purposes, shall be
p.(None): subject to appropriate safeguards, in accordance with this Regulation, for the rights and freedoms of the data subject. Those
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p.(None): ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/679/oj
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):  Languages, formats and link to OJ
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): HTML PDF Official Journal
p.(None):
p.(None): EN  EN  EN 
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):  Multilingual display
p.(None):
p.(None): English (en)
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Please choose
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Please choose
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Display
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None):  Text
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): 4.5.2016 EN Official Journal of the European Union L 119/1
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): REGULATION (EU) 2016/679 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL
p.(None):
p.(None): of 27 April 2016
p.(None):
p.(None): on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such
p.(None): data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation)
p.(None):
p.(None): (Text with EEA relevance)
p.(None): THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION,
p.(None): Having regard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, and in particular Article 16 thereof,
p.(None): Having regard to the proposal from the European Commission,
p.(None): After transmission of the draft legislative act to the national parliaments,
p.(None):
p.(None): Having regard to the opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee(1),
p.(None):
p.(None): Having regard to the opinion of the Committee of the Regions(2),
p.(None):
p.(None): Acting in accordance with the ordinary legislative procedure(3),
p.(None): Whereas:
p.(None): (1) The protection of natural persons in relation to the processing of personal data is a fundamental right. Article 8(1) of the
p.(None): Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (the ‘Charter’) and Article 16(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the
p.(None): European Union (TFEU) provide that everyone has the right to the protection of personal data concerning him or her.
p.(None): (2) The principles of, and rules on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of their personal data should,
p.(None): whatever their nationality or residence, respect their fundamental rights and freedoms, in particular their right to the protection
p.(None): of personal data. This Regulation is intended to contribute to the accomplishment of an area of freedom, security and justice
p.(None): and of an economic union, to economic and social progress, to the strengthening and the convergence of the economies
p.(None): within the internal market, and to the well-being of natural persons.
p.(None): (3) Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council(4) seeks to harmonise the protection of fundamental rights
p.(None): and freedoms of natural persons in respect of processing activities and to ensure the free ﬂow of personal data between
...

p.(None): institutions or national oversight bodies and to ensure the security and reliability of a service provided by the controller, or
p.(None): necessary for the entering or performance of a contract between the data subject and a controller, or when the data subject
p.(None): has given his or her explicit consent. In any case, such processing should be subject to suitable safeguards, which should
p.(None): include speciﬁc information to the data subject and the right to obtain human intervention, to express his or her point of view,
p.(None): to obtain an explanation of the decision reached after such assessment and to challenge the decision. Such measure should
p.(None): not concern a child.
p.(None): In order to ensure fair and transparent processing in respect of the data subject, taking into account the speciﬁc
p.(None): circumstances and context in which the personal data are processed, the controller should use appropriate mathematical or
p.(None): statistical procedures for the proﬁling, implement technical and organisational measures appropriate to ensure, in particular,
p.(None): that factors which result in inaccuracies in personal data are corrected and the risk of errors is minimised, secure personal
p.(None): data in a manner that takes account of the potential risks involved for the interests and rights of the data subject and that
p.(None): prevents, inter alia, discriminatory eﬀects on natural persons on the basis of racial or ethnic origin, political opinion, religion or
p.(None): beliefs, trade union membership, genetic or health status or sexual orientation, or that result in measures having such an
p.(None): eﬀect. Automated decision-making and proﬁling based on special categories of personal data should be allowed only under
p.(None): specific conditions.
p.(None): (72) Proﬁling is subject to the rules of this Regulation governing the processing of personal data, such as the legal grounds for
p.(None): processing or data protection principles. The European Data Protection Board established by this Regulation (the ‘Board’)
p.(None): should be able to issue guidance in that context.
p.(None): (73) Restrictions concerning speciﬁc principles and the rights of information, access to and rectiﬁcation or erasure of personal
p.(None): data, the right to data portability, the right to object, decisions based on proﬁling, as well as the communication of a personal
p.(None): data breach to a data subject and certain related obligations of the controllers may be imposed by Union or Member State law,
p.(None): as far as necessary and proportionate in a democratic society to safeguard public security, including the protection of human
p.(None): life especially in response to natural or manmade disasters, the prevention, investigation and prosecution of criminal oﬀences
...

p.(None): not be considered to be on a large scale if the processing concerns personal data from patients or clients by an individual
p.(None): physician, other health care professional or lawyer. In such cases, a data protection impact assessment should not be
p.(None): mandatory.
p.(None): (92) There are circumstances under which it may be reasonable and economical for the subject of a data protection impact
p.(None): assessment to be broader than a single project, for example where public authorities or bodies intend to establish a common
p.(None): application or processing platform or where several controllers plan to introduce a common application or processing
p.(None): environment across an industry sector or segment or for a widely used horizontal activity.
p.(None): (93) In the context of the adoption of the Member State law on which the performance of the tasks of the public authority or public
p.(None): body is based and which regulates the speciﬁc processing operation or set of operations in question, Member States may
p.(None): deem it necessary to carry out such assessment prior to the processing activities.
p.(None): (94) Where a data protection impact assessment indicates that the processing would, in the absence of safeguards, security
p.(None): measures and mechanisms to mitigate the risk, result in a high risk to the rights and freedoms of natural persons and the
p.(None): controller is of the opinion that the risk cannot be mitigated by reasonable means in terms of available technologies and costs
p.(None): of implementation, the supervisory authority should be consulted prior to the start of processing activities. Such high risk is
p.(None): likely to result from certain types of processing and the extent and frequency of processing, which may result also in a
p.(None): realisation of damage or interference with the rights and freedoms of the natural person. The supervisory authority should
p.(None): respond to the request for consultation within a speciﬁed period. However, the absence of a reaction of the supervisory
p.(None): authority within that period should be without prejudice to any intervention of the supervisory authority in accordance with its
p.(None): tasks and powers laid down in this Regulation, including the power to prohibit processing operations. As part of that
p.(None): consultation process, the outcome of a data protection impact assessment carried out with regard to the processing at issue
p.(None): may be submitted to the supervisory authority, in particular the measures envisaged to mitigate the risk to the rights and
p.(None): freedoms of natural persons.
p.(None): (95) The processor should assist the controller, where necessary and upon request, in ensuring compliance with the obligations
...

p.(None): assistance may adopt a provisional measure if it receives no response to a request for mutual assistance within one month of
p.(None): the receipt of that request by the other supervisory authority.
p.(None): (134)Each supervisory authority should, where appropriate, participate in joint operations with other supervisory authorities. The
p.(None): requested supervisory authority should be obliged to respond to the request within a specified time period.
p.(None): (135)In order to ensure the consistent application of this Regulation throughout the Union, a consistency mechanism for
p.(None): cooperation between the supervisory authorities should be established. That mechanism should in particular apply where a
p.(None): supervisory authority intends to adopt a measure intended to produce legal eﬀects as regards processing operations which
p.(None): substantially aﬀect a signiﬁcant number of data subjects in several Member States. It should also apply where any supervisory
p.(None): authority concerned or the Commission requests that such matter should be handled in the consistency mechanism. That
p.(None): mechanism should be without prejudice to any measures that the Commission may take in the exercise of its powers under
p.(None): the Treaties.
p.(None): (136)In applying the consistency mechanism, the Board should, within a determined period of time, issue an opinion, if a majority of
p.(None): its members so decides or if so requested by any supervisory authority concerned or the Commission. The Board should also
p.(None): be empowered to adopt legally binding decisions where there are disputes between supervisory authorities. For that purpose,
p.(None): it should issue, in principle by a two-thirds majority of its members, legally binding decisions in clearly speciﬁed cases where
p.(None): there are conﬂicting views among supervisory authorities, in particular in the cooperation mechanism between the lead
p.(None): supervisory authority and supervisory authorities concerned on the merits of the case, in particular whether there is an
p.(None): infringement of this Regulation.
p.(None): (137)There may be an urgent need to act in order to protect the rights and freedoms of data subjects, in particular when the danger
p.(None): exists that the enforcement of a right of a data subject could be considerably impeded. A supervisory authority should
p.(None): therefore be able to adopt duly justiﬁed provisional measures on its territory with a speciﬁed period of validity which should not
p.(None): exceed three months.
p.(None): (138)The application of such mechanism should be a condition for the lawfulness of a measure intended to produce legal eﬀects by
p.(None): a supervisory authority in those cases where its application is mandatory. In other cases of cross-border relevance, the
p.(None): cooperation mechanism between the lead supervisory authority and supervisory authorities concerned should be applied and
...

p.(None): scale or eﬀects of the action, be better achieved at Union level, the Union may adopt measures, in accordance with the
p.(None): principle of subsidiarity as set out in Article 5 of the Treaty on European Union (TEU). In accordance with the principle of
p.(None): proportionality as set out in that Article, this Regulation does not go beyond what is necessary in order to achieve that
p.(None): objective.
p.(None): (171)Directive 95/46/EC should be repealed by this Regulation. Processing already under way on the date of application of this
p.(None): Regulation should be brought into conformity with this Regulation within the period of two years after which this Regulation
p.(None): enters into force. Where processing is based on consent pursuant to Directive 95/46/EC, it is not necessary for the data
p.(None): subject to give his or her consent again if the manner in which the consent has been given is in line with the conditions of this
p.(None): Regulation, so as to allow the controller to continue such processing after the date of application of this Regulation.
p.(None): Commission decisions adopted and authorisations by supervisory authorities based on Directive 95/46/EC remain in force until
p.(None): amended, replaced or repealed.
p.(None): (172)The European Data Protection Supervisor was consulted in accordance with Article 28(2) of Regulation (EC) No 45/2001 and
p.(None): delivered an opinion on 7 March 2012 (17).
p.(None): (173)This Regulation should apply to all matters concerning the protection of fundamental rights and freedomsvis-à-vis the
p.(None): processing of personal data which are not subject to speciﬁc obligations with the same objective set out in
p.(None): Directive 2002/58/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (18), including the obligations on the controller and the
p.(None): rights of natural persons. In order to clarify the relationship between this Regulation and Directive 2002/58/EC, that Directive
p.(None): should be amended accordingly. Once this Regulation is adopted, Directive 2002/58/EC should be reviewed in particular in
p.(None): order to ensure consistency with this Regulation,
p.(None): HAVE ADOPTED THIS REGULATION:
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): CHAPTER I
p.(None): General provisions
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 1
p.(None): Subject-matter and objectives
p.(None): 1. This Regulation lays down rules relating to the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and
p.(None): rules relating to the free movement of personal data.
p.(None): 2. This Regulation protects fundamental rights and freedoms of natural persons and in particular their right to the protection of
p.(None): personal data.
p.(None): 3. The free movement of personal data within the Union shall be neither restricted nor prohibited for reasons connected with the
p.(None): protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 2
p.(None): Material scope
...

p.(None): processing, unless that law prohibits such information on important grounds of public interest;
p.(None): (b) ensures that persons authorised to process the personal data have committed themselves to conﬁdentiality or are under an
p.(None): appropriate statutory obligation of confidentiality;
p.(None): (c) takes all measures required pursuant to Article 32;
p.(None): (d) respects the conditions referred to in paragraphs 2 and 4 for engaging another processor;
p.(None): (e) taking into account the nature of the processing, assists the controller by appropriate technical and organisational measures,
p.(None): insofar as this is possible, for the fulﬁlment of the controller's obligation to respond to requests for exercising the data subject's
p.(None): rights laid down in Chapter III;
p.(None): (f) assists the controller in ensuring compliance with the obligations pursuant to Articles 32 to 36 taking into account the nature of
p.(None): processing and the information available to the processor;
p.(None): (g) at the choice of the controller, deletes or returns all the personal data to the controller after the end of the provision of services
p.(None): relating to processing, and deletes existing copies unless Union or Member State law requires storage of the personal data;
p.(None): (h) makes available to the controller all information necessary to demonstrate compliance with the obligations laid down in this
p.(None): Article and allow for and contribute to audits, including inspections, conducted by the controller or another auditor mandated
p.(None): by the controller.
p.(None): With regard to point (h) of the ﬁrst subparagraph, the processor shall immediately inform the controller if, in its opinion, an
p.(None): instruction infringes this Regulation or other Union or Member State data protection provisions.
p.(None): 4. Where a processor engages another processor for carrying out speciﬁc processing activities on behalf of the controller, the
p.(None): same data protection obligations as set out in the contract or other legal act between the controller and the processor as referred to
p.(None): in paragraph 3 shall be imposed on that other processor by way of a contract or other legal act under Union or Member State law, in
p.(None): particular providing suﬃcient guarantees to implement appropriate technical and organisational measures in such a manner that the
p.(None): processing will meet the requirements of this Regulation. Where that other processor fails to fulﬁl its data protection obligations, the
p.(None): initial processor shall remain fully liable to the controller for the performance of that other processor's obligations.
p.(None): 5. Adherence of a processor to an approved code of conduct as referred to in Article 40 or an approved certiﬁcation mechanism as
p.(None): referred to in Article 42 may be used as an element by which to demonstrate suﬃcient guarantees as referred to in paragraphs 1
p.(None): and 4 of this Article.
p.(None): 6. Without prejudice to an individual contract between the controller and the processor, the contract or the other legal act referred
p.(None): to in paragraphs 3 and 4 of this Article may be based, in whole or in part, on standard contractual clauses referred to in
...

p.(None): 10. Where processing pursuant to point (c) or (e) of Article 6(1) has a legal basis in Union law or in the law of the Member State to
p.(None): which the controller is subject, that law regulates the speciﬁc processing operation or set of operations in question, and a data
p.(None): protection impact assessment has already been carried out as part of a general impact assessment in the context of the adoption
p.(None): of that legal basis, paragraphs 1 to 7 shall not apply unless Member States deem it to be necessary to carry out such an
p.(None): assessment prior to processing activities.
p.(None): 11. Where necessary, the controller shall carry out a review to assess if processing is performed in accordance with the data
p.(None): protection impact assessment at least when there is a change of the risk represented by processing operations.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 36
p.(None): Prior consultation
p.(None): 1. The controller shall consult the supervisory authority prior to processing where a data protection impact assessment under
p.(None): Article 35 indicates that the processing would result in a high risk in the absence of measures taken by the controller to mitigate the
p.(None): risk.
p.(None): 2. Where the supervisory authority is of the opinion that the intended processing referred to in paragraph 1 would infringe this
p.(None): Regulation, in particular where the controller has insuﬃciently identiﬁed or mitigated the risk, the supervisory authority shall, within
p.(None): period of up to eight weeks of receipt of the request for consultation, provide written advice to the controller and, where applicable
p.(None): to the processor, and may use any of its powers referred to in Article 58. That period may be extended by six weeks, taking into
p.(None): account the complexity of the intended processing. The supervisory authority shall inform the controller and, where applicable, the
p.(None): processor, of any such extension within one month of receipt of the request for consultation together with the reasons for the delay.
p.(None): Those periods may be suspended until the supervisory authority has obtained information it has requested for the purposes of the
p.(None): consultation.
p.(None): 3. When consulting the supervisory authority pursuant to paragraph 1, the controller shall provide the supervisory authority with:
p.(None): (a) where applicable, the respective responsibilities of the controller, joint controllers and processors involved in the processing,
p.(None): in particular for processing within a group of undertakings;
p.(None): (b) the purposes and means of the intended processing;
p.(None): (c) the measures and safeguards provided to protect the rights and freedoms of data subjects pursuant to this Regulation;
...

p.(None): with regard to processing, without prejudice to the rights of data subjects pursuant to Articles 77 and 79.
p.(None): 3. In addition to adherence by controllers or processors subject to this Regulation, codes of conduct approved pursuant to
p.(None): paragraph 5 of this Article and having general validity pursuant to paragraph 9 of this Article may also be adhered to by controllers
p.(None): or processors that are not subject to this Regulation pursuant to Article 3 in order to provide appropriate safeguards within the
p.(None): framework of personal data transfers to third countries or international organisations under the terms referred to in point (e) of
p.(None): Article 46(2). Such controllers or processors shall make binding and enforceable commitments, via contractual or other legally
p.(None): binding instruments, to apply those appropriate safeguards including with regard to the rights of data subjects.
p.(None): 4. A code of conduct referred to in paragraph 2 of this Article shall contain mechanisms which enable the body referred to in
p.(None): Article 41(1) to carry out the mandatory monitoring of compliance with its provisions by the controllers or processors which
p.(None): undertake to apply it, without prejudice to the tasks and powers of supervisory authorities competent pursuant to Article 55 or 56.
p.(None): 5. Associations and other bodies referred to in paragraph 2 of this Article which intend to prepare a code of conduct or to amend or
p.(None): extend an existing code shall submit the draft code, amendment or extension to the supervisory authority which is competent
p.(None): pursuant to Article 55. The supervisory authority shall provide an opinion on whether the draft code, amendment or extension
p.(None): complies with this Regulation and shall approve that draft code, amendment or extension if it ﬁnds that it provides suﬃcient
p.(None): appropriate safeguards.
p.(None): 6. Where the draft code, or amendment or extension is approved in accordance with paragraph 5, and where the code of conduct
p.(None): concerned does not relate to processing activities in several Member States, the supervisory authority shall register and publish the
p.(None): code.
p.(None): 7. Where a draft code of conduct relates to processing activities in several Member States, the supervisory authority which is
p.(None): competent pursuant to Article 55 shall, before approving the draft code, amendment or extension, submit it in the procedure
p.(None): referred to in Article 63 to the Board which shall provide an opinion on whether the draft code, amendment or extension complies
p.(None): with this Regulation or, in the situation referred to in paragraph 3 of this Article, provides appropriate safeguards.
p.(None): 8. Where the opinion referred to in paragraph 7 conﬁrms that the draft code, amendment or extension complies with this
p.(None): Regulation, or, in the situation referred to in paragraph 3, provides appropriate safeguards, the Board shall submit its opinion to the
p.(None): Commission.
p.(None): 9. The Commission may, by way of implementing acts, decide that the approved code of conduct, amendment or extension
p.(None): submitted to it pursuant to paragraph 8 of this Article have general validity within the Union. Those implementing acts shall be
p.(None): adopted in accordance with the examination procedure set out in Article 93(2).
p.(None): 10. The Commission shall ensure appropriate publicity for the approved codes which have been decided as having general validity
p.(None): in accordance with paragraph 9.
p.(None): 11. The Board shall collate all approved codes of conduct, amendments and extensions in a register and shall make them publicly
p.(None): available by way of appropriate means.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 41
p.(None): Monitoring of approved codes of conduct
p.(None): 1. Without prejudice to the tasks and powers of the competent supervisory authority under Articles 57 and 58, the monitoring of
p.(None): compliance with a code of conduct pursuant to Article 40 may be carried out by a body which has an appropriate level of expertise
p.(None): in relation to the subject-matter of the code and is accredited for that purpose by the competent supervisory authority.
p.(None): 2. A body as referred to in paragraph 1 may be accredited to monitor compliance with a code of conduct where that body has:
p.(None): (a) demonstrated its independence and expertise in relation to the subject-matter of the code to the satisfaction of the competent
p.(None): supervisory authority;
p.(None): (b) established procedures which allow it to assess the eligibility of controllers and processors concerned to apply the code, to
...

p.(None): (f) handle complaints lodged by a data subject, or by a body, organisation or association in accordance with Article 80, and
p.(None): investigate, to the extent appropriate, the subject matter of the complaint and inform the complainant of the progress and the
p.(None): outcome of the investigation within a reasonable period, in particular if further investigation or coordination with another
p.(None): supervisory authority is necessary;
p.(None): (g) cooperate with, including sharing information and provide mutual assistance to, other supervisory authorities with a view to
p.(None): ensuring the consistency of application and enforcement of this Regulation;
p.(None): (h) conduct investigations on the application of this Regulation, including on the basis of information received from another
p.(None): supervisory authority or other public authority;
p.(None): (i) monitor relevant developments, insofar as they have an impact on the protection of personal data, in particular the
p.(None): development of information and communication technologies and commercial practices;
p.(None): (j) adopt standard contractual clauses referred to in Article 28(8) and in point (d) of Article 46(2);
p.(None): (k) establish and maintain a list in relation to the requirement for data protection impact assessment pursuant to Article 35(4);
p.(None): (l) give advice on the processing operations referred to in Article 36(2);
p.(None): (m) encourage the drawing up of codes of conduct pursuant to Article 40(1) and provide an opinion and approve such codes of
p.(None): conduct which provide sufficient safeguards, pursuant to Article 40(5);
p.(None): (n) encourage the establishment of data protection certiﬁcation mechanisms and of data protection seals and marks pursuant to
p.(None): Article 42(1), and approve the criteria of certification pursuant to Article 42(5);
p.(None): (o) where applicable, carry out a periodic review of certifications issued in accordance with Article 42(7);
p.(None): (p) draft and publish the criteria for accreditation of a body for monitoring codes of conduct pursuant to Article 41 and of a
p.(None): certification body pursuant to Article 43;
p.(None): (q) conduct the accreditation of a body for monitoring codes of conduct pursuant to Article 41 and of a certiﬁcation body pursuant
p.(None): to Article 43;
p.(None): (r) authorise contractual clauses and provisions referred to in Article 46(3);
p.(None): (s) approve binding corporate rules pursuant to Article 47;
p.(None): (t) contribute to the activities of the Board;
p.(None): (u) keep internal records of infringements of this Regulation and of measures taken in accordance with Article 58(2); and
p.(None): (v) fulfil any other tasks related to the protection of personal data.
p.(None): 2. Each supervisory authority shall facilitate the submission of complaints referred to in point (f) of paragraph 1 by measures such
p.(None): as a complaint submission form which can also be completed electronically, without excluding other means of communication.
...

p.(None): (f) to impose a temporary or definitive limitation including a ban on processing;
p.(None): (g) to order the rectiﬁcation or erasure of personal data or restriction of processing pursuant to Articles 16, 17 and 18 and the
p.(None): notiﬁcation of such actions to recipients to whom the personal data have been disclosed pursuant to Article 17(2) and Article
p.(None): 19;
p.(None): (h) to withdraw a certiﬁcation or to order the certiﬁcation body to withdraw a certiﬁcation issued pursuant to Articles 42 and 43, or
p.(None): to order the certification body not to issue certification if the requirements for the certification are not or are no longer met;
p.(None): (i) to impose an administrative ﬁne pursuant to Article 83, in addition to, or instead of measures referred to in this paragraph,
p.(None): depending on the circumstances of each individual case;
p.(None): (j) to order the suspension of data flows to a recipient in a third country or to an international organisation.
p.(None): 3. Each supervisory authority shall have all of the following authorisation and advisory powers:
p.(None): (a) to advise the controller in accordance with the prior consultation procedure referred to in Article 36;
p.(None): (b) to issue, on its own initiative or on request, opinions to the national parliament, the Member State government or, in
p.(None): accordance with Member State law, to other institutions and bodies as well as to the public on any issue related to the
p.(None): protection of personal data;
p.(None): (c) to authorise processing referred to in Article 36(5), if the law of the Member State requires such prior authorisation;
p.(None): (d) to issue an opinion and approve draft codes of conduct pursuant to Article 40(5);
p.(None): (e) to accredit certification bodies pursuant to Article 43;
p.(None): (f) to issue certifications and approve criteria of certification in accordance with Article 42(5);
p.(None): (g) to adopt standard data protection clauses referred to in Article 28(8) and in point (d) of Article 46(2);
p.(None): (h) to authorise contractual clauses referred to in point (a) of Article 46(3);
p.(None): (i) to authorise administrative arrangements referred to in point (b) of Article 46(3);
p.(None): (j) to approve binding corporate rules pursuant to Article 47.
p.(None): 4. The exercise of the powers conferred on the supervisory authority pursuant to this Article shall be subject to appropriate
p.(None): safeguards, including eﬀective judicial remedy and due process, set out in Union and Member State law in accordance with the
p.(None): Charter.
p.(None): 5. Each Member State shall provide by law that its supervisory authority shall have the power to bring infringements of this
p.(None): Regulation to the attention of the judicial authorities and where appropriate, to commence or engage otherwise in legal
p.(None): proceedings, in order to enforce the provisions of this Regulation.
p.(None): 6. Each Member State may provide by law that its supervisory authority shall have additional powers to those referred to in
p.(None): paragraphs 1, 2 and 3. The exercise of those powers shall not impair the effective operation of Chapter VII.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 59
p.(None): Activity reports
...

p.(None): government and other authorities as designated by Member State law. They shall be made available to the public, to the
p.(None): Commission and to the Board.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): CHAPTER VII
p.(None): Cooperation and consistency
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Section 1
p.(None): Cooperation
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 60
p.(None): Cooperation between the lead supervisory authority and the other supervisory authorities concerned
p.(None): 1. The lead supervisory authority shall cooperate with the other supervisory authorities concerned in accordance with this Article in
p.(None): an endeavour to reach consensus. The lead supervisory authority and the supervisory authorities concerned shall exchange all
p.(None): relevant information with each other.
p.(None): 2. The lead supervisory authority may request at any time other supervisory authorities concerned to provide mutual assistance
p.(None): pursuant to Article 61 and may conduct joint operations pursuant to Article 62, in particular for carrying out investigations or for
p.(None): monitoring the implementation of a measure concerning a controller or processor established in another Member State.
p.(None): 3. The lead supervisory authority shall, without delay, communicate the relevant information on the matter to the other supervisory
p.(None): authorities concerned. It shall without delay submit a draft decision to the other supervisory authorities concerned for their opinion
p.(None): and take due account of their views.
p.(None): 4. Where any of the other supervisory authorities concerned within a period of four weeks after having been consulted in
p.(None): accordance with paragraph 3 of this Article, expresses a relevant and reasoned objection to the draft decision, the lead supervisory
p.(None): authority shall, if it does not follow the relevant and reasoned objection or is of the opinion that the objection is not relevant or
p.(None): reasoned, submit the matter to the consistency mechanism referred to in Article 63.
p.(None): 5. Where the lead supervisory authority intends to follow the relevant and reasoned objection made, it shall submit to the other
p.(None): supervisory authorities concerned a revised draft decision for their opinion. That revised draft decision shall be subject to the
p.(None): procedure referred to in paragraph 4 within a period of two weeks.
p.(None): 6. Where none of the other supervisory authorities concerned has objected to the draft decision submitted by the lead supervisory
p.(None): authority within the period referred to in paragraphs 4 and 5, the lead supervisory authority and the supervisory authorities
p.(None): concerned shall be deemed to be in agreement with that draft decision and shall be bound by it.
p.(None): 7. The lead supervisory authority shall adopt and notify the decision to the main establishment or single establishment of the
p.(None): controller or processor, as the case may be and inform the other supervisory authorities concerned and the Board of the decision in
p.(None): question, including a summary of the relevant facts and grounds. The supervisory authority with which a complaint has been lodged
p.(None): shall inform the complainant on the decision.
p.(None): 8. By derogation from paragraph 7, where a complaint is dismissed or rejected, the supervisory authority with which the complaint
p.(None): was lodged shall adopt the decision and notify it to the complainant and shall inform the controller thereof.
p.(None): 9. Where the lead supervisory authority and the supervisory authorities concerned agree to dismiss or reject parts of a complaint
p.(None): and to act on other parts of that complaint, a separate decision shall be adopted for each of those parts of the matter. The lead
...

p.(None): 4. Where, in accordance with paragraph 1, staﬀ of a seconding supervisory authority operate in another Member State, the
p.(None): Member State of the host supervisory authority shall assume responsibility for their actions, including liability, for any damage
p.(None): caused by them during their operations, in accordance with the law of the Member State in whose territory they are operating.
p.(None): 5. The Member State in whose territory the damage was caused shall make good such damage under the conditions applicable to
p.(None): damage caused by its own staﬀ. The Member State of the seconding supervisory authority whose staﬀ has caused damage to any
p.(None): person in the territory of another Member State shall reimburse that other Member State in full any sums it has paid to the persons
p.(None): entitled on their behalf.
p.(None): 6. Without prejudice to the exercise of its rights vis-à-vis third parties and with the exception of paragraph 5, each Member State
p.(None): shall refrain, in the case provided for in paragraph 1, from requesting reimbursement from another Member State in relation to
p.(None): damage referred to in paragraph 4.
p.(None): 7. Where a joint operation is intended and a supervisory authority does not, within one month, comply with the obligation laid down
p.(None): in the second sentence of paragraph 2 of this Article, the other supervisory authorities may adopt a provisional measure on the
p.(None): territory of its Member State in accordance with Article 55. In that case, the urgent need to act under Article 66(1) shall be
p.(None): presumed to be met and require an opinion or an urgent binding decision from the Board pursuant to Article 66(2).
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Section 2
p.(None): Consistency
p.(None): Article 63
p.(None): Consistency mechanism
p.(None): In order to contribute to the consistent application of this Regulation throughout the Union, the supervisory authorities shall
p.(None): cooperate with each other and, where relevant, with the Commission, through the consistency mechanism as set out in this
p.(None): Section.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 64
p.(None): Opinion of the Board
p.(None): 1. The Board shall issue an opinion where a competent supervisory authority intends to adopt any of the measures below. To that
p.(None): end, the competent supervisory authority shall communicate the draft decision to the Board, when it:
p.(None): (a) aims to adopt a list of the processing operations subject to the requirement for a data protection impact assessment pursuant
p.(None): to Article 35(4);
p.(None): (b) concerns a matter pursuant to Article 40(7) whether a draft code of conduct or an amendment or extension to a code of
p.(None): conduct complies with this Regulation;
p.(None): (c) aims to approve the criteria for accreditation of a body pursuant to Article 41(3) or a certification body pursuant to Article 43(3);
p.(None): (d) aims to determine standard data protection clauses referred to in point (d) of Article 46(2) and in Article 28(8);
p.(None): (e) aims to authorise contractual clauses referred to in point (a) of Article 46(3); or
p.(None): (f) aims to approve binding corporate rules within the meaning of Article 47.
p.(None): 2. Any supervisory authority, the Chair of the Board or the Commission may request that any matter of general application or
p.(None): producing eﬀects in more than one Member State be examined by the Board with a view to obtaining an opinion, in particular where
p.(None): a competent supervisory authority does not comply with the obligations for mutual assistance in accordance with Article 61 or for
p.(None): joint operations in accordance with Article 62.
p.(None): 3. In the cases referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2, the Board shall issue an opinion on the matter submitted to it provided that it has
p.(None): not already issued an opinion on the same matter. That opinion shall be adopted within eight weeks by simple majority of the
p.(None): members of the Board. That period may be extended by a further six weeks, taking into account the complexity of the subject
p.(None): matter. Regarding the draft decision referred to in paragraph 1 circulated to the members of the Board in accordance with
p.(None): paragraph 5, a member which has not objected within a reasonable period indicated by the Chair, shall be deemed to be in
p.(None): agreement with the draft decision.
p.(None): 4. Supervisory authorities and the Commission shall, without undue delay, communicate by electronic means to the Board, using a
p.(None): standardised format any relevant information, including as the case may be a summary of the facts, the draft decision, the grounds
p.(None): which make the enactment of such measure necessary, and the views of other supervisory authorities concerned.
p.(None): 5. The Chair of the Board shall, without undue, delay inform by electronic means:
p.(None): (a) the members of the Board and the Commission of any relevant information which has been communicated to it using a
p.(None): standardised format. The secretariat of the Board shall, where necessary, provide translations of relevant information; and
p.(None): (b) the supervisory authority referred to, as the case may be, in paragraphs 1 and 2, and the Commission of the opinion and
p.(None): make it public.
p.(None): 6. The competent supervisory authority shall not adopt its draft decision referred to in paragraph 1 within the period referred to in
p.(None): paragraph 3.
p.(None): 7. The supervisory authority referred to in paragraph 1 shall take utmost account of the opinion of the Board and shall, within two
p.(None): weeks after receiving the opinion, communicate to the Chair of the Board by electronic means whether it will maintain or amend its
p.(None): draft decision and, if any, the amended draft decision, using a standardised format.
p.(None): 8. Where the supervisory authority concerned informs the Chair of the Board within the period referred to in paragraph 7 of this
p.(None): Article that it does not intend to follow the opinion of the Board, in whole or in part, providing the relevant grounds, Article 65(1) shall
p.(None): apply.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 65
p.(None): Dispute resolution by the Board
p.(None): 1. In order to ensure the correct and consistent application of this Regulation in individual cases, the Board shall adopt a binding
p.(None): decision in the following cases:
p.(None): (a) where, in a case referred to in Article 60(4), a supervisory authority concerned has raised a relevant and reasoned objection to
p.(None): a draft decision of the lead authority or the lead authority has rejected such an objection as being not relevant or reasoned.
p.(None): The binding decision shall concern all the matters which are the subject of the relevant and reasoned objection, in particular
p.(None): whether there is an infringement of this Regulation;
p.(None): (b) where there are conflicting views on which of the supervisory authorities concerned is competent for the main establishment;
p.(None): (c) where a competent supervisory authority does not request the opinion of the Board in the cases referred to in Article 64(1), or
p.(None): does not follow the opinion of the Board issued under Article 64. In that case, any supervisory authority concerned or the
p.(None): Commission may communicate the matter to the Board.
p.(None): 2. The decision referred to in paragraph 1 shall be adopted within one month from the referral of the subject-matter by a two-thirds
p.(None): majority of the members of the Board. That period may be extended by a further month on account of the complexity of the subject-
p.(None): matter. The decision referred to in paragraph 1 shall be reasoned and addressed to the lead supervisory authority and all the
p.(None): supervisory authorities concerned and binding on them.
p.(None): 3. Where the Board has been unable to adopt a decision within the periods referred to in paragraph 2, it shall adopt its decision
p.(None): within two weeks following the expiration of the second month referred to in paragraph 2 by a simple majority of the members of the
p.(None): Board. Where the members of the Board are split, the decision shall by adopted by the vote of its Chair.
p.(None): 4. The supervisory authorities concerned shall not adopt a decision on the subject matter submitted to the Board under paragraph
p.(None): 1 during the periods referred to in paragraphs 2 and 3.
p.(None): 5. The Chair of the Board shall notify, without undue delay, the decision referred to in paragraph 1 to the supervisory authorities
p.(None): concerned. It shall inform the Commission thereof. The decision shall be published on the website of the Board without delay after
p.(None): the supervisory authority has notified the final decision referred to in paragraph 6.
...

p.(None): controller or the processor and to the data subject. The ﬁnal decision of the supervisory authorities concerned shall be adopted
p.(None): under the terms of Article 60(7), (8) and (9). The ﬁnal decision shall refer to the decision referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article
p.(None): and shall specify that the decision referred to in that paragraph will be published on the website of the Board in accordance with
p.(None): paragraph 5 of this Article. The final decision shall attach the decision referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 66
p.(None): Urgency procedure
p.(None): 1. In exceptional circumstances, where a supervisory authority concerned considers that there is an urgent need to act in order to
p.(None): protect the rights and freedoms of data subjects, it may, by way of derogation from the consistency mechanism referred to in
p.(None): Articles 63, 64 and 65 or the procedure referred to in Article 60, immediately adopt provisional measures intended to produce legal
p.(None): eﬀects on its own territory with a speciﬁed period of validity which shall not exceed three months. The supervisory authority shall,
p.(None): without delay, communicate those measures and the reasons for adopting them to the other supervisory authorities concerned, to
p.(None): the Board and to the Commission.
p.(None): 2. Where a supervisory authority has taken a measure pursuant to paragraph 1 and considers that ﬁnal measures need urgently
p.(None): be adopted, it may request an urgent opinion or an urgent binding decision from the Board, giving reasons for requesting such
p.(None): opinion or decision.
p.(None): 3. Any supervisory authority may request an urgent opinion or an urgent binding decision, as the case may be, from the Board
p.(None): where a competent supervisory authority has not taken an appropriate measure in a situation where there is an urgent need to act,
p.(None): in order to protect the rights and freedoms of data subjects, giving reasons for requesting such opinion or decision, including for the
p.(None): urgent need to act.
p.(None): 4. By derogation from Article 64(3) and Article 65(2), an urgent opinion or an urgent binding decision referred to in paragraphs 2
p.(None): and 3 of this Article shall be adopted within two weeks by simple majority of the members of the Board.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 67
p.(None): Exchange of information
p.(None): The Commission may adopt implementing acts of general scope in order to specify the arrangements for the exchange of
p.(None): information by electronic means between supervisory authorities, and between supervisory authorities and the Board, in particular
p.(None): the standardised format referred to in Article 64.
p.(None): Those implementing acts shall be adopted in accordance with the examination procedure referred to in Article 93(2).
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Section 3
p.(None): European data protection board
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 68
p.(None): European Data Protection Board
p.(None): 1. The European Data Protection Board (the ‘Board’) is hereby established as a body of the Union and shall have legal personality.
p.(None): 2. The Board shall be represented by its Chair.
p.(None): 3. The Board shall be composed of the head of one supervisory authority of each Member State and of the European Data
p.(None): Protection Supervisor, or their respective representatives.
p.(None): 4. Where in a Member State more than one supervisory authority is responsible for monitoring the application of the provisions
p.(None): pursuant to this Regulation, a joint representative shall be appointed in accordance with that Member State's law.
...

p.(None): personal data of the data subjects concerned referred to in Article 47;
p.(None): (j) issue guidelines, recommendations and best practices in accordance with point (e) of this paragraph for the purpose of further
p.(None): specifying the criteria and requirements for the personal data transfers on the basis of Article 49(1);
p.(None): (k) draw up guidelines for supervisory authorities concerning the application of measures referred to in Article 58(1), (2) and (3)
p.(None): and the setting of administrative fines pursuant to Article 83;
p.(None): (l) review the practical application of the guidelines, recommendations and best practices referred to in points (e) and (f);
p.(None): (m) issue guidelines, recommendations and best practices in accordance with point (e) of this paragraph for establishing common
p.(None): procedures for reporting by natural persons of infringements of this Regulation pursuant to Article 54(2);
p.(None): (n) encourage the drawing-up of codes of conduct and the establishment of data protection certiﬁcation mechanisms and data
p.(None): protection seals and marks pursuant to Articles 40 and 42;
p.(None): (o) carry out the accreditation of certiﬁcation bodies and its periodic review pursuant to Article 43 and maintain a public register of
p.(None): accredited bodies pursuant to Article 43(6) and of the accredited controllers or processors established in third countries
p.(None): pursuant to Article 42(7);
p.(None): (p) specify the requirements referred to in Article 43(3) with a view to the accreditation of certification bodies under Article 42;
p.(None): (q) provide the Commission with an opinion on the certification requirements referred to in Article 43(8);
p.(None): (r) provide the Commission with an opinion on the icons referred to in Article 12(7);
p.(None): (s) provide the Commission with an opinion for the assessment of the adequacy of the level of protection in a third country or
p.(None): international organisation, including for the assessment whether a third country, a territory or one or more speciﬁed sectors
p.(None): within that third country, or an international organisation no longer ensures an adequate level of protection. To that end, the
p.(None): Commission shall provide the Board with all necessary documentation, including correspondence with the government of the
p.(None): third country, with regard to that third country, territory or specified sector, or with the international organisation.
p.(None): (t) issue opinions on draft decisions of supervisory authorities pursuant to the consistency mechanism referred to in Article 64(1),
p.(None): on matters submitted pursuant to Article 64(2) and to issue binding decisions pursuant to Article 65, including in cases
p.(None): referred to in Article 66;
p.(None): (u) promote the cooperation and the eﬀective bilateral and multilateral exchange of information and best practices between the
p.(None): supervisory authorities;
p.(None): (v) promote common training programmes and facilitate personnel exchanges between the supervisory authorities and, where
p.(None): appropriate, with the supervisory authorities of third countries or with international organisations;
p.(None): (w) promote the exchange of knowledge and documentation on data protection legislation and practice with data protection
p.(None): supervisory authorities worldwide.
p.(None): (x) issue opinions on codes of conduct drawn up at Union level pursuant to Article 40(9); and
...

p.(None): infringement if the data subject considers that the processing of personal data relating to him or her infringes this Regulation.
p.(None): 2. The supervisory authority with which the complaint has been lodged shall inform the complainant on the progress and the
p.(None): outcome of the complaint including the possibility of a judicial remedy pursuant to Article 78.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 78
p.(None): Right to an effective judicial remedy against a supervisory authority
p.(None): 1. Without prejudice to any other administrative or non-judicial remedy, each natural or legal person shall have the right to an
p.(None): effective judicial remedy against a legally binding decision of a supervisory authority concerning them.
p.(None): 2. Without prejudice to any other administrative or non-judicial remedy, each data subject shall have the right to a an eﬀective
p.(None): judicial remedy where the supervisory authority which is competent pursuant to Articles 55 and 56 does not handle a complaint or
p.(None): does not inform the data subject within three months on the progress or outcome of the complaint lodged pursuant to Article 77.
p.(None): 3. Proceedings against a supervisory authority shall be brought before the courts of the Member State where the supervisory
p.(None): authority is established.
p.(None): 4. Where proceedings are brought against a decision of a supervisory authority which was preceded by an opinion or a decision of
p.(None): the Board in the consistency mechanism, the supervisory authority shall forward that opinion or decision to the court.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 79
p.(None): Right to an effective judicial remedy against a controller or processor
p.(None): 1. Without prejudice to any available administrative or non-judicial remedy, including the right to lodge a complaint with a
p.(None): supervisory authority pursuant to Article 77, each data subject shall have the right to an eﬀective judicial remedy where he or she
p.(None): considers that his or her rights under this Regulation have been infringed as a result of the processing of his or her personal data in
p.(None): non-compliance with this Regulation.
p.(None): 2. Proceedings against a controller or a processor shall be brought before the courts of the Member State where the controller or
p.(None): processor has an establishment. Alternatively, such proceedings may be brought before the courts of the Member State where the
p.(None): data subject has his or her habitual residence, unless the controller or processor is a public authority of a Member State acting in
p.(None): the exercise of its public powers.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 80
p.(None): Representation of data subjects
p.(None): 1. The data subject shall have the right to mandate a not-for-proﬁt body, organisation or association which has been properly
p.(None): constituted in accordance with the law of a Member State, has statutory objectives which are in the public interest, and is active in
p.(None): the ﬁeld of the protection of data subjects' rights and freedoms with regard to the protection of their personal data to lodge the
p.(None): complaint on his or her behalf, to exercise the rights referred to in Articles 77, 78 and 79 on his or her behalf, and to exercise the
...

General/Other / Dependent

Searching for indicator dependent:

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p.(None): in an intelligible and easily accessible form, using clear and plain language and it should not contain unfair terms. For consent
p.(None): to be informed, the data subject should be aware at least of the identity of the controller and the purposes of the processing
p.(None): for which the personal data are intended. Consent should not be regarded as freely given if the data subject has no genuine
p.(None): or free choice or is unable to refuse or withdraw consent without detriment.
p.(None): (43) In order to ensure that consent is freely given, consent should not provide a valid legal ground for the processing of personal
p.(None): data in a speciﬁc case where there is a clear imbalance between the data subject and the controller, in particular where the
p.(None): controller is a public authority and it is therefore unlikely that consent was freely given in all the circumstances of that speciﬁc
p.(None): situation. Consent is presumed not to be freely given if it does not allow separate consent to be given to diﬀerent personal
p.(None): data processing operations despite it being appropriate in the individual case, or if the performance of a contract, including the
p.(None): provision of a service, is dependent on the consent despite such consent not being necessary for such performance.
p.(None): (44) Processing should be lawful where it is necessary in the context of a contract or the intention to enter into a contract.
p.(None): (45) Where processing is carried out in accordance with a legal obligation to which the controller is subject or where processing is
p.(None): necessary for the performance of a task carried out in the public interest or in the exercise of oﬃcial authority, the processing
p.(None): should have a basis in Union or Member State law. This Regulation does not require a speciﬁc law for each individual
p.(None): processing. A law as a basis for several processing operations based on a legal obligation to which the controller is subject or
p.(None): where processing is necessary for the performance of a task carried out in the public interest or in the exercise of an oﬃcial
p.(None): authority may be suﬃcient. It should also be for Union or Member State law to determine the purpose of processing.
p.(None): Furthermore, that law could specify the general conditions of this Regulation governing the lawfulness of personal data
p.(None): processing, establish speciﬁcations for determining the controller, the type of personal data which are subject to the
p.(None): processing, the data subjects concerned, the entities to which the personal data may be disclosed, the purpose limitations,
p.(None): the storage period and other measures to ensure lawful and fair processing. It should also be for Union or Member State law
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General/Other / Public Emergency

Searching for indicator emergency:

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p.(None): processing. Given that it is for the legislator to provide by law for the legal basis for public authorities to process personal data,
p.(None): that legal basis should not apply to the processing by public authorities in the performance of their tasks. The processing of
p.(None): personal data strictly necessary for the purposes of preventing fraud also constitutes a legitimate interest of the data controller
p.(None): concerned. The processing of personal data for direct marketing purposes may be regarded as carried out for a legitimate
p.(None): interest.
p.(None): (48) Controllers that are part of a group of undertakings or institutions aﬃliated to a central body may have a legitimate interest in
p.(None): transmitting personal data within the group of undertakings for internal administrative purposes, including the processing of
p.(None): clients' or employees' personal data. The general principles for the transfer of personal data, within a group of undertakings, to
p.(None): an undertaking located in a third country remain unaffected.
p.(None): (49) The processing of personal data to the extent strictly necessary and proportionate for the purposes of ensuring network and
p.(None): information security, i.e. the ability of a network or an information system to resist, at a given level of conﬁdence, accidental
p.(None): events or unlawful or malicious actions that compromise the availability, authenticity, integrity and conﬁdentiality of stored or
p.(None): transmitted personal data, and the security of the related services oﬀered by, or accessible via, those networks and systems,
p.(None): by public authorities, by computer emergency response teams (CERTs), computer security incident response teams
p.(None): (CSIRTs), by providers of electronic communications networks and services and by providers of security technologies and
p.(None): services, constitutes a legitimate interest of the data controller concerned. This could, for example, include preventing
p.(None): unauthorised access to electronic communications networks and malicious code distribution and stopping ‘denial of service’
p.(None): attacks and damage to computer and electronic communication systems.
p.(None): (50) The processing of personal data for purposes other than those for which the personal data were initially collected should be
p.(None): allowed only where the processing is compatible with the purposes for which the personal data were initially collected. In such
p.(None): a case, no legal basis separate from that which allowed the collection of the personal data is required. If the processing is
p.(None): necessary for the performance of a task carried out in the public interest or in the exercise of oﬃcial authority vested in the
p.(None): controller, Union or Member State law may determine and specify the tasks and purposes for which the further processing
p.(None): should be regarded as compatible and lawful. Further processing for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientiﬁc or
p.(None): historical research purposes or statistical purposes should be considered to be compatible lawful processing operations. The
p.(None): legal basis provided by Union or Member State law for the processing of personal data may also provide a legal basis for
...

General/Other / Relationship to Authority

Searching for indicator authority:

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p.(None): absolute right; it must be considered in relation to its function in society and be balanced against other fundamental rights, in
p.(None): accordance with the principle of proportionality. This Regulation respects all fundamental rights and observes the freedoms
p.(None): and principles recognised in the Charter as enshrined in the Treaties, in particular the respect for private and family life, home
p.(None): and communications, the protection of personal data, freedom of thought, conscience and religion, freedom of expression and
p.(None): information, freedom to conduct a business, the right to an eﬀective remedy and to a fair trial, and cultural, religious and
p.(None): linguistic diversity.
p.(None): (5) The economic and social integration resulting from the functioning of the internal market has led to a substantial increase in
p.(None): cross-border ﬂows of personal data. The exchange of personal data between public and private actors, including natural
p.(None): persons, associations and undertakings across the Union has increased. National authorities in the Member States are being
p.(None): called upon by Union law to cooperate and exchange personal data so as to be able to perform their duties or carry out tasks
p.(None): on behalf of an authority in another Member State.
p.(None): (6) Rapid technological developments and globalisation have brought new challenges for the protection of personal data. The
p.(None): scale of the collection and sharing of personal data has increased signiﬁcantly. Technology allows both private companies
p.(None): and public authorities to make use of personal data on an unprecedented scale in order to pursue their activities. Natural
p.(None): persons increasingly make personal information available publicly and globally. Technology has transformed both the
p.(None): economy and social life, and should further facilitate the free ﬂow of personal data within the Union and the transfer to third
p.(None): countries and international organisations, while ensuring a high level of the protection of personal data.
p.(None): (7) Those developments require a strong and more coherent data protection framework in the Union, backed by strong
p.(None): enforcement, given the importance of creating the trust that will allow the digital economy to develop across the internal
p.(None): market. Natural persons should have control of their own personal data. Legal and practical certainty for natural persons,
p.(None): economic operators and public authorities should be enhanced.
p.(None): (8) Where this Regulation provides for speciﬁcations or restrictions of its rules by Member State law, Member States may, as far
p.(None): as necessary for coherence and for making the national provisions comprehensible to the persons to whom they apply,
p.(None): incorporate elements of this Regulation into their national law.
...

p.(None): to the processing of personal data in the Member States may prevent the free ﬂow of personal data throughout the Union.
p.(None): Those diﬀerences may therefore constitute an obstacle to the pursuit of economic activities at the level of the Union, distort
p.(None): competition and impede authorities in the discharge of their responsibilities under Union law. Such a diﬀerence in levels of
p.(None): protection is due to the existence of differences in the implementation and application of Directive 95/46/EC.
p.(None): (10) In order to ensure a consistent and high level of protection of natural persons and to remove the obstacles to ﬂows of personal
p.(None): data within the Union, the level of protection of the rights and freedoms of natural persons with regard to the processing of
p.(None): such data should be equivalent in all Member States. Consistent and homogenous application of the rules for the protection of
p.(None): the fundamental rights and freedoms of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data should be ensured
p.(None): throughout the Union. Regarding the processing of personal data for compliance with a legal obligation, for the performance of
p.(None): a task carried out in the public interest or in the exercise of oﬃcial authority vested in the controller, Member States should be
p.(None): allowed to maintain or introduce national provisions to further specify the application of the rules of this Regulation. In
p.(None): conjunction with the general and horizontal law on data protection implementing Directive 95/46/EC, Member States have
p.(None): several sector-speciﬁc laws in areas that need more speciﬁc provisions. This Regulation also provides a margin of manoeuvre
p.(None): for Member States to specify its rules, including for the processing of special categories of personal data (‘sensitive data’). To
p.(None): that extent, this Regulation does not exclude Member State law that sets out the circumstances for speciﬁc processing
p.(None): situations, including determining more precisely the conditions under which the processing of personal data is lawful.
p.(None): (11) Eﬀective protection of personal data throughout the Union requires the strengthening and setting out in detail of the rights of
p.(None): data subjects and the obligations of those who process and determine the processing of personal data, as well as equivalent
p.(None): powers for monitoring and ensuring compliance with the rules for the protection of personal data and equivalent sanctions for
p.(None): infringements in the Member States.
p.(None): (12) Article 16(2) TFEU mandates the European Parliament and the Council to lay down the rules relating to the protection of
p.(None): natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and the rules relating to the free movement of personal data.
...

p.(None): device or an in vitro diagnostic test.
p.(None): (36) The main establishment of a controller in the Union should be the place of its central administration in the Union, unless the
p.(None): decisions on the purposes and means of the processing of personal data are taken in another establishment of the controller
p.(None): in the Union, in which case that other establishment should be considered to be the main establishment. The main
p.(None): establishment of a controller in the Union should be determined according to objective criteria and should imply the eﬀective
p.(None): and real exercise of management activities determining the main decisions as to the purposes and means of processing
p.(None): through stable arrangements. That criterion should not depend on whether the processing of personal data is carried out at
p.(None): that location. The presence and use of technical means and technologies for processing personal data or processing activities
p.(None): do not, in themselves, constitute a main establishment and are therefore not determining criteria for a main establishment. The
p.(None): main establishment of the processor should be the place of its central administration in the Union or, if it has no central
p.(None): administration in the Union, the place where the main processing activities take place in the Union. In cases involving both the
p.(None): controller and the processor, the competent lead supervisory authority should remain the supervisory authority of the Member
p.(None): State where the controller has its main establishment, but the supervisory authority of the processor should be considered to
p.(None): be a supervisory authority concerned and that supervisory authority should participate in the cooperation procedure provided
p.(None): for by this Regulation. In any case, the supervisory authorities of the Member State or Member States where the processor
p.(None): has one or more establishments should not be considered to be supervisory authorities concerned where the draft decision
p.(None): concerns only the controller. Where the processing is carried out by a group of undertakings, the main establishment of the
p.(None): controlling undertaking should be considered to be the main establishment of the group of undertakings, except where the
p.(None): purposes and means of processing are determined by another undertaking.
p.(None): (37) A group of undertakings should cover a controlling undertaking and its controlled undertakings, whereby the controlling
p.(None): undertaking should be the undertaking which can exert a dominant inﬂuence over the other undertakings by virtue, for
p.(None): example, of ownership, ﬁnancial participation or the rules which govern it or the power to have personal data protection rules
p.(None): implemented. An undertaking which controls the processing of personal data in undertakings aﬃliated to it should be
p.(None): regarded, together with those undertakings, as a group of undertakings.
p.(None): (38) Children merit speciﬁc protection with regard to their personal data, as they may be less aware of the risks, consequences
p.(None): and safeguards concerned and their rights in relation to the processing of personal data. Such speciﬁc protection should, in
...

p.(None): has given consent to the processing operation. In particular in the context of a written declaration on another matter,
p.(None): safeguards should ensure that the data subject is aware of the fact that and the extent to which consent is given. In
p.(None): accordance with Council Directive 93/13/EEC (10) a declaration of consent pre-formulated by the controller should be provided
p.(None): in an intelligible and easily accessible form, using clear and plain language and it should not contain unfair terms. For consent
p.(None): to be informed, the data subject should be aware at least of the identity of the controller and the purposes of the processing
p.(None): for which the personal data are intended. Consent should not be regarded as freely given if the data subject has no genuine
p.(None): or free choice or is unable to refuse or withdraw consent without detriment.
p.(None): (43) In order to ensure that consent is freely given, consent should not provide a valid legal ground for the processing of personal
p.(None): data in a speciﬁc case where there is a clear imbalance between the data subject and the controller, in particular where the
p.(None): controller is a public authority and it is therefore unlikely that consent was freely given in all the circumstances of that speciﬁc
p.(None): situation. Consent is presumed not to be freely given if it does not allow separate consent to be given to diﬀerent personal
p.(None): data processing operations despite it being appropriate in the individual case, or if the performance of a contract, including the
p.(None): provision of a service, is dependent on the consent despite such consent not being necessary for such performance.
p.(None): (44) Processing should be lawful where it is necessary in the context of a contract or the intention to enter into a contract.
p.(None): (45) Where processing is carried out in accordance with a legal obligation to which the controller is subject or where processing is
p.(None): necessary for the performance of a task carried out in the public interest or in the exercise of oﬃcial authority, the processing
p.(None): should have a basis in Union or Member State law. This Regulation does not require a speciﬁc law for each individual
p.(None): processing. A law as a basis for several processing operations based on a legal obligation to which the controller is subject or
p.(None): where processing is necessary for the performance of a task carried out in the public interest or in the exercise of an oﬃcial
p.(None): authority may be suﬃcient. It should also be for Union or Member State law to determine the purpose of processing.
p.(None): Furthermore, that law could specify the general conditions of this Regulation governing the lawfulness of personal data
p.(None): processing, establish speciﬁcations for determining the controller, the type of personal data which are subject to the
p.(None): processing, the data subjects concerned, the entities to which the personal data may be disclosed, the purpose limitations,
p.(None): the storage period and other measures to ensure lawful and fair processing. It should also be for Union or Member State law
p.(None): to determine whether the controller performing a task carried out in the public interest or in the exercise of oﬃcial authority
p.(None): should be a public authority or another natural or legal person governed by public law, or, where it is in the public interest to do
p.(None): so, including for health purposes such as public health and social protection and the management of health care services, by
p.(None): private law, such as a professional association.
p.(None): (46) The processing of personal data should also be regarded to be lawful where it is necessary to protect an interest which is
p.(None): essential for the life of the data subject or that of another natural person. Processing of personal data based on the vital
p.(None): interest of another natural person should in principle take place only where the processing cannot be manifestly based on
p.(None): another legal basis. Some types of processing may serve both important grounds of public interest and the vital interests of
p.(None): the data subject as for instance when processing is necessary for humanitarian purposes, including for monitoring epidemics
p.(None): and their spread or in situations of humanitarian emergencies, in particular in situations of natural and man-made disasters.
p.(None): (47) The legitimate interests of a controller, including those of a controller to which the personal data may be disclosed, or of a
p.(None): third party, may provide a legal basis for processing, provided that the interests or the fundamental rights and freedoms of the
p.(None): data subject are not overriding, taking into consideration the reasonable expectations of data subjects based on their
p.(None): relationship with the controller. Such legitimate interest could exist for example where there is a relevant and appropriate
...

p.(None): (49) The processing of personal data to the extent strictly necessary and proportionate for the purposes of ensuring network and
p.(None): information security, i.e. the ability of a network or an information system to resist, at a given level of conﬁdence, accidental
p.(None): events or unlawful or malicious actions that compromise the availability, authenticity, integrity and conﬁdentiality of stored or
p.(None): transmitted personal data, and the security of the related services oﬀered by, or accessible via, those networks and systems,
p.(None): by public authorities, by computer emergency response teams (CERTs), computer security incident response teams
p.(None): (CSIRTs), by providers of electronic communications networks and services and by providers of security technologies and
p.(None): services, constitutes a legitimate interest of the data controller concerned. This could, for example, include preventing
p.(None): unauthorised access to electronic communications networks and malicious code distribution and stopping ‘denial of service’
p.(None): attacks and damage to computer and electronic communication systems.
p.(None): (50) The processing of personal data for purposes other than those for which the personal data were initially collected should be
p.(None): allowed only where the processing is compatible with the purposes for which the personal data were initially collected. In such
p.(None): a case, no legal basis separate from that which allowed the collection of the personal data is required. If the processing is
p.(None): necessary for the performance of a task carried out in the public interest or in the exercise of oﬃcial authority vested in the
p.(None): controller, Union or Member State law may determine and specify the tasks and purposes for which the further processing
p.(None): should be regarded as compatible and lawful. Further processing for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientiﬁc or
p.(None): historical research purposes or statistical purposes should be considered to be compatible lawful processing operations. The
p.(None): legal basis provided by Union or Member State law for the processing of personal data may also provide a legal basis for
p.(None): further processing. In order to ascertain whether a purpose of further processing is compatible with the purpose for which the
p.(None): personal data are initially collected, the controller, after having met all the requirements for the lawfulness of the original
p.(None): processing, should take into account, inter alia: any link between those purposes and the purposes of the intended further
p.(None): processing; the context in which the personal data have been collected, in particular the reasonable expectations of data
p.(None): subjects based on their relationship with the controller as to their further use; the nature of the personal data; the
p.(None): consequences of the intended further processing for data subjects; and the existence of appropriate safeguards in both the
p.(None): original and intended further processing operations.
p.(None): Where the data subject has given consent or the processing is based on Union or Member State law which constitutes a
p.(None): necessary and proportionate measure in a democratic society to safeguard, in particular, important objectives of general
p.(None): public interest, the controller should be allowed to further process the personal data irrespective of the compatibility of the
p.(None): purposes. In any case, the application of the principles set out in this Regulation and in particular the information of the data
p.(None): subject on those other purposes and on his or her rights including the right to object, should be ensured. Indicating possible
p.(None): criminal acts or threats to public security by the controller and transmitting the relevant personal data in individual cases or in
p.(None): several cases relating to the same criminal act or threats to public security to a competent authority should be regarded as
p.(None): being in the legitimate interest pursued by the controller. However, such transmission in the legitimate interest of the controller
p.(None): or further processing of personal data should be prohibited if the processing is not compatible with a legal, professional or
p.(None): other binding obligation of secrecy.
p.(None): (51) Personal data which are, by their nature, particularly sensitive in relation to fundamental rights and freedoms merit speciﬁc
p.(None): protection as the context of their processing could create signiﬁcant risks to the fundamental rights and freedoms. Those
p.(None): personal data should include personal data revealing racial or ethnic origin, whereby the use of the term ‘racial origin’ in this
p.(None): Regulation does not imply an acceptance by the Union of theories which attempt to determine the existence of separate
p.(None): human races. The processing of photographs should not systematically be considered to be processing of special categories
p.(None): of personal data as they are covered by the deﬁnition of biometric data only when processed through a speciﬁc technical
p.(None): means allowing the unique identiﬁcation or authentication of a natural person. Such personal data should not be processed,
p.(None): unless processing is allowed in speciﬁc cases set out in this Regulation, taking into account that Member States law may lay
p.(None): down speciﬁc provisions on data protection in order to adapt the application of the rules of this Regulation for compliance with
p.(None): a legal obligation or for the performance of a task carried out in the public interest or in the exercise of oﬃcial authority vested
p.(None): in the controller. In addition to the speciﬁc requirements for such processing, the general principles and other rules of this
p.(None): Regulation should apply, in particular as regards the conditions for lawful processing. Derogations from the general prohibition
p.(None): for processing such special categories of personal data should be explicitly provided, inter alia, where the data subject gives
p.(None): his or her explicit consent or in respect of speciﬁc needs in particular where the processing is carried out in the course of
p.(None): legitimate activities by certain associations or foundations the purpose of which is to permit the exercise of fundamental
p.(None): freedoms.
p.(None): (52) Derogating from the prohibition on processing special categories of personal data should also be allowed when provided for in
p.(None): Union or Member State law and subject to suitable safeguards, so as to protect personal data and other fundamental rights,
p.(None): where it is in the public interest to do so, in particular processing personal data in the ﬁeld of employment law, social
p.(None): protection law including pensions and for health security, monitoring and alert purposes, the prevention or control of
p.(None): communicable diseases and other serious threats to health. Such a derogation may be made for health purposes, including
p.(None): public health and the management of health-care services, especially in order to ensure the quality and cost-eﬀectiveness of
p.(None): the procedures used for settling claims for beneﬁts and services in the health insurance system, or for archiving purposes in
...

p.(None): able to react to potential requests.
p.(None): (65) A data subject should have the right to have personal data concerning him or her rectiﬁed and a ‘right to be forgotten’ where
p.(None): the retention of such data infringes this Regulation or Union or Member State law to which the controller is subject. In
p.(None): particular, a data subject should have the right to have his or her personal data erased and no longer processed where the
p.(None): personal data are no longer necessary in relation to the purposes for which they are collected or otherwise processed, where
p.(None): a data subject has withdrawn his or her consent or objects to the processing of personal data concerning him or her, or where
p.(None): the processing of his or her personal data does not otherwise comply with this Regulation. That right is relevant in particular
p.(None): where the data subject has given his or her consent as a child and is not fully aware of the risks involved by the processing,
p.(None): and later wants to remove such personal data, especially on the internet. The data subject should be able to exercise that
p.(None): right notwithstanding the fact that he or she is no longer a child. However, the further retention of the personal data should be
p.(None): lawful where it is necessary, for exercising the right of freedom of expression and information, for compliance with a legal
p.(None): obligation, for the performance of a task carried out in the public interest or in the exercise of oﬃcial authority vested in the
p.(None): controller, on the grounds of public interest in the area of public health, for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientiﬁc
p.(None): or historical research purposes or statistical purposes, or for the establishment, exercise or defence of legal claims.
p.(None): (66) To strengthen the right to be forgotten in the online environment, the right to erasure should also be extended in such a way
p.(None): that a controller who has made the personal data public should be obliged to inform the controllers which are processing such
p.(None): personal data to erase any links to, or copies or replications of those personal data. In doing so, that controller should take
p.(None): reasonable steps, taking into account available technology and the means available to the controller, including technical
p.(None): measures, to inform the controllers which are processing the personal data of the data subject's request.
p.(None): (67) Methods by which to restrict the processing of personal data could include, inter alia, temporarily moving the selected data to
p.(None): another processing system, making the selected personal data unavailable to users, or temporarily removing published data
p.(None): from a website. In automated ﬁling systems, the restriction of processing should in principle be ensured by technical means in
p.(None): such a manner that the personal data are not subject to further processing operations and cannot be changed. The fact that
p.(None): the processing of personal data is restricted should be clearly indicated in the system.
p.(None): (68) To further strengthen the control over his or her own data, where the processing of personal data is carried out by automated
p.(None): means, the data subject should also be allowed to receive personal data concerning him or her which he or she has provided
p.(None): to a controller in a structured, commonly used, machine-readable and interoperable format, and to transmit it to another
p.(None): controller. Data controllers should be encouraged to develop interoperable formats that enable data portability. That right
p.(None): should apply where the data subject provided the personal data on the basis of his or her consent or the processing is
p.(None): necessary for the performance of a contract. It should not apply where processing is based on a legal ground other than
p.(None): consent or contract. By its very nature, that right should not be exercised against controllers processing personal data in the
p.(None): exercise of their public duties. It should therefore not apply where the processing of the personal data is necessary for
p.(None): compliance with a legal obligation to which the controller is subject or for the performance of a task carried out in the public
p.(None): interest or in the exercise of an oﬃcial authority vested in the controller. The data subject's right to transmit or receive
p.(None): personal data concerning him or her should not create an obligation for the controllers to adopt or maintain processing
p.(None): systems which are technically compatible. Where, in a certain set of personal data, more than one data subject is concerned,
p.(None): the right to receive the personal data should be without prejudice to the rights and freedoms of other data subjects in
p.(None): accordance with this Regulation. Furthermore, that right should not prejudice the right of the data subject to obtain the erasure
p.(None): of personal data and the limitations of that right as set out in this Regulation and should, in particular, not imply the erasure of
p.(None): personal data concerning the data subject which have been provided by him or her for the performance of a contract to the
p.(None): extent that and for as long as the personal data are necessary for the performance of that contract. Where technically
p.(None): feasible, the data subject should have the right to have the personal data transmitted directly from one controller to another.
p.(None): (69) Where personal data might lawfully be processed because processing is necessary for the performance of a task carried out
p.(None): in the public interest or in the exercise of oﬃcial authority vested in the controller, or on grounds of the legitimate interests of a
p.(None): controller or a third party, a data subject should, nevertheless, be entitled to object to the processing of any personal data
p.(None): relating to his or her particular situation. It should be for the controller to demonstrate that its compelling legitimate interest
p.(None): overrides the interests or the fundamental rights and freedoms of the data subject.
p.(None): (70) Where personal data are processed for the purposes of direct marketing, the data subject should have the right to object to
p.(None): such processing, including proﬁling to the extent that it is related to such direct marketing, whether with regard to initial or
p.(None): further processing, at any time and free of charge. That right should be explicitly brought to the attention of the data subject
p.(None): and presented clearly and separately from any other information.
p.(None): (71) The data subject should have the right not to be subject to a decision, which may include a measure, evaluating personal
p.(None): aspects relating to him or her which is based solely on automated processing and which produces legal eﬀects concerning
p.(None): him or her or similarly signiﬁcantly aﬀects him or her, such as automatic refusal of an online credit application or e-recruiting
p.(None): practices without any human intervention. Such processing includes ‘proﬁling’ that consists of any form of automated
p.(None): processing of personal data evaluating the personal aspects relating to a natural person, in particular to analyse or predict
p.(None): aspects concerning the data subject's performance at work, economic situation, health, personal preferences or interests,
p.(None): reliability or behaviour, location or movements, where it produces legal eﬀects concerning him or her or similarly signiﬁcantly
...

p.(None): (79) The protection of the rights and freedoms of data subjects as well as the responsibility and liability of controllers and
p.(None): processors, also in relation to the monitoring by and measures of supervisory authorities, requires a clear allocation of the
p.(None): responsibilities under this Regulation, including where a controller determines the purposes and means of the processing
p.(None): jointly with other controllers or where a processing operation is carried out on behalf of a controller.
p.(None): (80) Where a controller or a processor not established in the Union is processing personal data of data subjects who are in the
p.(None): Union whose processing activities are related to the oﬀering of goods or services, irrespective of whether a payment of the
p.(None): data subject is required, to such data subjects in the Union, or to the monitoring of their behaviour as far as their behaviour
p.(None): takes place within the Union, the controller or the processor should designate a representative, unless the processing is
p.(None): occasional, does not include processing, on a large scale, of special categories of personal data or the processing of personal
p.(None): data relating to criminal convictions and oﬀences, and is unlikely to result in a risk to the rights and freedoms of natural
p.(None): persons, taking into account the nature, context, scope and purposes of the processing or if the controller is a public authority
p.(None): or body. The representative should act on behalf of the controller or the processor and may be addressed by any supervisory
p.(None): authority. The representative should be explicitly designated by a written mandate of the controller or of the processor to act
p.(None): on its behalf with regard to its obligations under this Regulation. The designation of such a representative does not aﬀect the
p.(None): responsibility or liability of the controller or of the processor under this Regulation. Such a representative should perform its
p.(None): tasks according to the mandate received from the controller or processor, including cooperating with the competent
p.(None): supervisory authorities with regard to any action taken to ensure compliance with this Regulation. The designated
p.(None): representative should be subject to enforcement proceedings in the event of non-compliance by the controller or processor.
p.(None): (81) To ensure compliance with the requirements of this Regulation in respect of the processing to be carried out by the processor
p.(None): on behalf of the controller, when entrusting a processor with processing activities, the controller should use only processors
p.(None): providing suﬃcient guarantees, in particular in terms of expert knowledge, reliability and resources, to implement technical
p.(None): and organisational measures which will meet the requirements of this Regulation, including for the security of processing. The
p.(None): adherence of the processor to an approved code of conduct or an approved certiﬁcation mechanism may be used as an
p.(None): element to demonstrate compliance with the obligations of the controller. The carrying-out of processing by a processor
p.(None): should be governed by a contract or other legal act under Union or Member State law, binding the processor to the controller,
p.(None): setting out the subject-matter and duration of the processing, the nature and purposes of the processing, the type of personal
p.(None): data and categories of data subjects, taking into account the speciﬁc tasks and responsibilities of the processor in the context
p.(None): of the processing to be carried out and the risk to the rights and freedoms of the data subject. The controller and processor
p.(None): may choose to use an individual contract or standard contractual clauses which are adopted either directly by the Commission
p.(None): or by a supervisory authority in accordance with the consistency mechanism and then adopted by the Commission. After the
p.(None): completion of the processing on behalf of the controller, the processor should, at the choice of the controller, return or delete
p.(None): the personal data, unless there is a requirement to store the personal data under Union or Member State law to which the
p.(None): processor is subject.
p.(None): (82) In order to demonstrate compliance with this Regulation, the controller or processor should maintain records of processing
p.(None): activities under its responsibility. Each controller and processor should be obliged to cooperate with the supervisory authority
p.(None): and make those records, on request, available to it, so that it might serve for monitoring those processing operations.
p.(None): (83) In order to maintain security and to prevent processing in infringement of this Regulation, the controller or processor should
p.(None): evaluate the risks inherent in the processing and implement measures to mitigate those risks, such as encryption. Those
p.(None): measures should ensure an appropriate level of security, including conﬁdentiality, taking into account the state of the art and
p.(None): the costs of implementation in relation to the risks and the nature of the personal data to be protected. In assessing data
p.(None): security risk, consideration should be given to the risks that are presented by personal data processing, such as accidental or
p.(None): unlawful destruction, loss, alteration, unauthorised disclosure of, or access to, personal data transmitted, stored or otherwise
p.(None): processed which may in particular lead to physical, material or non-material damage.
p.(None): (84) In order to enhance compliance with this Regulation where processing operations are likely to result in a high risk to the rights
p.(None): and freedoms of natural persons, the controller should be responsible for the carrying-out of a data protection impact
p.(None): assessment to evaluate, in particular, the origin, nature, particularity and severity of that risk. The outcome of the assessment
p.(None): should be taken into account when determining the appropriate measures to be taken in order to demonstrate that the
p.(None): processing of personal data complies with this Regulation. Where a data-protection impact assessment indicates that
p.(None): processing operations involve a high risk which the controller cannot mitigate by appropriate measures in terms of available
p.(None): technology and costs of implementation, a consultation of the supervisory authority should take place prior to the processing.
p.(None): (85) A personal data breach may, if not addressed in an appropriate and timely manner, result in physical, material or non-material
p.(None): damage to natural persons such as loss of control over their personal data or limitation of their rights, discrimination, identity
p.(None): theft or fraud, ﬁnancial loss, unauthorised reversal of pseudonymisation, damage to reputation, loss of conﬁdentiality of
p.(None): personal data protected by professional secrecy or any other signiﬁcant economic or social disadvantage to the natural
p.(None): person concerned. Therefore, as soon as the controller becomes aware that a personal data breach has occurred, the
p.(None): controller should notify the personal data breach to the supervisory authority without undue delay and, where feasible, not
p.(None): later than 72 hours after having become aware of it, unless the controller is able to demonstrate, in accordance with the
p.(None): accountability principle, that the personal data breach is unlikely to result in a risk to the rights and freedoms of natural
p.(None): persons. Where such notiﬁcation cannot be achieved within 72 hours, the reasons for the delay should accompany the
p.(None): notification and information may be provided in phases without undue further delay.
p.(None): (86) The controller should communicate to the data subject a personal data breach, without undue delay, where that personal data
p.(None): breach is likely to result in a high risk to the rights and freedoms of the natural person in order to allow him or her to take the
p.(None): necessary precautions. The communication should describe the nature of the personal data breach as well as
p.(None): recommendations for the natural person concerned to mitigate potential adverse eﬀects. Such communications to data
p.(None): subjects should be made as soon as reasonably feasible and in close cooperation with the supervisory authority, respecting
p.(None): guidance provided by it or by other relevant authorities such as law-enforcement authorities. For example, the need to mitigate
p.(None): an immediate risk of damage would call for prompt communication with data subjects whereas the need to implement
p.(None): appropriate measures against continuing or similar personal data breaches may justify more time for communication.
p.(None): (87) It should be ascertained whether all appropriate technological protection and organisational measures have been
p.(None): implemented to establish immediately whether a personal data breach has taken place and to inform promptly the supervisory
p.(None): authority and the data subject. The fact that the notiﬁcation was made without undue delay should be established taking into
p.(None): account in particular the nature and gravity of the personal data breach and its consequences and adverse eﬀects for the data
p.(None): subject. Such notiﬁcation may result in an intervention of the supervisory authority in accordance with its tasks and powers
p.(None): laid down in this Regulation.
p.(None): (88) In setting detailed rules concerning the format and procedures applicable to the notiﬁcation of personal data breaches, due
p.(None): consideration should be given to the circumstances of that breach, including whether or not personal data had been protected
p.(None): by appropriate technical protection measures, eﬀectively limiting the likelihood of identity fraud or other forms of misuse.
p.(None): Moreover, such rules and procedures should take into account the legitimate interests of law-enforcement authorities where
p.(None): early disclosure could unnecessarily hamper the investigation of the circumstances of a personal data breach.
p.(None): (89) Directive 95/46/EC provided for a general obligation to notify the processing of personal data to the supervisory authorities.
p.(None): While that obligation produces administrative and ﬁnancial burdens, it did not in all cases contribute to improving the
p.(None): protection of personal data. Such indiscriminate general notiﬁcation obligations should therefore be abolished, and replaced
p.(None): by eﬀective procedures and mechanisms which focus instead on those types of processing operations which are likely to
p.(None): result in a high risk to the rights and freedoms of natural persons by virtue of their nature, scope, context and purposes. Such
p.(None): types of processing operations may be those which in, particular, involve using new technologies, or are of a new kind and
p.(None): where no data protection impact assessment has been carried out before by the controller, or where they become necessary
...

p.(None): with this Regulation.
p.(None): (91) This should in particular apply to large-scale processing operations which aim to process a considerable amount of personal
p.(None): data at regional, national or supranational level and which could aﬀect a large number of data subjects and which are likely to
p.(None): result in a high risk, for example, on account of their sensitivity, where in accordance with the achieved state of technological
p.(None): knowledge a new technology is used on a large scale as well as to other processing operations which result in a high risk to
p.(None): the rights and freedoms of data subjects, in particular where those operations render it more diﬃcult for data subjects to
p.(None): exercise their rights. A data protection impact assessment should also be made where personal data are processed for taking
p.(None): decisions regarding speciﬁc natural persons following any systematic and extensive evaluation of personal aspects relating to
p.(None): natural persons based on proﬁling those data or following the processing of special categories of personal data, biometric
p.(None): data, or data on criminal convictions and oﬀences or related security measures. A data protection impact assessment is
p.(None): equally required for monitoring publicly accessible areas on a large scale, especially when using optic-electronic devices or for
p.(None): any other operations where the competent supervisory authority considers that the processing is likely to result in a high risk
p.(None): to the rights and freedoms of data subjects, in particular because they prevent data subjects from exercising a right or using a
p.(None): service or a contract, or because they are carried out systematically on a large scale. The processing of personal data should
p.(None): not be considered to be on a large scale if the processing concerns personal data from patients or clients by an individual
p.(None): physician, other health care professional or lawyer. In such cases, a data protection impact assessment should not be
p.(None): mandatory.
p.(None): (92) There are circumstances under which it may be reasonable and economical for the subject of a data protection impact
p.(None): assessment to be broader than a single project, for example where public authorities or bodies intend to establish a common
p.(None): application or processing platform or where several controllers plan to introduce a common application or processing
p.(None): environment across an industry sector or segment or for a widely used horizontal activity.
p.(None): (93) In the context of the adoption of the Member State law on which the performance of the tasks of the public authority or public
p.(None): body is based and which regulates the speciﬁc processing operation or set of operations in question, Member States may
p.(None): deem it necessary to carry out such assessment prior to the processing activities.
p.(None): (94) Where a data protection impact assessment indicates that the processing would, in the absence of safeguards, security
p.(None): measures and mechanisms to mitigate the risk, result in a high risk to the rights and freedoms of natural persons and the
p.(None): controller is of the opinion that the risk cannot be mitigated by reasonable means in terms of available technologies and costs
p.(None): of implementation, the supervisory authority should be consulted prior to the start of processing activities. Such high risk is
p.(None): likely to result from certain types of processing and the extent and frequency of processing, which may result also in a
p.(None): realisation of damage or interference with the rights and freedoms of the natural person. The supervisory authority should
p.(None): respond to the request for consultation within a speciﬁed period. However, the absence of a reaction of the supervisory
p.(None): authority within that period should be without prejudice to any intervention of the supervisory authority in accordance with its
p.(None): tasks and powers laid down in this Regulation, including the power to prohibit processing operations. As part of that
p.(None): consultation process, the outcome of a data protection impact assessment carried out with regard to the processing at issue
p.(None): may be submitted to the supervisory authority, in particular the measures envisaged to mitigate the risk to the rights and
p.(None): freedoms of natural persons.
p.(None): (95) The processor should assist the controller, where necessary and upon request, in ensuring compliance with the obligations
p.(None): deriving from the carrying out of data protection impact assessments and from prior consultation of the supervisory authority.
p.(None): (96) A consultation of the supervisory authority should also take place in the course of the preparation of a legislative or regulatory
p.(None): measure which provides for the processing of personal data, in order to ensure compliance of the intended processing with
p.(None): this Regulation and in particular to mitigate the risk involved for the data subject.
p.(None): (97) Where the processing is carried out by a public authority, except for courts or independent judicial authorities when acting in
p.(None): their judicial capacity, where, in the private sector, processing is carried out by a controller whose core activities consist of
p.(None): processing operations that require regular and systematic monitoring of the data subjects on a large scale, or where the core
p.(None): activities of the controller or the processor consist of processing on a large scale of special categories of personal data and
p.(None): data relating to criminal convictions and oﬀences, a person with expert knowledge of data protection law and practices should
p.(None): assist the controller or processor to monitor internal compliance with this Regulation. In the private sector, the core activities of
p.(None): a controller relate to its primary activities and do not relate to the processing of personal data as ancillary activities. The
p.(None): necessary level of expert knowledge should be determined in particular according to the data processing operations carried
p.(None): out and the protection required for the personal data processed by the controller or the processor. Such data protection
p.(None): oﬃcers, whether or not they are an employee of the controller, should be in a position to perform their duties and tasks in an
p.(None): independent manner.
p.(None): (98) Associations or other bodies representing categories of controllers or processors should be encouraged to draw up codes of
p.(None): conduct, within the limits of this Regulation, so as to facilitate the eﬀective application of this Regulation, taking account of the
...

p.(None): relevant ﬁndings to the Committee within the meaning of Regulation (EU) No 182/2011 of the European Parliament and of the
p.(None): Council (12) as established under this Regulation, to the European Parliament and to the Council.
p.(None): (107)The Commission may recognise that a third country, a territory or a speciﬁed sector within a third country, or an international
p.(None): organisation no longer ensures an adequate level of data protection. Consequently the transfer of personal data to that third
p.(None): country or international organisation should be prohibited, unless the requirements in this Regulation relating to transfers
p.(None): subject to appropriate safeguards, including binding corporate rules, and derogations for speciﬁc situations are fulﬁlled. In that
p.(None): case, provision should be made for consultations between the Commission and such third countries or international
p.(None): organisations. The Commission should, in a timely manner, inform the third country or international organisation of the
p.(None): reasons and enter into consultations with it in order to remedy the situation.
p.(None): (108)In the absence of an adequacy decision, the controller or processor should take measures to compensate for the lack of data
p.(None): protection in a third country by way of appropriate safeguards for the data subject. Such appropriate safeguards may consist
p.(None): of making use of binding corporate rules, standard data protection clauses adopted by the Commission, standard data
p.(None): protection clauses adopted by a supervisory authority or contractual clauses authorised by a supervisory authority. Those
p.(None): safeguards should ensure compliance with data protection requirements and the rights of the data subjects appropriate to
p.(None): processing within the Union, including the availability of enforceable data subject rights and of eﬀective legal remedies,
p.(None): including to obtain eﬀective administrative or judicial redress and to claim compensation, in the Union or in a third country.
p.(None): They should relate in particular to compliance with the general principles relating to personal data processing, the principles of
p.(None): data protection by design and by default. Transfers may also be carried out by public authorities or bodies with public
p.(None): authorities or bodies in third countries or with international organisations with corresponding duties or functions, including on
p.(None): the basis of provisions to be inserted into administrative arrangements, such as a memorandum of understanding, providing
p.(None): for enforceable and eﬀective rights for data subjects. Authorisation by the competent supervisory authority should be obtained
p.(None): when the safeguards are provided for in administrative arrangements that are not legally binding.
p.(None): (109)The possibility for the controller or processor to use standard data-protection clauses adopted by the Commission or by a
p.(None): supervisory authority should prevent controllers or processors neither from including the standard data-protection clauses in a
p.(None): wider contract, such as a contract between the processor and another processor, nor from adding other clauses or additional
p.(None): safeguards provided that they do not contradict, directly or indirectly, the standard contractual clauses adopted by the
p.(None): Commission or by a supervisory authority or prejudice the fundamental rights or freedoms of the data subjects. Controllers
p.(None): and processors should be encouraged to provide additional safeguards via contractual commitments that supplement
p.(None): standard protection clauses.
p.(None): (110)A group of undertakings, or a group of enterprises engaged in a joint economic activity, should be able to make use of
p.(None): approved binding corporate rules for its international transfers from the Union to organisations within the same group of
p.(None): undertakings, or group of enterprises engaged in a joint economic activity, provided that such corporate rules include all
p.(None): essential principles and enforceable rights to ensure appropriate safeguards for transfers or categories of transfers of
p.(None): personal data.
p.(None): (111)Provisions should be made for the possibility for transfers in certain circumstances where the data subject has given his or her
p.(None): explicit consent, where the transfer is occasional and necessary in relation to a contract or a legal claim, regardless of whether
p.(None): in a judicial procedure or whether in an administrative or any out-of-court procedure, including procedures before regulatory
p.(None): bodies. Provision should also be made for the possibility for transfers where important grounds of public interest laid down by
p.(None): Union or Member State law so require or where the transfer is made from a register established by law and intended for
p.(None): consultation by the public or persons having a legitimate interest. In the latter case, such a transfer should not involve the
...

p.(None): subject who is physically or legally incapable of giving consent, with a view to accomplishing a task incumbent under the
p.(None): Geneva Conventions or to complying with international humanitarian law applicable in armed conﬂicts, could be considered to
p.(None): be necessary for an important reason of public interest or because it is in the vital interest of the data subject.
p.(None): (113)Transfers which can be qualiﬁed as not repetitive and that only concern a limited number of data subjects, could also be
p.(None): possible for the purposes of the compelling legitimate interests pursued by the controller, when those interests are not
p.(None): overridden by the interests or rights and freedoms of the data subject and when the controller has assessed all the
p.(None): circumstances surrounding the data transfer. The controller should give particular consideration to the nature of the personal
p.(None): data, the purpose and duration of the proposed processing operation or operations, as well as the situation in the country of
p.(None): origin, the third country and the country of ﬁnal destination, and should provide suitable safeguards to protect fundamental
p.(None): rights and freedoms of natural persons with regard to the processing of their personal data. Such transfers should be possible
p.(None): only in residual cases where none of the other grounds for transfer are applicable. For scientiﬁc or historical research
p.(None): purposes or statistical purposes, the legitimate expectations of society for an increase of knowledge should be taken into
p.(None): consideration. The controller should inform the supervisory authority and the data subject about the transfer.
p.(None): (114)In any case, where the Commission has taken no decision on the adequate level of data protection in a third country, the
p.(None): controller or processor should make use of solutions that provide data subjects with enforceable and eﬀective rights as
p.(None): regards the processing of their data in the Union once those data have been transferred so that that they will continue to
p.(None): benefit from fundamental rights and safeguards.
p.(None): (115)Some third countries adopt laws, regulations and other legal acts which purport to directly regulate the processing activities of
p.(None): natural and legal persons under the jurisdiction of the Member States. This may include judgments of courts or tribunals or
p.(None): decisions of administrative authorities in third countries requiring a controller or processor to transfer or disclose personal
p.(None): data, and which are not based on an international agreement, such as a mutual legal assistance treaty, in force between the
p.(None): requesting third country and the Union or a Member State. The extraterritorial application of those laws, regulations and other
p.(None): legal acts may be in breach of international law and may impede the attainment of the protection of natural persons ensured in
p.(None): the Union by this Regulation. Transfers should only be allowed where the conditions of this Regulation for a transfer to third
p.(None): countries are met. This may be the case, inter alia, where disclosure is necessary for an important ground of public interest
...

p.(None): same time, supervisory authorities may ﬁnd that they are unable to pursue complaints or conduct investigations relating to the
p.(None): activities outside their borders. Their eﬀorts to work together in the cross-border context may also be hampered by insuﬃcient
p.(None): preventative or remedial powers, inconsistent legal regimes, and practical obstacles like resource constraints. Therefore, there
p.(None): is a need to promote closer cooperation among data protection supervisory authorities to help them exchange information and
p.(None): carry out investigations with their international counterparts. For the purposes of developing international cooperation
p.(None): mechanisms to facilitate and provide international mutual assistance for the enforcement of legislation for the protection of
p.(None): personal data, the Commission and the supervisory authorities should exchange information and cooperate in activities
p.(None): related to the exercise of their powers with competent authorities in third countries, based on reciprocity and in accordance
p.(None): with this Regulation.
p.(None): (117)The establishment of supervisory authorities in Member States, empowered to perform their tasks and exercise their powers
p.(None): with complete independence, is an essential component of the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of
p.(None): their personal data. Member States should be able to establish more than one supervisory authority, to reﬂect their
p.(None): constitutional, organisational and administrative structure.
p.(None): (118)The independence of supervisory authorities should not mean that the supervisory authorities cannot be subject to control or
p.(None): monitoring mechanisms regarding their financial expenditure or to judicial review.
p.(None): (119)Where a Member State establishes several supervisory authorities, it should establish by law mechanisms for ensuring the
p.(None): eﬀective participation of those supervisory authorities in the consistency mechanism. That Member State should in particular
p.(None): designate the supervisory authority which functions as a single contact point for the eﬀective participation of those authorities
p.(None): in the mechanism, to ensure swift and smooth cooperation with other supervisory authorities, the Board and the Commission.
p.(None): (120)Each supervisory authority should be provided with the ﬁnancial and human resources, premises and infrastructure necessary
p.(None): for the eﬀective performance of their tasks, including those related to mutual assistance and cooperation with other
p.(None): supervisory authorities throughout the Union. Each supervisory authority should have a separate, public annual budget, which
p.(None): may be part of the overall state or national budget.
p.(None): (121)The general conditions for the member or members of the supervisory authority should be laid down by law in each
p.(None): Member State and should in particular provide that those members are to be appointed, by means of a transparent procedure,
p.(None): either by the parliament, government or the head of State of the Member State on the basis of a proposal from the
p.(None): government, a member of the government, the parliament or a chamber of the parliament, or by an independent body
p.(None): entrusted under Member State law. In order to ensure the independence of the supervisory authority, the member or
p.(None): members should act with integrity, refrain from any action that is incompatible with their duties and should not, during their
p.(None): term of oﬃce, engage in any incompatible occupation, whether gainful or not. The supervisory authority should have its own
p.(None): staﬀ, chosen by the supervisory authority or an independent body established by Member State law, which should be subject
p.(None): to the exclusive direction of the member or members of the supervisory authority.
p.(None): (122)Each supervisory authority should be competent on the territory of its own Member State to exercise the powers and to
p.(None): perform the tasks conferred on it in accordance with this Regulation. This should cover in particular the processing in the
p.(None): context of the activities of an establishment of the controller or processor on the territory of its own Member State, the
p.(None): processing of personal data carried out by public authorities or private bodies acting in the public interest, processing aﬀecting
p.(None): data subjects on its territory or processing carried out by a controller or processor not established in the Union when targeting
p.(None): data subjects residing on its territory. This should include handling complaints lodged by a data subject, conducting
p.(None): investigations on the application of this Regulation and promoting public awareness of the risks, rules, safeguards and rights
p.(None): in relation to the processing of personal data.
p.(None): (123)The supervisory authorities should monitor the application of the provisions pursuant to this Regulation and contribute to its
p.(None): consistent application throughout the Union, in order to protect natural persons in relation to the processing of their personal
p.(None): data and to facilitate the free ﬂow of personal data within the internal market. For that purpose, the supervisory authorities
p.(None): should cooperate with each other and with the Commission, without the need for any agreement between Member States on
p.(None): the provision of mutual assistance or on such cooperation.
p.(None): (124)Where the processing of personal data takes place in the context of the activities of an establishment of a controller or a
p.(None): processor in the Union and the controller or processor is established in more than one Member State, or where processing
p.(None): taking place in the context of the activities of a single establishment of a controller or processor in the Union substantially
p.(None): aﬀects or is likely to substantially aﬀect data subjects in more than one Member State, the supervisory authority for the main
p.(None): establishment of the controller or processor or for the single establishment of the controller or processor should act as lead
p.(None): authority. It should cooperate with the other authorities concerned, because the controller or processor has an establishment
p.(None): on the territory of their Member State, because data subjects residing on their territory are substantially aﬀected, or because a
p.(None): complaint has been lodged with them. Also where a data subject not residing in that Member State has lodged a complaint,
p.(None): the supervisory authority with which such complaint has been lodged should also be a supervisory authority concerned. Within
p.(None): its tasks to issue guidelines on any question covering the application of this Regulation, the Board should be able to issue
p.(None): guidelines in particular on the criteria to be taken into account in order to ascertain whether the processing in question
p.(None): substantially affects data subjects in more than one Member State and on what constitutes a relevant and reasoned objection.
p.(None): (125)The lead authority should be competent to adopt binding decisions regarding measures applying the powers conferred on it in
p.(None): accordance with this Regulation. In its capacity as lead authority, the supervisory authority should closely involve and
p.(None): coordinate the supervisory authorities concerned in the decision-making process. Where the decision is to reject the
p.(None): complaint by the data subject in whole or in part, that decision should be adopted by the supervisory authority with which the
p.(None): complaint has been lodged.
p.(None): (126)The decision should be agreed jointly by the lead supervisory authority and the supervisory authorities concerned and should
p.(None): be directed towards the main or single establishment of the controller or processor and be binding on the controller and
p.(None): processor. The controller or processor should take the necessary measures to ensure compliance with this Regulation and
p.(None): the implementation of the decision notiﬁed by the lead supervisory authority to the main establishment of the controller or
p.(None): processor as regards the processing activities in the Union.
p.(None): (127)Each supervisory authority not acting as the lead supervisory authority should be competent to handle local cases where the
p.(None): controller or processor is established in more than one Member State, but the subject matter of the speciﬁc processing
p.(None): concerns only processing carried out in a single Member State and involves only data subjects in that single Member State,
p.(None): for example, where the subject matter concerns the processing of employees' personal data in the speciﬁc employment
p.(None): context of a Member State. In such cases, the supervisory authority should inform the lead supervisory authority without delay
p.(None): about the matter. After being informed, the lead supervisory authority should decide, whether it will handle the case pursuant
p.(None): to the provision on cooperation between the lead supervisory authority and other supervisory authorities concerned (‘one-stop-
p.(None): shop mechanism’), or whether the supervisory authority which informed it should handle the case at local level. When deciding
p.(None): whether it will handle the case, the lead supervisory authority should take into account whether there is an establishment of
p.(None): the controller or processor in the Member State of the supervisory authority which informed it in order to ensure eﬀective
p.(None): enforcement of a decision vis-à-vis the controller or processor. Where the lead supervisory authority decides to handle the
p.(None): case, the supervisory authority which informed it should have the possibility to submit a draft for a decision, of which the lead
p.(None): supervisory authority should take utmost account when preparing its draft decision in that one-stop-shop mechanism.
p.(None): (128)The rules on the lead supervisory authority and the one-stop-shop mechanism should not apply where the processing is
p.(None): carried out by public authorities or private bodies in the public interest. In such cases the only supervisory authority competent
p.(None): to exercise the powers conferred to it in accordance with this Regulation should be the supervisory authority of the
p.(None): Member State where the public authority or private body is established.
p.(None): (129)In order to ensure consistent monitoring and enforcement of this Regulation throughout the Union, the supervisory authorities
p.(None): should have in each Member State the same tasks and eﬀective powers, including powers of investigation, corrective powers
p.(None): and sanctions, and authorisation and advisory powers, in particular in cases of complaints from natural persons, and without
p.(None): prejudice to the powers of prosecutorial authorities under Member State law, to bring infringements of this Regulation to the
p.(None): attention of the judicial authorities and engage in legal proceedings. Such powers should also include the power to impose a
p.(None): temporary or deﬁnitive limitation, including a ban, on processing. Member States may specify other tasks related to the
p.(None): protection of personal data under this Regulation. The powers of supervisory authorities should be exercised in accordance
p.(None): with appropriate procedural safeguards set out in Union and Member State law, impartially, fairly and within a reasonable time.
p.(None): In particular each measure should be appropriate, necessary and proportionate in view of ensuring compliance with this
p.(None): Regulation, taking into account the circumstances of each individual case, respect the right of every person to be heard before
p.(None): any individual measure which would aﬀect him or her adversely is taken and avoid superﬂuous costs and excessive
p.(None): inconveniences for the persons concerned. Investigatory powers as regards access to premises should be exercised in
p.(None): accordance with speciﬁc requirements in Member State procedural law, such as the requirement to obtain a prior judicial
p.(None): authorisation. Each legally binding measure of the supervisory authority should be in writing, be clear and unambiguous,
p.(None): indicate the supervisory authority which has issued the measure, the date of issue of the measure, bear the signature of the
p.(None): head, or a member of the supervisory authority authorised by him or her, give the reasons for the measure, and refer to the
p.(None): right of an eﬀective remedy. This should not preclude additional requirements pursuant to Member State procedural law. The
p.(None): adoption of a legally binding decision implies that it may give rise to judicial review in the Member State of the supervisory
p.(None): authority that adopted the decision.
p.(None): (130)Where the supervisory authority with which the complaint has been lodged is not the lead supervisory authority, the lead
p.(None): supervisory authority should closely cooperate with the supervisory authority with which the complaint has been lodged in
p.(None): accordance with the provisions on cooperation and consistency laid down in this Regulation. In such cases, the lead
p.(None): supervisory authority should, when taking measures intended to produce legal eﬀects, including the imposition of
p.(None): administrative ﬁnes, take utmost account of the view of the supervisory authority with which the complaint has been lodged
p.(None): and which should remain competent to carry out any investigation on the territory of its own Member State in liaison with the
p.(None): competent supervisory authority.
p.(None): (131)Where another supervisory authority should act as a lead supervisory authority for the processing activities of the controller or
p.(None): processor but the concrete subject matter of a complaint or the possible infringement concerns only processing activities of
p.(None): the controller or processor in the Member State where the complaint has been lodged or the possible infringement detected
p.(None): and the matter does not substantially aﬀect or is not likely to substantially aﬀect data subjects in other Member States, the
p.(None): supervisory authority receiving a complaint or detecting or being informed otherwise of situations that entail possible
p.(None): infringements of this Regulation should seek an amicable settlement with the controller and, if this proves unsuccessful,
p.(None): exercise its full range of powers. This should include: speciﬁc processing carried out in the territory of the Member State of the
p.(None): supervisory authority or with regard to data subjects on the territory of that Member State; processing that is carried out in the
p.(None): context of an oﬀer of goods or services speciﬁcally aimed at data subjects in the territory of the Member State of the
p.(None): supervisory authority; or processing that has to be assessed taking into account relevant legal obligations under Member State
p.(None): law.
p.(None): (132)Awareness-raising activities by supervisory authorities addressed to the public should include speciﬁc measures directed at
p.(None): controllers and processors, including micro, small and medium-sized enterprises, as well as natural persons in particular in the
p.(None): educational context.
p.(None): (133)The supervisory authorities should assist each other in performing their tasks and provide mutual assistance, so as to ensure
p.(None): the consistent application and enforcement of this Regulation in the internal market. A supervisory authority requesting mutual
p.(None): assistance may adopt a provisional measure if it receives no response to a request for mutual assistance within one month of
p.(None): the receipt of that request by the other supervisory authority.
p.(None): (134)Each supervisory authority should, where appropriate, participate in joint operations with other supervisory authorities. The
p.(None): requested supervisory authority should be obliged to respond to the request within a specified time period.
p.(None): (135)In order to ensure the consistent application of this Regulation throughout the Union, a consistency mechanism for
p.(None): cooperation between the supervisory authorities should be established. That mechanism should in particular apply where a
p.(None): supervisory authority intends to adopt a measure intended to produce legal eﬀects as regards processing operations which
p.(None): substantially aﬀect a signiﬁcant number of data subjects in several Member States. It should also apply where any supervisory
p.(None): authority concerned or the Commission requests that such matter should be handled in the consistency mechanism. That
p.(None): mechanism should be without prejudice to any measures that the Commission may take in the exercise of its powers under
p.(None): the Treaties.
p.(None): (136)In applying the consistency mechanism, the Board should, within a determined period of time, issue an opinion, if a majority of
p.(None): its members so decides or if so requested by any supervisory authority concerned or the Commission. The Board should also
p.(None): be empowered to adopt legally binding decisions where there are disputes between supervisory authorities. For that purpose,
p.(None): it should issue, in principle by a two-thirds majority of its members, legally binding decisions in clearly speciﬁed cases where
p.(None): there are conﬂicting views among supervisory authorities, in particular in the cooperation mechanism between the lead
p.(None): supervisory authority and supervisory authorities concerned on the merits of the case, in particular whether there is an
p.(None): infringement of this Regulation.
p.(None): (137)There may be an urgent need to act in order to protect the rights and freedoms of data subjects, in particular when the danger
p.(None): exists that the enforcement of a right of a data subject could be considerably impeded. A supervisory authority should
p.(None): therefore be able to adopt duly justiﬁed provisional measures on its territory with a speciﬁed period of validity which should not
p.(None): exceed three months.
p.(None): (138)The application of such mechanism should be a condition for the lawfulness of a measure intended to produce legal eﬀects by
p.(None): a supervisory authority in those cases where its application is mandatory. In other cases of cross-border relevance, the
p.(None): cooperation mechanism between the lead supervisory authority and supervisory authorities concerned should be applied and
p.(None): mutual assistance and joint operations might be carried out between the supervisory authorities concerned on a bilateral or
p.(None): multilateral basis without triggering the consistency mechanism.
p.(None): (139)In order to promote the consistent application of this Regulation, the Board should be set up as an independent body of the
p.(None): Union. To fulﬁl its objectives, the Board should have legal personality. The Board should be represented by its Chair. It should
p.(None): replace the Working Party on the Protection of Individuals with Regard to the Processing of Personal Data established by
p.(None): Directive 95/46/EC. It should consist of the head of a supervisory authority of each Member State and the European Data
p.(None): Protection Supervisor or their respective representatives. The Commission should participate in the Board's activities without
p.(None): voting rights and the European Data Protection Supervisor should have speciﬁc voting rights. The Board should contribute to
p.(None): the consistent application of this Regulation throughout the Union, including by advising the Commission, in particular on the
p.(None): level of protection in third countries or international organisations, and promoting cooperation of the supervisory authorities
p.(None): throughout the Union. The Board should act independently when performing its tasks.
p.(None): (140)The Board should be assisted by a secretariat provided by the European Data Protection Supervisor. The staﬀ of the
p.(None): European Data Protection Supervisor involved in carrying out the tasks conferred on the Board by this Regulation should
p.(None): perform its tasks exclusively under the instructions of, and report to, the Chair of the Board.
p.(None): (141)Every data subject should have the right to lodge a complaint with a single supervisory authority, in particular in the
p.(None): Member State of his or her habitual residence, and the right to an eﬀective judicial remedy in accordance with Article 47 of the
p.(None): Charter if the data subject considers that his or her rights under this Regulation are infringed or where the supervisory
p.(None): authority does not act on a complaint, partially or wholly rejects or dismisses a complaint or does not act where such action is
p.(None): necessary to protect the rights of the data subject. The investigation following a complaint should be carried out, subject to
p.(None): judicial review, to the extent that is appropriate in the speciﬁc case. The supervisory authority should inform the data subject
p.(None): of the progress and the outcome of the complaint within a reasonable period. If the case requires further investigation or
p.(None): coordination with another supervisory authority, intermediate information should be given to the data subject. In order to
p.(None): facilitate the submission of complaints, each supervisory authority should take measures such as providing a complaint
p.(None): submission form which can also be completed electronically, without excluding other means of communication.
p.(None): (142)Where a data subject considers that his or her rights under this Regulation are infringed, he or she should have the right to
p.(None): mandate a not-for-proﬁt body, organisation or association which is constituted in accordance with the law of a Member State,
p.(None): has statutory objectives which are in the public interest and is active in the ﬁeld of the protection of personal data to lodge a
p.(None): complaint on his or her behalf with a supervisory authority, exercise the right to a judicial remedy on behalf of data subjects or,
p.(None): if provided for in Member State law, exercise the right to receive compensation on behalf of data subjects. A Member State
p.(None): may provide for such a body, organisation or association to have the right to lodge a complaint in that Member State,
p.(None): independently of a data subject's mandate, and the right to an eﬀective judicial remedy where it has reasons to consider that
p.(None): the rights of a data subject have been infringed as a result of the processing of personal data which infringes this Regulation.
p.(None): That body, organisation or association may not be allowed to claim compensation on a data subject's behalf independently of
p.(None): the data subject's mandate.
p.(None): (143)Any natural or legal person has the right to bring an action for annulment of decisions of the Board before the Court of Justice
p.(None): under the conditions provided for in Article 263 TFEU. As addressees of such decisions, the supervisory authorities concerned
p.(None): which wish to challenge them have to bring action within two months of being notiﬁed of them, in accordance with Article 263
p.(None): TFEU. Where decisions of the Board are of direct and individual concern to a controller, processor or complainant, the latter
p.(None): may bring an action for annulment against those decisions within two months of their publication on the website of the Board,
p.(None): in accordance with Article 263 TFEU. Without prejudice to this right under Article 263 TFEU, each natural or legal person
p.(None): should have an eﬀective judicial remedy before the competent national court against a decision of a supervisory authority
p.(None): which produces legal eﬀects concerning that person. Such a decision concerns in particular the exercise of investigative,
p.(None): corrective and authorisation powers by the supervisory authority or the dismissal or rejection of complaints. However, the right
p.(None): to an eﬀective judicial remedy does not encompass measures taken by supervisory authorities which are not legally binding,
p.(None): such as opinions issued by or advice provided by the supervisory authority. Proceedings against a supervisory authority
p.(None): should be brought before the courts of the Member State where the supervisory authority is established and should be
p.(None): conducted in accordance with that Member State's procedural law. Those courts should exercise full jurisdiction, which should
p.(None): include jurisdiction to examine all questions of fact and law relevant to the dispute before them.
p.(None): Where a complaint has been rejected or dismissed by a supervisory authority, the complainant may bring proceedings before
p.(None): the courts in the same Member State. In the context of judicial remedies relating to the application of this Regulation, national
p.(None): courts which consider a decision on the question necessary to enable them to give judgment, may, or in the case provided for
p.(None): in Article 267 TFEU, must, request the Court of Justice to give a preliminary ruling on the interpretation of Union law, including
p.(None): this Regulation. Furthermore, where a decision of a supervisory authority implementing a decision of the Board is challenged
p.(None): before a national court and the validity of the decision of the Board is at issue, that national court does not have the power to
p.(None): declare the Board's decision invalid but must refer the question of validity to the Court of Justice in accordance with
p.(None): Article 267 TFEU as interpreted by the Court of Justice, where it considers the decision invalid. However, a national court may
p.(None): not refer a question on the validity of the decision of the Board at the request of a natural or legal person which had the
p.(None): opportunity to bring an action for annulment of that decision, in particular if it was directly and individually concerned by that
p.(None): decision, but had not done so within the period laid down in Article 263 TFEU.
p.(None): (144)Where a court seized of proceedings against a decision by a supervisory authority has reason to believe that proceedings
p.(None): concerning the same processing, such as the same subject matter as regards processing by the same controller or processor,
p.(None): or the same cause of action, are brought before a competent court in another Member State, it should contact that court in
p.(None): order to conﬁrm the existence of such related proceedings. If related proceedings are pending before a court in another
p.(None): Member State, any court other than the court ﬁrst seized may stay its proceedings or may, on request of one of the parties,
p.(None): decline jurisdiction in favour of the court ﬁrst seized if that court has jurisdiction over the proceedings in question and its law
p.(None): permits the consolidation of such related proceedings. Proceedings are deemed to be related where they are so closely
p.(None): connected that it is expedient to hear and determine them together in order to avoid the risk of irreconcilable judgments
p.(None): resulting from separate proceedings.
p.(None): (145)For proceedings against a controller or processor, the plaintiﬀ should have the choice to bring the action before the courts of
p.(None): the Member States where the controller or processor has an establishment or where the data subject resides, unless the
p.(None): controller is a public authority of a Member State acting in the exercise of its public powers.
p.(None): (146)The controller or processor should compensate any damage which a person may suﬀer as a result of processing that infringes
p.(None): this Regulation. The controller or processor should be exempt from liability if it proves that it is not in any way responsible for
p.(None): the damage. The concept of damage should be broadly interpreted in the light of the case-law of the Court of Justice in a
p.(None): manner which fully reﬂects the objectives of this Regulation. This is without prejudice to any claims for damage deriving from
p.(None): the violation of other rules in Union or Member State law. Processing that infringes this Regulation also includes processing
p.(None): that infringes delegated and implementing acts adopted in accordance with this Regulation and Member State law specifying
p.(None): rules of this Regulation. Data subjects should receive full and eﬀective compensation for the damage they have suﬀered.
p.(None): Where controllers or processors are involved in the same processing, each controller or processor should be held liable for
p.(None): the entire damage. However, where they are joined to the same judicial proceedings, in accordance with Member State law,
p.(None): compensation may be apportioned according to the responsibility of each controller or processor for the damage caused by
p.(None): the processing, provided that full and eﬀective compensation of the data subject who suﬀered the damage is ensured. Any
p.(None): controller or processor which has paid full compensation may subsequently institute recourse proceedings against other
p.(None): controllers or processors involved in the same processing.
p.(None): (147)Where speciﬁc rules on jurisdiction are contained in this Regulation, in particular as regards proceedings seeking a judicial
p.(None): remedy including compensation, against a controller or processor, general jurisdiction rules such as those of Regulation (EU)
p.(None): No 1215/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council (13) should not prejudice the application of such specific rules.
p.(None): (148)In order to strengthen the enforcement of the rules of this Regulation, penalties including administrative ﬁnes should be
p.(None): imposed for any infringement of this Regulation, in addition to, or instead of appropriate measures imposed by the supervisory
p.(None): authority pursuant to this Regulation. In a case of a minor infringement or if the ﬁne likely to be imposed would constitute a
p.(None): disproportionate burden to a natural person, a reprimand may be issued instead of a ﬁne. Due regard should however be
p.(None): given to the nature, gravity and duration of the infringement, the intentional character of the infringement, actions taken to
p.(None): mitigate the damage suﬀered, degree of responsibility or any relevant previous infringements, the manner in which the
p.(None): infringement became known to the supervisory authority, compliance with measures ordered against the controller or
p.(None): processor, adherence to a code of conduct and any other aggravating or mitigating factor. The imposition of penalties
p.(None): including administrative ﬁnes should be subject to appropriate procedural safeguards in accordance with the general
p.(None): principles of Union law and the Charter, including effective judicial protection and due process.
p.(None): (149)Member States should be able to lay down the rules on criminal penalties for infringements of this Regulation, including for
p.(None): infringements of national rules adopted pursuant to and within the limits of this Regulation. Those criminal penalties may also
p.(None): allow for the deprivation of the proﬁts obtained through infringements of this Regulation. However, the imposition of criminal
p.(None): penalties for infringements of such national rules and of administrative penalties should not lead to a breach of the principle of
p.(None): ne bis in idem, as interpreted by the Court of Justice.
p.(None): (150)In order to strengthen and harmonise administrative penalties for infringements of this Regulation, each supervisory authority
p.(None): should have the power to impose administrative ﬁnes. This Regulation should indicate infringements and the upper limit and
p.(None): criteria for setting the related administrative ﬁnes, which should be determined by the competent supervisory authority in each
p.(None): individual case, taking into account all relevant circumstances of the speciﬁc situation, with due regard in particular to the
p.(None): nature, gravity and duration of the infringement and of its consequences and the measures taken to ensure compliance with
p.(None): the obligations under this Regulation and to prevent or mitigate the consequences of the infringement. Where administrative
p.(None): ﬁnes are imposed on an undertaking, an undertaking should be understood to be an undertaking in accordance with
p.(None): Articles 101 and 102 TFEU for those purposes. Where administrative ﬁnes are imposed on persons that are not an
p.(None): undertaking, the supervisory authority should take account of the general level of income in the Member State as well as the
p.(None): economic situation of the person in considering the appropriate amount of the ﬁne. The consistency mechanism may also be
p.(None): used to promote a consistent application of administrative ﬁnes. It should be for the Member States to determine whether and
p.(None): to which extent public authorities should be subject to administrative ﬁnes. Imposing an administrative ﬁne or giving a warning
p.(None): does not affect the application of other powers of the supervisory authorities or of other penalties under this Regulation.
p.(None): (151)The legal systems of Denmark and Estonia do not allow for administrative ﬁnes as set out in this Regulation. The rules on
p.(None): administrative ﬁnes may be applied in such a manner that in Denmark the ﬁne is imposed by competent national courts as a
p.(None): criminal penalty and in Estonia the ﬁne is imposed by the supervisory authority in the framework of a misdemeanour
p.(None): procedure, provided that such an application of the rules in those Member States has an equivalent eﬀect to administrative
p.(None): ﬁnes imposed by supervisory authorities. Therefore the competent national courts should take into account the
p.(None): recommendation by the supervisory authority initiating the ﬁne. In any event, the ﬁnes imposed should be eﬀective,
p.(None): proportionate and dissuasive.
p.(None): (152)Where this Regulation does not harmonise administrative penalties or where necessary in other cases, for example in cases
p.(None): of serious infringements of this Regulation, Member States should implement a system which provides for eﬀective,
p.(None): proportionate and dissuasive penalties. The nature of such penalties, criminal or administrative, should be determined by
p.(None): Member State law.
p.(None): (153)Member States law should reconcile the rules governing freedom of expression and information, including journalistic,
p.(None): academic, artistic and or literary expression with the right to the protection of personal data pursuant to this Regulation. The
p.(None): processing of personal data solely for journalistic purposes, or for the purposes of academic, artistic or literary expression
p.(None): should be subject to derogations or exemptions from certain provisions of this Regulation if necessary to reconcile the right to
p.(None): the protection of personal data with the right to freedom of expression and information, as enshrined in Article 11 of the
p.(None): Charter. This should apply in particular to the processing of personal data in the audiovisual ﬁeld and in news archives and
p.(None): press libraries. Therefore, Member States should adopt legislative measures which lay down the exemptions and derogations
p.(None): necessary for the purpose of balancing those fundamental rights. Member States should adopt such exemptions and
p.(None): derogations on general principles, the rights of the data subject, the controller and the processor, the transfer of personal data
p.(None): to third countries or international organisations, the independent supervisory authorities, cooperation and consistency, and
p.(None): speciﬁc data-processing situations. Where such exemptions or derogations diﬀer from one Member State to another, the law
p.(None): of the Member State to which the controller is subject should apply. In order to take account of the importance of the right to
p.(None): freedom of expression in every democratic society, it is necessary to interpret notions relating to that freedom, such as
p.(None): journalism, broadly.
p.(None): (154)This Regulation allows the principle of public access to oﬃcial documents to be taken into account when applying this
p.(None): Regulation. Public access to oﬃcial documents may be considered to be in the public interest. Personal data in documents
p.(None): held by a public authority or a public body should be able to be publicly disclosed by that authority or body if the disclosure is
p.(None): provided for by Union or Member State law to which the public authority or public body is subject. Such laws should reconcile
p.(None): public access to oﬃcial documents and the reuse of public sector information with the right to the protection of personal data
p.(None): and may therefore provide for the necessary reconciliation with the right to the protection of personal data pursuant to this
p.(None): Regulation. The reference to public authorities and bodies should in that context include all authorities or other bodies covered
p.(None): by Member State law on public access to documents. Directive 2003/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (14)
p.(None): leaves intact and in no way aﬀects the level of protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data
p.(None): under the provisions of Union and Member State law, and in particular does not alter the obligations and rights set out in this
p.(None): Regulation. In particular, that Directive should not apply to documents to which access is excluded or restricted by virtue of
p.(None): the access regimes on the grounds of protection of personal data, and parts of documents accessible by virtue of those
p.(None): regimes which contain personal data the re-use of which has been provided for by law as being incompatible with the law
...

p.(None): (2) ‘processing’ means any operation or set of operations which is performed on personal data or on sets of personal data,
p.(None): whether or not by automated means, such as collection, recording, organisation, structuring, storage, adaptation or alteration,
p.(None): retrieval, consultation, use, disclosure by transmission, dissemination or otherwise making available, alignment or
p.(None): combination, restriction, erasure or destruction;
p.(None): (3) ‘restriction of processing’ means the marking of stored personal data with the aim of limiting their processing in the future;
p.(None): (4) ‘proﬁling’ means any form of automated processing of personal data consisting of the use of personal data to evaluate certain
p.(None): personal aspects relating to a natural person, in particular to analyse or predict aspects concerning that natural person's
p.(None): performance at work, economic situation, health, personal preferences, interests, reliability, behaviour, location or movements;
p.(None): (5) ‘pseudonymisation’ means the processing of personal data in such a manner that the personal data can no longer be
p.(None): attributed to a speciﬁc data subject without the use of additional information, provided that such additional information is kept
p.(None): separately and is subject to technical and organisational measures to ensure that the personal data are not attributed to an
p.(None): identified or identifiable natural person;
p.(None): (6) ‘ﬁling system’ means any structured set of personal data which are accessible according to speciﬁc criteria, whether
p.(None): centralised, decentralised or dispersed on a functional or geographical basis;
p.(None): (7) ‘controller’ means the natural or legal person, public authority, agency or other body which, alone or jointly with others,
p.(None): determines the purposes and means of the processing of personal data; where the purposes and means of such processing
p.(None): are determined by Union or Member State law, the controller or the speciﬁc criteria for its nomination may be provided for by
p.(None): Union or Member State law;
p.(None): (8) ‘processor’ means a natural or legal person, public authority, agency or other body which processes personal data on behalf of
p.(None): the controller;
p.(None): (9) ‘recipient’ means a natural or legal person, public authority, agency or another body, to which the personal data are disclosed,
p.(None): whether a third party or not. However, public authorities which may receive personal data in the framework of a particular
p.(None): inquiry in accordance with Union or Member State law shall not be regarded as recipients; the processing of those data by
p.(None): those public authorities shall be in compliance with the applicable data protection rules according to the purposes of the
p.(None): processing;
p.(None): (10) ‘third party’ means a natural or legal person, public authority, agency or body other than the data subject, controller, processor
p.(None): and persons who, under the direct authority of the controller or processor, are authorised to process personal data;
p.(None): (11) ‘consent’ of the data subject means any freely given, speciﬁc, informed and unambiguous indication of the data subject's
p.(None): wishes by which he or she, by a statement or by a clear aﬃrmative action, signiﬁes agreement to the processing of personal
p.(None): data relating to him or her;
p.(None): (12) ‘personal data breach’ means a breach of security leading to the accidental or unlawful destruction, loss, alteration,
p.(None): unauthorised disclosure of, or access to, personal data transmitted, stored or otherwise processed;
p.(None): (13) ‘genetic data’ means personal data relating to the inherited or acquired genetic characteristics of a natural person which give
p.(None): unique information about the physiology or the health of that natural person and which result, in particular, from an analysis of
p.(None): a biological sample from the natural person in question;
p.(None): (14) ‘biometric data’ means personal data resulting from speciﬁc technical processing relating to the physical, physiological or
p.(None): behavioural characteristics of a natural person, which allow or conﬁrm the unique identiﬁcation of that natural person, such as
p.(None): facial images or dactyloscopic data;
p.(None): (15) ‘data concerning health’ means personal data related to the physical or mental health of a natural person, including the
p.(None): provision of health care services, which reveal information about his or her health status;
p.(None): (16) ‘main establishment’ means:
p.(None): (a) as regards a controller with establishments in more than one Member State, the place of its central administration in the
...

p.(None): establishment;
p.(None): (b) as regards a processor with establishments in more than one Member State, the place of its central administration in the
p.(None): Union, or, if the processor has no central administration in the Union, the establishment of the processor in the Union
p.(None): where the main processing activities in the context of the activities of an establishment of the processor take place to the
p.(None): extent that the processor is subject to specific obligations under this Regulation;
p.(None): (17) ‘representative’ means a natural or legal person established in the Union who, designated by the controller or processor in
p.(None): writing pursuant to Article 27, represents the controller or processor with regard to their respective obligations under this
p.(None): Regulation;
p.(None): (18) ‘enterprise’ means a natural or legal person engaged in an economic activity, irrespective of its legal form, including
p.(None): partnerships or associations regularly engaged in an economic activity;
p.(None): (19) ‘group of undertakings’ means a controlling undertaking and its controlled undertakings;
p.(None): (20) ‘binding corporate rules’ means personal data protection policies which are adhered to by a controller or processor
p.(None): established on the territory of a Member State for transfers or a set of transfers of personal data to a controller or processor in
p.(None): one or more third countries within a group of undertakings, or group of enterprises engaged in a joint economic activity;
p.(None): (21) ‘supervisory authority’ means an independent public authority which is established by a Member State pursuant to Article 51;
p.(None): (22) ‘supervisory authority concerned’ means a supervisory authority which is concerned by the processing of personal data
p.(None): because:
p.(None): (a) the controller or processor is established on the territory of the Member State of that supervisory authority;
p.(None): (b) data subjects residing in the Member State of that supervisory authority are substantially aﬀected or likely to be
p.(None): substantially affected by the processing; or
p.(None): (c) a complaint has been lodged with that supervisory authority;
p.(None): (23) ‘cross-border processing’ means either:
p.(None): (a) processing of personal data which takes place in the context of the activities of establishments in more than one
p.(None): Member State of a controller or processor in the Union where the controller or processor is established in more than one
p.(None): Member State; or
p.(None): (b) processing of personal data which takes place in the context of the activities of a single establishment of a controller or
p.(None): processor in the Union but which substantially aﬀects or is likely to substantially aﬀect data subjects in more than one
p.(None): Member State.
p.(None): (24) ‘relevant and reasoned objection’ means an objection to a draft decision as to whether there is an infringement of this
p.(None): Regulation, or whether envisaged action in relation to the controller or processor complies with this Regulation, which clearly
p.(None): demonstrates the signiﬁcance of the risks posed by the draft decision as regards the fundamental rights and freedoms of data
p.(None): subjects and, where applicable, the free flow of personal data within the Union;
p.(None): (25) ‘information society service’ means a service as deﬁned in point (b) of Article 1(1) of Directive (EU) 2015/1535 of the
p.(None): European Parliament and of the Council (19);
p.(None): (26) ‘international organisation’ means an organisation and its subordinate bodies governed by public international law, or any
p.(None): other body which is set up by, or on the basis of, an agreement between two or more countries.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): CHAPTER II
p.(None): Principles
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 5
...

p.(None): accordance with Article 89(1) subject to implementation of the appropriate technical and organisational measures required by
p.(None): this Regulation in order to safeguard the rights and freedoms of the data subject (‘storage limitation’);
p.(None): (f) processed in a manner that ensures appropriate security of the personal data, including protection against unauthorised or
p.(None): unlawful processing and against accidental loss, destruction or damage, using appropriate technical or organisational
p.(None): measures (‘integrity and confidentiality’).
p.(None): 2. The controller shall be responsible for, and be able to demonstrate compliance with, paragraph 1 (‘accountability’).
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 6
p.(None): Lawfulness of processing
p.(None): 1. Processing shall be lawful only if and to the extent that at least one of the following applies:
p.(None): (a) the data subject has given consent to the processing of his or her personal data for one or more specific purposes;
p.(None): (b) processing is necessary for the performance of a contract to which the data subject is party or in order to take steps at the
p.(None): request of the data subject prior to entering into a contract;
p.(None): (c) processing is necessary for compliance with a legal obligation to which the controller is subject;
p.(None): (d) processing is necessary in order to protect the vital interests of the data subject or of another natural person;
p.(None): (e) processing is necessary for the performance of a task carried out in the public interest or in the exercise of oﬃcial authority
p.(None): vested in the controller;
p.(None): (f) processing is necessary for the purposes of the legitimate interests pursued by the controller or by a third party, except where
p.(None): such interests are overridden by the interests or fundamental rights and freedoms of the data subject which require protection
p.(None): of personal data, in particular where the data subject is a child.
p.(None): Point (f) of the first subparagraph shall not apply to processing carried out by public authorities in the performance of their tasks.
p.(None): 2. Member States may maintain or introduce more speciﬁc provisions to adapt the application of the rules of this Regulation with
p.(None): regard to processing for compliance with points (c) and (e) of paragraph 1 by determining more precisely speciﬁc requirements for
p.(None): the processing and other measures to ensure lawful and fair processing including for other speciﬁc processing situations as
p.(None): provided for in Chapter IX.
p.(None): 3. The basis for the processing referred to in point (c) and (e) of paragraph 1 shall be laid down by:
p.(None): (a) Union law; or
p.(None): (b) Member State law to which the controller is subject.
p.(None): The purpose of the processing shall be determined in that legal basis or, as regards the processing referred to in point (e) of
p.(None): paragraph 1, shall be necessary for the performance of a task carried out in the public interest or in the exercise of oﬃcial authority
p.(None): vested in the controller. That legal basis may contain speciﬁc provisions to adapt the application of rules of this Regulation, inter
p.(None): alia: the general conditions governing the lawfulness of processing by the controller; the types of data which are subject to the
p.(None): processing; the data subjects concerned; the entities to, and the purposes for which, the personal data may be disclosed; the
p.(None): purpose limitation; storage periods; and processing operations and processing procedures, including measures to ensure lawful
p.(None): and fair processing such as those for other speciﬁc processing situations as provided for in Chapter IX. The Union or the
p.(None): Member State law shall meet an objective of public interest and be proportionate to the legitimate aim pursued.
p.(None): 4. Where the processing for a purpose other than that for which the personal data have been collected is not based on the data
p.(None): subject's consent or on a Union or Member State law which constitutes a necessary and proportionate measure in a democratic
p.(None): society to safeguard the objectives referred to in Article 23(1), the controller shall, in order to ascertain whether processing for
p.(None): another purpose is compatible with the purpose for which the personal data are initially collected, take into account, inter alia:
p.(None): (a) any link between the purposes for which the personal data have been collected and the purposes of the intended further
p.(None): processing;
p.(None): (b) the context in which the personal data have been collected, in particular regarding the relationship between data subjects and
p.(None): the controller;
...

p.(None): (j) processing is necessary for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientiﬁc or historical research purposes or statistical
p.(None): purposes in accordance with Article 89(1) based on Union or Member State law which shall be proportionate to the aim
p.(None): pursued, respect the essence of the right to data protection and provide for suitable and speciﬁc measures to safeguard the
p.(None): fundamental rights and the interests of the data subject.
p.(None): 3. Personal data referred to in paragraph 1 may be processed for the purposes referred to in point (h) of paragraph 2 when those
p.(None): data are processed by or under the responsibility of a professional subject to the obligation of professional secrecy under Union or
p.(None): Member State law or rules established by national competent bodies or by another person also subject to an obligation of secrecy
p.(None): under Union or Member State law or rules established by national competent bodies.
p.(None): 4. Member States may maintain or introduce further conditions, including limitations, with regard to the processing of genetic data,
p.(None): biometric data or data concerning health.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 10
p.(None): Processing of personal data relating to criminal convictions and offences
p.(None): Processing of personal data relating to criminal convictions and oﬀences or related security measures based on Article 6(1) shall be
p.(None): carried out only under the control of oﬃcial authority or when the processing is authorised by Union or Member State law providing
p.(None): for appropriate safeguards for the rights and freedoms of data subjects. Any comprehensive register of criminal convictions shall be
p.(None): kept only under the control of official authority.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 11
p.(None): Processing which does not require identification
p.(None): 1. If the purposes for which a controller processes personal data do not or do no longer require the identiﬁcation of a data subject
p.(None): by the controller, the controller shall not be obliged to maintain, acquire or process additional information in order to identify the
p.(None): data subject for the sole purpose of complying with this Regulation.
p.(None): 2. Where, in cases referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article, the controller is able to demonstrate that it is not in a position to
p.(None): identify the data subject, the controller shall inform the data subject accordingly, if possible. In such cases, Articles 15 to 20 shall
p.(None): not apply except where the data subject, for the purpose of exercising his or her rights under those articles, provides additional
p.(None): information enabling his or her identification.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): CHAPTER III
p.(None): Rights of the data subject
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Section 1
p.(None): Transparency and modalities
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 12
p.(None): Transparent information, communication and modalities for the exercise of the rights of the data subject
p.(None): 1. The controller shall take appropriate measures to provide any information referred to in Articles 13 and 14 and any
p.(None): communication under Articles 15 to 22 and 34 relating to processing to the data subject in a concise, transparent, intelligible and
p.(None): easily accessible form, using clear and plain language, in particular for any information addressed speciﬁcally to a child. The
p.(None): information shall be provided in writing, or by other means, including, where appropriate, by electronic means. When requested by
p.(None): the data subject, the information may be provided orally, provided that the identity of the data subject is proven by other means.
p.(None): 2. The controller shall facilitate the exercise of data subject rights under Articles 15 to 22. In the cases referred to in Article 11(2),
p.(None): the controller shall not refuse to act on the request of the data subject for exercising his or her rights under Articles 15 to 22, unless
p.(None): the controller demonstrates that it is not in a position to identify the data subject.
p.(None): 3. The controller shall provide information on action taken on a request under Articles 15 to 22 to the data subject without undue
p.(None): delay and in any event within one month of receipt of the request. That period may be extended by two further months where
p.(None): necessary, taking into account the complexity and number of the requests. The controller shall inform the data subject of any such
p.(None): extension within one month of receipt of the request, together with the reasons for the delay. Where the data subject makes the
p.(None): request by electronic form means, the information shall be provided by electronic means where possible, unless otherwise
p.(None): requested by the data subject.
p.(None): 4. If the controller does not take action on the request of the data subject, the controller shall inform the data subject without delay
p.(None): and at the latest within one month of receipt of the request of the reasons for not taking action and on the possibility of lodging a
p.(None): complaint with a supervisory authority and seeking a judicial remedy.
p.(None): 5. Information provided under Articles 13 and 14 and any communication and any actions taken under Articles 15 to 22 and 34
p.(None): shall be provided free of charge. Where requests from a data subject are manifestly unfounded or excessive, in particular because
p.(None): of their repetitive character, the controller may either:
p.(None): (a) charge a reasonable fee taking into account the administrative costs of providing the information or communication or taking
p.(None): the action requested; or
p.(None): (b) refuse to act on the request.
p.(None): The controller shall bear the burden of demonstrating the manifestly unfounded or excessive character of the request.
p.(None): 6. Without prejudice to Article 11, where the controller has reasonable doubts concerning the identity of the natural person making
p.(None): the request referred to in Articles 15 to 21, the controller may request the provision of additional information necessary to conﬁrm
p.(None): the identity of the data subject.
p.(None): 7. The information to be provided to data subjects pursuant to Articles 13 and 14 may be provided in combination with
p.(None): standardised icons in order to give in an easily visible, intelligible and clearly legible manner a meaningful overview of the intended
p.(None): processing. Where the icons are presented electronically they shall be machine-readable.
p.(None): 8. The Commission shall be empowered to adopt delegated acts in accordance with Article 92 for the purpose of determining the
p.(None): information to be presented by the icons and the procedures for providing standardised icons.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Section 2
p.(None): Information and access to personal data
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 13
p.(None): Information to be provided where personal data are collected from the data subject
...

p.(None): (e) the recipients or categories of recipients of the personal data, if any;
p.(None): (f) where applicable, the fact that the controller intends to transfer personal data to a third country or international organisation
p.(None): and the existence or absence of an adequacy decision by the Commission, or in the case of transfers referred to in Article 46
p.(None): or 47, or the second subparagraph of Article 49(1), reference to the appropriate or suitable safeguards and the means by
p.(None): which to obtain a copy of them or where they have been made available.
p.(None): 2. In addition to the information referred to in paragraph 1, the controller shall, at the time when personal data are obtained,
p.(None): provide the data subject with the following further information necessary to ensure fair and transparent processing:
p.(None): (a) the period for which the personal data will be stored, or if that is not possible, the criteria used to determine that period;
p.(None): (b) the existence of the right to request from the controller access to and rectiﬁcation or erasure of personal data or restriction of
p.(None): processing concerning the data subject or to object to processing as well as the right to data portability;
p.(None): (c) where the processing is based on point (a) of Article 6(1) or point (a) of Article 9(2), the existence of the right to withdraw
p.(None): consent at any time, without affecting the lawfulness of processing based on consent before its withdrawal;
p.(None): (d) the right to lodge a complaint with a supervisory authority;
p.(None): (e) whether the provision of personal data is a statutory or contractual requirement, or a requirement necessary to enter into a
p.(None): contract, as well as whether the data subject is obliged to provide the personal data and of the possible consequences of
p.(None): failure to provide such data;
p.(None): (f) the existence of automated decision-making, including proﬁling, referred to in Article 22(1) and (4) and, at least in those
p.(None): cases, meaningful information about the logic involved, as well as the signiﬁcance and the envisaged consequences of such
p.(None): processing for the data subject.
p.(None): 3. Where the controller intends to further process the personal data for a purpose other than that for which the personal data were
p.(None): collected, the controller shall provide the data subject prior to that further processing with information on that other purpose and with
p.(None): any relevant further information as referred to in paragraph 2.
p.(None): 4. Paragraphs 1, 2 and 3 shall not apply where and insofar as the data subject already has the information.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 14
p.(None): Information to be provided where personal data have not been obtained from the data subject
p.(None): 1. Where personal data have not been obtained from the data subject, the controller shall provide the data subject with the
p.(None): following information:
p.(None): (a) the identity and the contact details of the controller and, where applicable, of the controller's representative;
p.(None): (b) the contact details of the data protection officer, where applicable;
p.(None): (c) the purposes of the processing for which the personal data are intended as well as the legal basis for the processing;
p.(None): (d) the categories of personal data concerned;
...

p.(None): (f) where applicable, that the controller intends to transfer personal data to a recipient in a third country or international
p.(None): organisation and the existence or absence of an adequacy decision by the Commission, or in the case of transfers referred to
p.(None): in Article 46 or 47, or the second subparagraph of Article 49(1), reference to the appropriate or suitable safeguards and the
p.(None): means to obtain a copy of them or where they have been made available.
p.(None): 2. In addition to the information referred to in paragraph 1, the controller shall provide the data subject with the following
p.(None): information necessary to ensure fair and transparent processing in respect of the data subject:
p.(None): (a) the period for which the personal data will be stored, or if that is not possible, the criteria used to determine that period;
p.(None): (b) where the processing is based on point (f) of Article 6(1), the legitimate interests pursued by the controller or by a third party;
p.(None): (c) the existence of the right to request from the controller access to and rectiﬁcation or erasure of personal data or restriction of
p.(None): processing concerning the data subject and to object to processing as well as the right to data portability;
p.(None): (d) where processing is based on point (a) of Article 6(1) or point (a) of Article 9(2), the existence of the right to withdraw consent
p.(None): at any time, without affecting the lawfulness of processing based on consent before its withdrawal;
p.(None): (e) the right to lodge a complaint with a supervisory authority;
p.(None): (f) from which source the personal data originate, and if applicable, whether it came from publicly accessible sources;
p.(None): (g) the existence of automated decision-making, including proﬁling, referred to in Article 22(1) and (4) and, at least in those
p.(None): cases, meaningful information about the logic involved, as well as the signiﬁcance and the envisaged consequences of such
p.(None): processing for the data subject.
p.(None): 3. The controller shall provide the information referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2:
p.(None): (a) within a reasonable period after obtaining the personal data, but at the latest within one month, having regard to the speciﬁc
p.(None): circumstances in which the personal data are processed;
p.(None): (b) if the personal data are to be used for communication with the data subject, at the latest at the time of the ﬁrst communication
p.(None): to that data subject; or
p.(None): (c) if a disclosure to another recipient is envisaged, at the latest when the personal data are first disclosed.
p.(None): 4. Where the controller intends to further process the personal data for a purpose other than that for which the personal data were
p.(None): obtained, the controller shall provide the data subject prior to that further processing with information on that other purpose and with
p.(None): any relevant further information as referred to in paragraph 2.
p.(None): 5. Paragraphs 1 to 4 shall not apply where and insofar as:
p.(None): (a) the data subject already has the information;
p.(None): (b) the provision of such information proves impossible or would involve a disproportionate eﬀort, in particular for processing for
p.(None): archiving purposes in the public interest, scientiﬁc or historical research purposes or statistical purposes, subject to the
...

p.(None): (c) obtaining or disclosure is expressly laid down by Union or Member State law to which the controller is subject and which
p.(None): provides appropriate measures to protect the data subject's legitimate interests; or
p.(None): (d) where the personal data must remain conﬁdential subject to an obligation of professional secrecy regulated by Union or
p.(None): Member State law, including a statutory obligation of secrecy.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 15
p.(None): Right of access by the data subject
p.(None): 1. The data subject shall have the right to obtain from the controller conﬁrmation as to whether or not personal data concerning
p.(None): him or her are being processed, and, where that is the case, access to the personal data and the following information:
p.(None): (a) the purposes of the processing;
p.(None): (b) the categories of personal data concerned;
p.(None): (c) the recipients or categories of recipient to whom the personal data have been or will be disclosed, in particular recipients in
p.(None): third countries or international organisations;
p.(None): (d) where possible, the envisaged period for which the personal data will be stored, or, if not possible, the criteria used to
p.(None): determine that period;
p.(None): (e) the existence of the right to request from the controller rectiﬁcation or erasure of personal data or restriction of processing of
p.(None): personal data concerning the data subject or to object to such processing;
p.(None): (f) the right to lodge a complaint with a supervisory authority;
p.(None): (g) where the personal data are not collected from the data subject, any available information as to their source;
p.(None): (h) the existence of automated decision-making, including proﬁling, referred to in Article 22(1) and (4) and, at least in those
p.(None): cases, meaningful information about the logic involved, as well as the signiﬁcance and the envisaged consequences of such
p.(None): processing for the data subject.
p.(None): 2. Where personal data are transferred to a third country or to an international organisation, the data subject shall have the right
p.(None): to be informed of the appropriate safeguards pursuant to Article 46 relating to the transfer.
p.(None): 3. The controller shall provide a copy of the personal data undergoing processing. For any further copies requested by the data
p.(None): subject, the controller may charge a reasonable fee based on administrative costs. Where the data subject makes the request by
p.(None): electronic means, and unless otherwise requested by the data subject, the information shall be provided in a commonly used
p.(None): electronic form.
p.(None): 4. The right to obtain a copy referred to in paragraph 3 shall not adversely affect the rights and freedoms of others.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Section 3
p.(None): Rectification and erasure
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 16
p.(None): Right to rectification
p.(None): The data subject shall have the right to obtain from the controller without undue delay the rectiﬁcation of inaccurate personal data
p.(None): concerning him or her. Taking into account the purposes of the processing, the data subject shall have the right to have incomplete
p.(None): personal data completed, including by means of providing a supplementary statement.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 17
p.(None): Right to erasure (‘right to be forgotten’)
...

p.(None): Article 9(2), and where there is no other legal ground for the processing;
p.(None): (c) the data subject objects to the processing pursuant to Article 21(1) and there are no overriding legitimate grounds for the
p.(None): processing, or the data subject objects to the processing pursuant to Article 21(2);
p.(None): (d) the personal data have been unlawfully processed;
p.(None): (e) the personal data have to be erased for compliance with a legal obligation in Union or Member State law to which the
p.(None): controller is subject;
p.(None): (f) the personal data have been collected in relation to the offer of information society services referred to in Article 8(1).
p.(None): 2. Where the controller has made the personal data public and is obliged pursuant to paragraph 1 to erase the personal data, the
p.(None): controller, taking account of available technology and the cost of implementation, shall take reasonable steps, including technical
p.(None): measures, to inform controllers which are processing the personal data that the data subject has requested the erasure by such
p.(None): controllers of any links to, or copy or replication of, those personal data.
p.(None): 3. Paragraphs 1 and 2 shall not apply to the extent that processing is necessary:
p.(None): (a) for exercising the right of freedom of expression and information;
p.(None): (b) for compliance with a legal obligation which requires processing by Union or Member State law to which the controller is
p.(None): subject or for the performance of a task carried out in the public interest or in the exercise of oﬃcial authority vested in the
p.(None): controller;
p.(None): (c) for reasons of public interest in the area of public health in accordance with points (h) and (i) of Article 9(2) as well as Article
p.(None): 9(3);
p.(None): (d) for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientiﬁc or historical research purposes or statistical purposes in accordance
p.(None): with Article 89(1) in so far as the right referred to in paragraph 1 is likely to render impossible or seriously impair the
p.(None): achievement of the objectives of that processing; or
p.(None): (e) for the establishment, exercise or defence of legal claims.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 18
p.(None): Right to restriction of processing
p.(None): 1. The data subject shall have the right to obtain from the controller restriction of processing where one of the following applies:
p.(None): (a) the accuracy of the personal data is contested by the data subject, for a period enabling the controller to verify the accuracy of
p.(None): the personal data;
p.(None): (b) the processing is unlawful and the data subject opposes the erasure of the personal data and requests the restriction of their
p.(None): use instead;
p.(None): (c) the controller no longer needs the personal data for the purposes of the processing, but they are required by the data subject
p.(None): for the establishment, exercise or defence of legal claims;
p.(None): (d) the data subject has objected to processing pursuant to Article 21(1) pending the veriﬁcation whether the legitimate grounds
p.(None): of the controller override those of the data subject.
p.(None): 2. Where processing has been restricted under paragraph 1, such personal data shall, with the exception of storage, only be
...

p.(None):
p.(None): Article 19
p.(None): Notification obligation regarding rectification or erasure of personal data or restriction of processing
p.(None): The controller shall communicate any rectiﬁcation or erasure of personal data or restriction of processing carried out in accordance
p.(None): with Article 16, Article 17(1) and Article 18 to each recipient to whom the personal data have been disclosed, unless this proves
p.(None): impossible or involves disproportionate eﬀort. The controller shall inform the data subject about those recipients if the data subject
p.(None): requests it.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 20
p.(None): Right to data portability
p.(None): 1. The data subject shall have the right to receive the personal data concerning him or her, which he or she has provided to a
p.(None): controller, in a structured, commonly used and machine-readable format and have the right to transmit those data to another
p.(None): controller without hindrance from the controller to which the personal data have been provided, where:
p.(None): (a) the processing is based on consent pursuant to point (a) of Article 6(1) or point (a) of Article 9(2) or on a contract pursuant to
p.(None): point (b) of Article 6(1); and
p.(None): (b) the processing is carried out by automated means.
p.(None): 2. In exercising his or her right to data portability pursuant to paragraph 1, the data subject shall have the right to have the
p.(None): personal data transmitted directly from one controller to another, where technically feasible.
p.(None): 3. The exercise of the right referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article shall be without prejudice to Article 17. That right shall not
p.(None): apply to processing necessary for the performance of a task carried out in the public interest or in the exercise of oﬃcial authority
p.(None): vested in the controller.
p.(None): 4. The right referred to in paragraph 1 shall not adversely affect the rights and freedoms of others.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Section 4
p.(None): Right to object and automated individual decision-making
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 21
p.(None): Right to object
p.(None): 1. The data subject shall have the right to object, on grounds relating to his or her particular situation, at any time to processing of
p.(None): personal data concerning him or her which is based on point (e) or (f) of Article 6(1), including proﬁling based on those provisions.
p.(None): The controller shall no longer process the personal data unless the controller demonstrates compelling legitimate grounds for the
p.(None): processing which override the interests, rights and freedoms of the data subject or for the establishment, exercise or defence of
p.(None): legal claims.
p.(None): 2. Where personal data are processed for direct marketing purposes, the data subject shall have the right to object at any time to
p.(None): processing of personal data concerning him or her for such marketing, which includes proﬁling to the extent that it is related to such
p.(None): direct marketing.
p.(None): 3. Where the data subject objects to processing for direct marketing purposes, the personal data shall no longer be processed for
p.(None): such purposes.
p.(None): 4. At the latest at the time of the ﬁrst communication with the data subject, the right referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2 shall be
p.(None): explicitly brought to the attention of the data subject and shall be presented clearly and separately from any other information.
p.(None): 5. In the context of the use of information society services, and notwithstanding Directive 2002/58/EC, the data subject may
p.(None): exercise his or her right to object by automated means using technical specifications.
...

p.(None): 1. Union or Member State law to which the data controller or processor is subject may restrict by way of a legislative measure the
p.(None): scope of the obligations and rights provided for in Articles 12 to 22 and Article 34, as well as Article 5 in so far as its provisions
p.(None): correspond to the rights and obligations provided for in Articles 12 to 22, when such a restriction respects the essence of the
p.(None): fundamental rights and freedoms and is a necessary and proportionate measure in a democratic society to safeguard:
p.(None): (a) national security;
p.(None): (b) defence;
p.(None): (c) public security;
p.(None): (d) the prevention, investigation, detection or prosecution of criminal oﬀences or the execution of criminal penalties, including the
p.(None): safeguarding against and the prevention of threats to public security;
p.(None): (e) other important objectives of general public interest of the Union or of a Member State, in particular an important economic or
p.(None): ﬁnancial interest of the Union or of a Member State, including monetary, budgetary and taxation a matters, public health and
p.(None): social security;
p.(None): (f) the protection of judicial independence and judicial proceedings;
p.(None): (g) the prevention, investigation, detection and prosecution of breaches of ethics for regulated professions;
p.(None): (h) a monitoring, inspection or regulatory function connected, even occasionally, to the exercise of oﬃcial authority in the cases
p.(None): referred to in points (a) to (e) and (g);
p.(None): (i) the protection of the data subject or the rights and freedoms of others;
p.(None): (j) the enforcement of civil law claims.
p.(None): 2. In particular, any legislative measure referred to in paragraph 1 shall contain specific provisions at least, where relevant, as to:
p.(None): (a) the purposes of the processing or categories of processing;
p.(None): (b) the categories of personal data;
p.(None): (c) the scope of the restrictions introduced;
p.(None): (d) the safeguards to prevent abuse or unlawful access or transfer;
p.(None): (e) the specification of the controller or categories of controllers;
p.(None): (f) the storage periods and the applicable safeguards taking into account the nature, scope and purposes of the processing or
p.(None): categories of processing;
p.(None): (g) the risks to the rights and freedoms of data subjects; and
p.(None): (h) the right of data subjects to be informed about the restriction, unless that may be prejudicial to the purpose of the restriction.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): CHAPTER IV
p.(None): Controller and processor
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Section 1
p.(None): General obligations
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 24
p.(None): Responsibility of the controller
p.(None): 1. Taking into account the nature, scope, context and purposes of processing as well as the risks of varying likelihood and severity
p.(None): for the rights and freedoms of natural persons, the controller shall implement appropriate technical and organisational measures to
...

p.(None): in Articles 13 and 14, by means of an arrangement between them unless, and in so far as, the respective responsibilities of the
p.(None): controllers are determined by Union or Member State law to which the controllers are subject. The arrangement may designate a
p.(None): contact point for data subjects.
p.(None): 2. The arrangement referred to in paragraph 1 shall duly reﬂect the respective roles and relationships of the joint controllersvis-à-
p.(None): vis the data subjects. The essence of the arrangement shall be made available to the data subject.
p.(None): 3. Irrespective of the terms of the arrangement referred to in paragraph 1, the data subject may exercise his or her rights under
p.(None): this Regulation in respect of and against each of the controllers.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 27
p.(None): Representatives of controllers or processors not established in the Union
p.(None): 1. Where Article 3(2) applies, the controller or the processor shall designate in writing a representative in the Union.
p.(None): 2. The obligation laid down in paragraph 1 of this Article shall not apply to:
p.(None): (a) processing which is occasional, does not include, on a large scale, processing of special categories of data as referred to in
p.(None): Article 9(1) or processing of personal data relating to criminal convictions and oﬀences referred to in Article 10, and is unlikely
p.(None): to result in a risk to the rights and freedoms of natural persons, taking into account the nature, context, scope and purposes of
p.(None): the processing; or
p.(None): (b) a public authority or body.
p.(None): 3. The representative shall be established in one of the Member States where the data subjects, whose personal data are
p.(None): processed in relation to the offering of goods or services to them, or whose behaviour is monitored, are.
p.(None): 4. The representative shall be mandated by the controller or processor to be addressed in addition to or instead of the controller or
p.(None): the processor by, in particular, supervisory authorities and data subjects, on all issues related to processing, for the purposes of
p.(None): ensuring compliance with this Regulation.
p.(None): 5. The designation of a representative by the controller or processor shall be without prejudice to legal actions which could be
p.(None): initiated against the controller or the processor themselves.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 28
p.(None): Processor
p.(None): 1. Where processing is to be carried out on behalf of a controller, the controller shall use only processors providing suﬃcient
p.(None): guarantees to implement appropriate technical and organisational measures in such a manner that processing will meet the
p.(None): requirements of this Regulation and ensure the protection of the rights of the data subject.
p.(None): 2. The processor shall not engage another processor without prior speciﬁc or general written authorisation of the controller. In the
p.(None): case of general written authorisation, the processor shall inform the controller of any intended changes concerning the addition or
p.(None): replacement of other processors, thereby giving the controller the opportunity to object to such changes.
p.(None): 3. Processing by a processor shall be governed by a contract or other legal act under Union or Member State law, that is binding
...

p.(None): same data protection obligations as set out in the contract or other legal act between the controller and the processor as referred to
p.(None): in paragraph 3 shall be imposed on that other processor by way of a contract or other legal act under Union or Member State law, in
p.(None): particular providing suﬃcient guarantees to implement appropriate technical and organisational measures in such a manner that the
p.(None): processing will meet the requirements of this Regulation. Where that other processor fails to fulﬁl its data protection obligations, the
p.(None): initial processor shall remain fully liable to the controller for the performance of that other processor's obligations.
p.(None): 5. Adherence of a processor to an approved code of conduct as referred to in Article 40 or an approved certiﬁcation mechanism as
p.(None): referred to in Article 42 may be used as an element by which to demonstrate suﬃcient guarantees as referred to in paragraphs 1
p.(None): and 4 of this Article.
p.(None): 6. Without prejudice to an individual contract between the controller and the processor, the contract or the other legal act referred
p.(None): to in paragraphs 3 and 4 of this Article may be based, in whole or in part, on standard contractual clauses referred to in
p.(None): paragraphs 7 and 8 of this Article, including when they are part of a certiﬁcation granted to the controller or processor pursuant to
p.(None): Articles 42 and 43.
p.(None): 7. The Commission may lay down standard contractual clauses for the matters referred to in paragraph 3 and 4 of this Article and
p.(None): in accordance with the examination procedure referred to in Article 93(2).
p.(None): 8. A supervisory authority may adopt standard contractual clauses for the matters referred to in paragraph 3 and 4 of this Article
p.(None): and in accordance with the consistency mechanism referred to in Article 63.
p.(None): 9. The contract or the other legal act referred to in paragraphs 3 and 4 shall be in writing, including in electronic form.
p.(None): 10. Without prejudice to Articles 82, 83 and 84, if a processor infringes this Regulation by determining the purposes and means of
p.(None): processing, the processor shall be considered to be a controller in respect of that processing.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 29
p.(None): Processing under the authority of the controller or processor
p.(None): The processor and any person acting under the authority of the controller or of the processor, who has access to personal data,
p.(None): shall not process those data except on instructions from the controller, unless required to do so by Union or Member State law.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 30
p.(None): Records of processing activities
p.(None): 1. Each controller and, where applicable, the controller's representative, shall maintain a record of processing activities under its
p.(None): responsibility. That record shall contain all of the following information:
p.(None): (a) the name and contact details of the controller and, where applicable, the joint controller, the controller's representative and the
p.(None): data protection officer;
p.(None): (b) the purposes of the processing;
p.(None): (c) a description of the categories of data subjects and of the categories of personal data;
p.(None): (d) the categories of recipients to whom the personal data have been or will be disclosed including recipients in third countries or
p.(None): international organisations;
p.(None): (e) where applicable, transfers of personal data to a third country or an international organisation, including the identiﬁcation of
p.(None): that third country or international organisation and, in the case of transfers referred to in the second subparagraph of
p.(None): Article 49(1), the documentation of suitable safeguards;
p.(None): (f) where possible, the envisaged time limits for erasure of the different categories of data;
p.(None): (g) where possible, a general description of the technical and organisational security measures referred to in Article 32(1).
p.(None): 2. Each processor and, where applicable, the processor's representative shall maintain a record of all categories of processing
p.(None): activities carried out on behalf of a controller, containing:
p.(None): (a) the name and contact details of the processor or processors and of each controller on behalf of which the processor is acting,
p.(None): and, where applicable, of the controller's or the processor's representative, and the data protection officer;
p.(None): (b) the categories of processing carried out on behalf of each controller;
p.(None): (c) where applicable, transfers of personal data to a third country or an international organisation, including the identiﬁcation of
p.(None): that third country or international organisation and, in the case of transfers referred to in the second subparagraph of
p.(None): Article 49(1), the documentation of suitable safeguards;
p.(None): (d) where possible, a general description of the technical and organisational security measures referred to in Article 32(1).
p.(None): 3. The records referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2 shall be in writing, including in electronic form.
p.(None): 4. The controller or the processor and, where applicable, the controller's or the processor's representative, shall make the record
p.(None): available to the supervisory authority on request.
p.(None): 5. The obligations referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2 shall not apply to an enterprise or an organisation employing fewer than 250
p.(None): persons unless the processing it carries out is likely to result in a risk to the rights and freedoms of data subjects, the processing is
p.(None): not occasional, or the processing includes special categories of data as referred to in Article 9(1) or personal data relating to
p.(None): criminal convictions and offences referred to in Article 10.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 31
p.(None): Cooperation with the supervisory authority
p.(None): The controller and the processor and, where applicable, their representatives, shall cooperate, on request, with the supervisory
p.(None): authority in the performance of its tasks.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Section 2
p.(None): Security of personal data
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 32
p.(None): Security of processing
p.(None): 1. Taking into account the state of the art, the costs of implementation and the nature, scope, context and purposes of processing
p.(None): as well as the risk of varying likelihood and severity for the rights and freedoms of natural persons, the controller and the processor
p.(None): shall implement appropriate technical and organisational measures to ensure a level of security appropriate to the risk, including
p.(None): inter alia as appropriate:
p.(None): (a) the pseudonymisation and encryption of personal data;
p.(None): (b) the ability to ensure the ongoing confidentiality, integrity, availability and resilience of processing systems and services;
p.(None): (c) the ability to restore the availability and access to personal data in a timely manner in the event of a physical or technical
p.(None): incident;
p.(None): (d) a process for regularly testing, assessing and evaluating the eﬀectiveness of technical and organisational measures for
p.(None): ensuring the security of the processing.
p.(None): 2. In assessing the appropriate level of security account shall be taken in particular of the risks that are presented by processing,
p.(None): in particular from accidental or unlawful destruction, loss, alteration, unauthorised disclosure of, or access to personal data
p.(None): transmitted, stored or otherwise processed.
p.(None): 3. Adherence to an approved code of conduct as referred to in Article 40 or an approved certiﬁcation mechanism as referred to in
p.(None): Article 42 may be used as an element by which to demonstrate compliance with the requirements set out in paragraph 1 of this
p.(None): Article.
p.(None): 4. The controller and processor shall take steps to ensure that any natural person acting under the authority of the controller or the
p.(None): processor who has access to personal data does not process them except on instructions from the controller, unless he or she is
p.(None): required to do so by Union or Member State law.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 33
p.(None): Notification of a personal data breach to the supervisory authority
p.(None): 1. In the case of a personal data breach, the controller shall without undue delay and, where feasible, not later than 72 hours after
p.(None): having become aware of it, notify the personal data breach to the supervisory authority competent in accordance with Article 55,
p.(None): unless the personal data breach is unlikely to result in a risk to the rights and freedoms of natural persons. Where the notiﬁcation to
p.(None): the supervisory authority is not made within 72 hours, it shall be accompanied by reasons for the delay.
p.(None): 2. The processor shall notify the controller without undue delay after becoming aware of a personal data breach.
p.(None): 3. The notification referred to in paragraph 1 shall at least:
p.(None): (a) describe the nature of the personal data breach including where possible, the categories and approximate number of data
p.(None): subjects concerned and the categories and approximate number of personal data records concerned;
p.(None): (b) communicate the name and contact details of the data protection oﬃcer or other contact point where more information can be
p.(None): obtained;
p.(None): (c) describe the likely consequences of the personal data breach;
p.(None): (d) describe the measures taken or proposed to be taken by the controller to address the personal data breach, including, where
p.(None): appropriate, measures to mitigate its possible adverse effects.
p.(None): 4. Where, and in so far as, it is not possible to provide the information at the same time, the information may be provided in
p.(None): phases without undue further delay.
p.(None): 5. The controller shall document any personal data breaches, comprising the facts relating to the personal data breach, its eﬀects
p.(None): and the remedial action taken. That documentation shall enable the supervisory authority to verify compliance with this Article.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 34
p.(None): Communication of a personal data breach to the data subject
p.(None): 1. When the personal data breach is likely to result in a high risk to the rights and freedoms of natural persons, the controller shall
p.(None): communicate the personal data breach to the data subject without undue delay.
p.(None): 2. The communication to the data subject referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article shall describe in clear and plain language the
p.(None): nature of the personal data breach and contain at least the information and measures referred to in points (b), (c) and (d) of
p.(None): Article 33(3).
p.(None): 3. The communication to the data subject referred to in paragraph 1 shall not be required if any of the following conditions are met:
p.(None): (a) the controller has implemented appropriate technical and organisational protection measures, and those measures were
p.(None): applied to the personal data aﬀected by the personal data breach, in particular those that render the personal data
p.(None): unintelligible to any person who is not authorised to access it, such as encryption;
p.(None): (b) the controller has taken subsequent measures which ensure that the high risk to the rights and freedoms of data subjects
p.(None): referred to in paragraph 1 is no longer likely to materialise;
p.(None): (c) it would involve disproportionate eﬀort. In such a case, there shall instead be a public communication or similar measure
p.(None): whereby the data subjects are informed in an equally effective manner.
p.(None): 4. If the controller has not already communicated the personal data breach to the data subject, the supervisory authority, having
p.(None): considered the likelihood of the personal data breach resulting in a high risk, may require it to do so or may decide that any of the
p.(None): conditions referred to in paragraph 3 are met.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Section 3
p.(None): Data protection impact assessment and prior consultation
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 35
p.(None): Data protection impact assessment
p.(None): 1. Where a type of processing in particular using new technologies, and taking into account the nature, scope, context and
p.(None): purposes of the processing, is likely to result in a high risk to the rights and freedoms of natural persons, the controller shall, prior to
p.(None): the processing, carry out an assessment of the impact of the envisaged processing operations on the protection of personal data. A
p.(None): single assessment may address a set of similar processing operations that present similar high risks.
p.(None): 2. The controller shall seek the advice of the data protection oﬃcer, where designated, when carrying out a data protection impact
p.(None): assessment.
p.(None): 3. A data protection impact assessment referred to in paragraph 1 shall in particular be required in the case of:
p.(None): (a) a systematic and extensive evaluation of personal aspects relating to natural persons which is based on automated
p.(None): processing, including proﬁling, and on which decisions are based that produce legal eﬀects concerning the natural person or
p.(None): similarly significantly affect the natural person;
p.(None): (b) processing on a large scale of special categories of data referred to in Article 9(1), or of personal data relating to criminal
p.(None): convictions and offences referred to in Article 10; or
p.(None): (c) a systematic monitoring of a publicly accessible area on a large scale.
p.(None): 4. The supervisory authority shall establish and make public a list of the kind of processing operations which are subject to the
p.(None): requirement for a data protection impact assessment pursuant to paragraph 1. The supervisory authority shall communicate those
p.(None): lists to the Board referred to in Article 68.
p.(None): 5. The supervisory authority may also establish and make public a list of the kind of processing operations for which no data
p.(None): protection impact assessment is required. The supervisory authority shall communicate those lists to the Board.
p.(None): 6. Prior to the adoption of the lists referred to in paragraphs 4 and 5, the competent supervisory authority shall apply the
p.(None): consistency mechanism referred to in Article 63 where such lists involve processing activities which are related to the oﬀering of
p.(None): goods or services to data subjects or to the monitoring of their behaviour in several Member States, or may substantially aﬀect the
p.(None): free movement of personal data within the Union.
p.(None): 7. The assessment shall contain at least:
p.(None): (a) a systematic description of the envisaged processing operations and the purposes of the processing, including, where
p.(None): applicable, the legitimate interest pursued by the controller;
p.(None): (b) an assessment of the necessity and proportionality of the processing operations in relation to the purposes;
p.(None): (c) an assessment of the risks to the rights and freedoms of data subjects referred to in paragraph 1; and
p.(None): (d) the measures envisaged to address the risks, including safeguards, security measures and mechanisms to ensure the
p.(None): protection of personal data and to demonstrate compliance with this Regulation taking into account the rights and legitimate
p.(None): interests of data subjects and other persons concerned.
p.(None): 8. Compliance with approved codes of conduct referred to in Article 40 by the relevant controllers or processors shall be taken into
p.(None): due account in assessing the impact of the processing operations performed by such controllers or processors, in particular for the
p.(None): purposes of a data protection impact assessment.
p.(None): 9. Where appropriate, the controller shall seek the views of data subjects or their representatives on the intended processing,
p.(None): without prejudice to the protection of commercial or public interests or the security of processing operations.
p.(None): 10. Where processing pursuant to point (c) or (e) of Article 6(1) has a legal basis in Union law or in the law of the Member State to
p.(None): which the controller is subject, that law regulates the speciﬁc processing operation or set of operations in question, and a data
p.(None): protection impact assessment has already been carried out as part of a general impact assessment in the context of the adoption
p.(None): of that legal basis, paragraphs 1 to 7 shall not apply unless Member States deem it to be necessary to carry out such an
p.(None): assessment prior to processing activities.
p.(None): 11. Where necessary, the controller shall carry out a review to assess if processing is performed in accordance with the data
p.(None): protection impact assessment at least when there is a change of the risk represented by processing operations.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 36
p.(None): Prior consultation
p.(None): 1. The controller shall consult the supervisory authority prior to processing where a data protection impact assessment under
p.(None): Article 35 indicates that the processing would result in a high risk in the absence of measures taken by the controller to mitigate the
p.(None): risk.
p.(None): 2. Where the supervisory authority is of the opinion that the intended processing referred to in paragraph 1 would infringe this
p.(None): Regulation, in particular where the controller has insuﬃciently identiﬁed or mitigated the risk, the supervisory authority shall, within
p.(None): period of up to eight weeks of receipt of the request for consultation, provide written advice to the controller and, where applicable
p.(None): to the processor, and may use any of its powers referred to in Article 58. That period may be extended by six weeks, taking into
p.(None): account the complexity of the intended processing. The supervisory authority shall inform the controller and, where applicable, the
p.(None): processor, of any such extension within one month of receipt of the request for consultation together with the reasons for the delay.
p.(None): Those periods may be suspended until the supervisory authority has obtained information it has requested for the purposes of the
p.(None): consultation.
p.(None): 3. When consulting the supervisory authority pursuant to paragraph 1, the controller shall provide the supervisory authority with:
p.(None): (a) where applicable, the respective responsibilities of the controller, joint controllers and processors involved in the processing,
p.(None): in particular for processing within a group of undertakings;
p.(None): (b) the purposes and means of the intended processing;
p.(None): (c) the measures and safeguards provided to protect the rights and freedoms of data subjects pursuant to this Regulation;
p.(None): (d) where applicable, the contact details of the data protection officer;
p.(None): (e) the data protection impact assessment provided for in Article 35; and
p.(None): (f) any other information requested by the supervisory authority.
p.(None): 4. Member States shall consult the supervisory authority during the preparation of a proposal for a legislative measure to be
p.(None): adopted by a national parliament, or of a regulatory measure based on such a legislative measure, which relates to processing.
p.(None): 5. Notwithstanding paragraph 1, Member State law may require controllers to consult with, and obtain prior authorisation from, the
p.(None): supervisory authority in relation to processing by a controller for the performance of a task carried out by the controller in the public
p.(None): interest, including processing in relation to social protection and public health.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Section 4
p.(None): Data protection officer
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 37
p.(None): Designation of the data protection officer
p.(None): 1. The controller and the processor shall designate a data protection officer in any case where:
p.(None): (a) the processing is carried out by a public authority or body, except for courts acting in their judicial capacity;
p.(None): (b) the core activities of the controller or the processor consist of processing operations which, by virtue of their nature, their
p.(None): scope and/or their purposes, require regular and systematic monitoring of data subjects on a large scale; or
p.(None): (c) the core activities of the controller or the processor consist of processing on a large scale of special categories of data
p.(None): pursuant to Article 9 and personal data relating to criminal convictions and offences referred to in Article 10.
p.(None): 2. A group of undertakings may appoint a single data protection oﬃcer provided that a data protection oﬃcer is easily accessible
p.(None): from each establishment.
p.(None): 3. Where the controller or the processor is a public authority or body, a single data protection oﬃcer may be designated for
p.(None): several such authorities or bodies, taking account of their organisational structure and size.
p.(None): 4. In cases other than those referred to in paragraph 1, the controller or processor or associations and other bodies representing
p.(None): categories of controllers or processors may or, where required by Union or Member State law shall, designate a data protection
p.(None): officer. The data protection officer may act for such associations and other bodies representing controllers or processors.
p.(None): 5. The data protection oﬃcer shall be designated on the basis of professional qualities and, in particular, expert knowledge of data
p.(None): protection law and practices and the ability to fulfil the tasks referred to in Article 39.
p.(None): 6. The data protection oﬃcer may be a staﬀ member of the controller or processor, or fulﬁl the tasks on the basis of a service
p.(None): contract.
p.(None): 7. The controller or the processor shall publish the contact details of the data protection oﬃcer and communicate them to the
p.(None): supervisory authority.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 38
p.(None): Position of the data protection officer
p.(None): 1. The controller and the processor shall ensure that the data protection oﬃcer is involved, properly and in a timely manner, in all
p.(None): issues which relate to the protection of personal data.
p.(None): 2. The controller and processor shall support the data protection oﬃcer in performing the tasks referred to in Article 39 by
p.(None): providing resources necessary to carry out those tasks and access to personal data and processing operations, and to maintain his
p.(None): or her expert knowledge.
p.(None): 3. The controller and processor shall ensure that the data protection oﬃcer does not receive any instructions regarding the
p.(None): exercise of those tasks. He or she shall not be dismissed or penalised by the controller or the processor for performing his tasks.
p.(None): The data protection officer shall directly report to the highest management level of the controller or the processor.
p.(None): 4. Data subjects may contact the data protection oﬃcer with regard to all issues related to processing of their personal data and to
p.(None): the exercise of their rights under this Regulation.
...

p.(None): 6. The data protection oﬃcer may fulﬁl other tasks and duties. The controller or processor shall ensure that any such tasks and
p.(None): duties do not result in a conflict of interests.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 39
p.(None): Tasks of the data protection officer
p.(None): 1. The data protection officer shall have at least the following tasks:
p.(None): (a) to inform and advise the controller or the processor and the employees who carry out processing of their obligations pursuant
p.(None): to this Regulation and to other Union or Member State data protection provisions;
p.(None): (b) to monitor compliance with this Regulation, with other Union or Member State data protection provisions and with the policies
p.(None): of the controller or processor in relation to the protection of personal data, including the assignment of responsibilities,
p.(None): awareness-raising and training of staff involved in processing operations, and the related audits;
p.(None): (c) to provide advice where requested as regards the data protection impact assessment and monitor its performance pursuant to
p.(None): Article 35;
p.(None): (d) to cooperate with the supervisory authority;
p.(None): (e) to act as the contact point for the supervisory authority on issues relating to processing, including the prior consultation
p.(None): referred to in Article 36, and to consult, where appropriate, with regard to any other matter.
p.(None): 2. The data protection oﬃcer shall in the performance of his or her tasks have due regard to the risk associated with processing
p.(None): operations, taking into account the nature, scope, context and purposes of processing.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Section 5
p.(None): Codes of conduct and certification
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 40
p.(None): Codes of conduct
p.(None): 1. The Member States, the supervisory authorities, the Board and the Commission shall encourage the drawing up of codes of
p.(None): conduct intended to contribute to the proper application of this Regulation, taking account of the speciﬁc features of the various
p.(None): processing sectors and the specific needs of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises.
p.(None): 2. Associations and other bodies representing categories of controllers or processors may prepare codes of conduct, or amend or
p.(None): extend such codes, for the purpose of specifying the application of this Regulation, such as with regard to:
p.(None): (a) fair and transparent processing;
p.(None): (b) the legitimate interests pursued by controllers in specific contexts;
p.(None): (c) the collection of personal data;
p.(None): (d) the pseudonymisation of personal data;
p.(None): (e) the information provided to the public and to data subjects;
p.(None): (f) the exercise of the rights of data subjects;
...

p.(None): data subjects;
p.(None): (j) the transfer of personal data to third countries or international organisations; or
p.(None): (k) out-of-court proceedings and other dispute resolution procedures for resolving disputes between controllers and data subjects
p.(None): with regard to processing, without prejudice to the rights of data subjects pursuant to Articles 77 and 79.
p.(None): 3. In addition to adherence by controllers or processors subject to this Regulation, codes of conduct approved pursuant to
p.(None): paragraph 5 of this Article and having general validity pursuant to paragraph 9 of this Article may also be adhered to by controllers
p.(None): or processors that are not subject to this Regulation pursuant to Article 3 in order to provide appropriate safeguards within the
p.(None): framework of personal data transfers to third countries or international organisations under the terms referred to in point (e) of
p.(None): Article 46(2). Such controllers or processors shall make binding and enforceable commitments, via contractual or other legally
p.(None): binding instruments, to apply those appropriate safeguards including with regard to the rights of data subjects.
p.(None): 4. A code of conduct referred to in paragraph 2 of this Article shall contain mechanisms which enable the body referred to in
p.(None): Article 41(1) to carry out the mandatory monitoring of compliance with its provisions by the controllers or processors which
p.(None): undertake to apply it, without prejudice to the tasks and powers of supervisory authorities competent pursuant to Article 55 or 56.
p.(None): 5. Associations and other bodies referred to in paragraph 2 of this Article which intend to prepare a code of conduct or to amend or
p.(None): extend an existing code shall submit the draft code, amendment or extension to the supervisory authority which is competent
p.(None): pursuant to Article 55. The supervisory authority shall provide an opinion on whether the draft code, amendment or extension
p.(None): complies with this Regulation and shall approve that draft code, amendment or extension if it ﬁnds that it provides suﬃcient
p.(None): appropriate safeguards.
p.(None): 6. Where the draft code, or amendment or extension is approved in accordance with paragraph 5, and where the code of conduct
p.(None): concerned does not relate to processing activities in several Member States, the supervisory authority shall register and publish the
p.(None): code.
p.(None): 7. Where a draft code of conduct relates to processing activities in several Member States, the supervisory authority which is
p.(None): competent pursuant to Article 55 shall, before approving the draft code, amendment or extension, submit it in the procedure
p.(None): referred to in Article 63 to the Board which shall provide an opinion on whether the draft code, amendment or extension complies
p.(None): with this Regulation or, in the situation referred to in paragraph 3 of this Article, provides appropriate safeguards.
p.(None): 8. Where the opinion referred to in paragraph 7 conﬁrms that the draft code, amendment or extension complies with this
p.(None): Regulation, or, in the situation referred to in paragraph 3, provides appropriate safeguards, the Board shall submit its opinion to the
p.(None): Commission.
p.(None): 9. The Commission may, by way of implementing acts, decide that the approved code of conduct, amendment or extension
p.(None): submitted to it pursuant to paragraph 8 of this Article have general validity within the Union. Those implementing acts shall be
p.(None): adopted in accordance with the examination procedure set out in Article 93(2).
p.(None): 10. The Commission shall ensure appropriate publicity for the approved codes which have been decided as having general validity
p.(None): in accordance with paragraph 9.
p.(None): 11. The Board shall collate all approved codes of conduct, amendments and extensions in a register and shall make them publicly
p.(None): available by way of appropriate means.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 41
p.(None): Monitoring of approved codes of conduct
p.(None): 1. Without prejudice to the tasks and powers of the competent supervisory authority under Articles 57 and 58, the monitoring of
p.(None): compliance with a code of conduct pursuant to Article 40 may be carried out by a body which has an appropriate level of expertise
p.(None): in relation to the subject-matter of the code and is accredited for that purpose by the competent supervisory authority.
p.(None): 2. A body as referred to in paragraph 1 may be accredited to monitor compliance with a code of conduct where that body has:
p.(None): (a) demonstrated its independence and expertise in relation to the subject-matter of the code to the satisfaction of the competent
p.(None): supervisory authority;
p.(None): (b) established procedures which allow it to assess the eligibility of controllers and processors concerned to apply the code, to
p.(None): monitor their compliance with its provisions and to periodically review its operation;
p.(None): (c) established procedures and structures to handle complaints about infringements of the code or the manner in which the code
p.(None): has been, or is being, implemented by a controller or processor, and to make those procedures and structures transparent to
p.(None): data subjects and the public; and
p.(None): (d) demonstrated to the satisfaction of the competent supervisory authority that its tasks and duties do not result in a conﬂict of
p.(None): interests.
p.(None): 3. The competent supervisory authority shall submit the draft criteria for accreditation of a body as referred to in paragraph 1 of this
p.(None): Article to the Board pursuant to the consistency mechanism referred to in Article 63.
p.(None): 4. Without prejudice to the tasks and powers of the competent supervisory authority and the provisions of Chapter VIII, a body as
p.(None): referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article shall, subject to appropriate safeguards, take appropriate action in cases of infringement of
p.(None): the code by a controller or processor, including suspension or exclusion of the controller or processor concerned from the code. It
p.(None): shall inform the competent supervisory authority of such actions and the reasons for taking them.
p.(None): 5. The competent supervisory authority shall revoke the accreditation of a body as referred to in paragraph 1 if the conditions for
p.(None): accreditation are not, or are no longer, met or where actions taken by the body infringe this Regulation.
p.(None): 6. This Article shall not apply to processing carried out by public authorities and bodies.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 42
p.(None): Certification
p.(None): 1. The Member States, the supervisory authorities, the Board and the Commission shall encourage, in particular at Union level,
p.(None): the establishment of data protection certiﬁcation mechanisms and of data protection seals and marks, for the purpose of
p.(None): demonstrating compliance with this Regulation of processing operations by controllers and processors. The speciﬁc needs of micro,
p.(None): small and medium-sized enterprises shall be taken into account.
p.(None): 2. In addition to adherence by controllers or processors subject to this Regulation, data protection certiﬁcation mechanisms, seals
p.(None): or marks approved pursuant to paragraph 5 of this Article may be established for the purpose of demonstrating the existence of
p.(None): appropriate safeguards provided by controllers or processors that are not subject to this Regulation pursuant to Article 3 within the
p.(None): framework of personal data transfers to third countries or international organisations under the terms referred to in point (f) of
p.(None): Article 46(2). Such controllers or processors shall make binding and enforceable commitments, via contractual or other legally
p.(None): binding instruments, to apply those appropriate safeguards, including with regard to the rights of data subjects.
p.(None): 3. The certification shall be voluntary and available via a process that is transparent.
p.(None): 4. A certiﬁcation pursuant to this Article does not reduce the responsibility of the controller or the processor for compliance with
p.(None): this Regulation and is without prejudice to the tasks and powers of the supervisory authorities which are competent pursuant to
p.(None): Article 55 or 56.
p.(None): 5. A certiﬁcation pursuant to this Article shall be issued by the certiﬁcation bodies referred to in Article 43 or by the competent
p.(None): supervisory authority, on the basis of criteria approved by that competent supervisory authority pursuant to Article 58(3) or by the
p.(None): Board pursuant to Article 63. Where the criteria are approved by the Board, this may result in a common certiﬁcation, the European
p.(None): Data Protection Seal.
p.(None): 6. The controller or processor which submits its processing to the certiﬁcation mechanism shall provide the certiﬁcation body
p.(None): referred to in Article 43, or where applicable, the competent supervisory authority, with all information and access to its processing
p.(None): activities which are necessary to conduct the certification procedure.
p.(None): 7. Certiﬁcation shall be issued to a controller or processor for a maximum period of three years and may be renewed, under the
p.(None): same conditions, provided that the relevant requirements continue to be met. Certiﬁcation shall be withdrawn, as applicable, by the
p.(None): certiﬁcation bodies referred to in Article 43 or by the competent supervisory authority where the requirements for the certiﬁcation
p.(None): are not or are no longer met.
p.(None): 8. The Board shall collate all certiﬁcation mechanisms and data protection seals and marks in a register and shall make them
p.(None): publicly available by any appropriate means.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 43
p.(None): Certification bodies
p.(None): 1. Without prejudice to the tasks and powers of the competent supervisory authority under Articles 57 and 58, certiﬁcation bodies
p.(None): which have an appropriate level of expertise in relation to data protection shall, after informing the supervisory authority in order to
p.(None): allow it to exercise its powers pursuant to point (h) of Article 58(2) where necessary, issue and renew certiﬁcation. Member States
p.(None): shall ensure that those certification bodies are accredited by one or both of the following:
p.(None): (a) the supervisory authority which is competent pursuant to Article 55 or 56;
p.(None): (b) the national accreditation body named in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 765/2008 of the European Parliament and of
p.(None): the Council (20) in accordance with EN-ISO/IEC 17065/2012 and with the additional requirements established by the
p.(None): supervisory authority which is competent pursuant to Article 55 or 56.
p.(None): 2. Certification bodies referred to in paragraph 1 shall be accredited in accordance with that paragraph only where they have:
p.(None): (a) demonstrated their independence and expertise in relation to the subject-matter of the certiﬁcation to the satisfaction of the
p.(None): competent supervisory authority;
p.(None): (b) undertaken to respect the criteria referred to in Article 42(5) and approved by the supervisory authority which is competent
p.(None): pursuant to Article 55 or 56 or by the Board pursuant to Article 63;
p.(None): (c) established procedures for the issuing, periodic review and withdrawal of data protection certification, seals and marks;
p.(None): (d) established procedures and structures to handle complaints about infringements of the certiﬁcation or the manner in which the
p.(None): certiﬁcation has been, or is being, implemented by the controller or processor, and to make those procedures and structures
p.(None): transparent to data subjects and the public; and
p.(None): (e) demonstrated, to the satisfaction of the competent supervisory authority, that their tasks and duties do not result in a conﬂict of
p.(None): interests.
p.(None): 3. The accreditation of certiﬁcation bodies as referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2 of this Article shall take place on the basis of
p.(None): criteria approved by the supervisory authority which is competent pursuant to Article 55 or 56 or by the Board pursuant to Article 63.
p.(None): In the case of accreditation pursuant to point (b) of paragraph 1 of this Article, those requirements shall complement those
p.(None): envisaged in Regulation (EC) No 765/2008 and the technical rules that describe the methods and procedures of the certiﬁcation
p.(None): bodies.
p.(None): 4. The certiﬁcation bodies referred to in paragraph 1 shall be responsible for the proper assessment leading to the certiﬁcation or
p.(None): the withdrawal of such certiﬁcation without prejudice to the responsibility of the controller or processor for compliance with this
p.(None): Regulation. The accreditation shall be issued for a maximum period of ﬁve years and may be renewed on the same conditions
p.(None): provided that the certification body meets the requirements set out in this Article.
p.(None): 5. The certiﬁcation bodies referred to in paragraph 1 shall provide the competent supervisory authorities with the reasons for
p.(None): granting or withdrawing the requested certification.
p.(None): 6. The requirements referred to in paragraph 3 of this Article and the criteria referred to in Article 42(5) shall be made public by the
p.(None): supervisory authority in an easily accessible form. The supervisory authorities shall also transmit those requirements and criteria to
p.(None): the Board. The Board shall collate all certiﬁcation mechanisms and data protection seals in a register and shall make them publicly
p.(None): available by any appropriate means.
p.(None): 7. Without prejudice to Chapter VIII, the competent supervisory authority or the national accreditation body shall revoke an
p.(None): accreditation of a certiﬁcation body pursuant to paragraph 1 of this Article where the conditions for the accreditation are not, or are
p.(None): no longer, met or where actions taken by a certification body infringe this Regulation.
p.(None): 8. The Commission shall be empowered to adopt delegated acts in accordance with Article 92 for the purpose of specifying the
p.(None): requirements to be taken into account for the data protection certification mechanisms referred to in Article 42(1).
p.(None): 9. The Commission may adopt implementing acts laying down technical standards for certiﬁcation mechanisms and data
p.(None): protection seals and marks, and mechanisms to promote and recognise those certiﬁcation mechanisms, seals and marks. Those
p.(None): implementing acts shall be adopted in accordance with the examination procedure referred to in Article 93(2).
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): CHAPTER V
p.(None): Transfers of personal data to third countries or international organisations
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 44
p.(None): General principle for transfers
p.(None): Any transfer of personal data which are undergoing processing or are intended for processing after transfer to a third country or to
p.(None): an international organisation shall take place only if, subject to the other provisions of this Regulation, the conditions laid down in
p.(None): this Chapter are complied with by the controller and processor, including for onward transfers of personal data from the third
p.(None): country or an international organisation to another third country or to another international organisation. All provisions in this
...

p.(None): (b) the existence and eﬀective functioning of one or more independent supervisory authorities in the third country or to which an
p.(None): international organisation is subject, with responsibility for ensuring and enforcing compliance with the data protection rules,
p.(None): including adequate enforcement powers, for assisting and advising the data subjects in exercising their rights and for
p.(None): cooperation with the supervisory authorities of the Member States; and
p.(None): (c) the international commitments the third country or international organisation concerned has entered into, or other obligations
p.(None): arising from legally binding conventions or instruments as well as from its participation in multilateral or regional systems, in
p.(None): particular in relation to the protection of personal data.
p.(None): 3. The Commission, after assessing the adequacy of the level of protection, may decide, by means of implementing act, that a
p.(None): third country, a territory or one or more speciﬁed sectors within a third country, or an international organisation ensures an
p.(None): adequate level of protection within the meaning of paragraph 2 of this Article. The implementing act shall provide for a mechanism
p.(None): for a periodic review, at least every four years, which shall take into account all relevant developments in the third country or
p.(None): international organisation. The implementing act shall specify its territorial and sectoral application and, where applicable, identify
p.(None): the supervisory authority or authorities referred to in point (b) of paragraph 2 of this Article. The implementing act shall be adopted
p.(None): in accordance with the examination procedure referred to in Article 93(2).
p.(None): 4. The Commission shall, on an ongoing basis, monitor developments in third countries and international organisations that could
p.(None): aﬀect the functioning of decisions adopted pursuant to paragraph 3 of this Article and decisions adopted on the basis of
p.(None): Article 25(6) of Directive 95/46/EC.
p.(None): 5. The Commission shall, where available information reveals, in particular following the review referred to in paragraph 3 of this
p.(None): Article, that a third country, a territory or one or more speciﬁed sectors within a third country, or an international organisation no
p.(None): longer ensures an adequate level of protection within the meaning of paragraph 2 of this Article, to the extent necessary, repeal,
p.(None): amend or suspend the decision referred to in paragraph 3 of this Article by means of implementing acts without retro-active eﬀect.
p.(None): Those implementing acts shall be adopted in accordance with the examination procedure referred to in Article 93(2).
p.(None): On duly justiﬁed imperative grounds of urgency, the Commission shall adopt immediately applicable implementing acts in
p.(None): accordance with the procedure referred to in Article 93(3).
p.(None): 6. The Commission shall enter into consultations with the third country or international organisation with a view to remedying the
p.(None): situation giving rise to the decision made pursuant to paragraph 5.
p.(None): 7. A decision pursuant to paragraph 5 of this Article is without prejudice to transfers of personal data to the third country, a territory
p.(None): or one or more specified sectors within that third country, or the international organisation in question pursuant to Articles 46 to 49.
p.(None): 8. The Commission shall publish in the Oﬃcial Journal of the European Union and on its website a list of the third countries,
p.(None): territories and speciﬁed sectors within a third country and international organisations for which it has decided that an adequate level
p.(None): of protection is or is no longer ensured.
p.(None): 9. Decisions adopted by the Commission on the basis of Article 25(6) of Directive 95/46/EC shall remain in force until amended,
p.(None): replaced or repealed by a Commission Decision adopted in accordance with paragraph 3 or 5 of this Article.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 46
p.(None): Transfers subject to appropriate safeguards
p.(None): 1. In the absence of a decision pursuant to Article 45(3), a controller or processor may transfer personal data to a third country or
p.(None): an international organisation only if the controller or processor has provided appropriate safeguards, and on condition that
p.(None): enforceable data subject rights and effective legal remedies for data subjects are available.
p.(None): 2. The appropriate safeguards referred to in paragraph 1 may be provided for, without requiring any speciﬁc authorisation from a
p.(None): supervisory authority, by:
p.(None): (a) a legally binding and enforceable instrument between public authorities or bodies;
p.(None): (b) binding corporate rules in accordance with Article 47;
p.(None): (c) standard data protection clauses adopted by the Commission in accordance with the examination procedure referred to in
p.(None): Article 93(2);
p.(None): (d) standard data protection clauses adopted by a supervisory authority and approved by the Commission pursuant to the
p.(None): examination procedure referred to in Article 93(2);
p.(None): (e) an approved code of conduct pursuant to Article 40 together with binding and enforceable commitments of the controller or
p.(None): processor in the third country to apply the appropriate safeguards, including as regards data subjects' rights; or
p.(None): (f) an approved certiﬁcation mechanism pursuant to Article 42 together with binding and enforceable commitments of the
p.(None): controller or processor in the third country to apply the appropriate safeguards, including as regards data subjects' rights.
p.(None): 3. Subject to the authorisation from the competent supervisory authority, the appropriate safeguards referred to in paragraph 1
p.(None): may also be provided for, in particular, by:
p.(None): (a) contractual clauses between the controller or processor and the controller, processor or the recipient of the personal data in
p.(None): the third country or international organisation; or
p.(None): (b) provisions to be inserted into administrative arrangements between public authorities or bodies which include enforceable and
p.(None): effective data subject rights.
p.(None): 4. The supervisory authority shall apply the consistency mechanism referred to in Article 63 in the cases referred to in paragraph 3
p.(None): of this Article.
p.(None): 5. Authorisations by a Member State or supervisory authority on the basis of Article 26(2) of Directive 95/46/EC shall remain valid
p.(None): until amended, replaced or repealed, if necessary, by that supervisory authority. Decisions adopted by the Commission on the basis
p.(None): of Article 26(4) of Directive 95/46/EC shall remain in force until amended, replaced or repealed, if necessary, by a Commission
p.(None): Decision adopted in accordance with paragraph 2 of this Article.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 47
p.(None): Binding corporate rules
p.(None): 1. The competent supervisory authority shall approve binding corporate rules in accordance with the consistency mechanism set
p.(None): out in Article 63, provided that they:
p.(None): (a) are legally binding and apply to and are enforced by every member concerned of the group of undertakings, or group of
p.(None): enterprises engaged in a joint economic activity, including their employees;
p.(None): (b) expressly confer enforceable rights on data subjects with regard to the processing of their personal data; and
p.(None): (c) fulfil the requirements laid down in paragraph 2.
p.(None): 2. The binding corporate rules referred to in paragraph 1 shall specify at least:
p.(None): (a) the structure and contact details of the group of undertakings, or group of enterprises engaged in a joint economic activity and
p.(None): of each of its members;
p.(None): (b) the data transfers or set of transfers, including the categories of personal data, the type of processing and its purposes, the
p.(None): type of data subjects affected and the identification of the third country or countries in question;
p.(None): (c) their legally binding nature, both internally and externally;
p.(None): (d) the application of the general data protection principles, in particular purpose limitation, data minimisation, limited storage
p.(None): periods, data quality, data protection by design and by default, legal basis for processing, processing of special categories of
p.(None): personal data, measures to ensure data security, and the requirements in respect of onward transfers to bodies not bound by
p.(None): the binding corporate rules;
p.(None): (e) the rights of data subjects in regard to processing and the means to exercise those rights, including the right not to be subject
p.(None): to decisions based solely on automated processing, including proﬁling in accordance with Article 22, the right to lodge a
p.(None): complaint with the competent supervisory authority and before the competent courts of the Member States in accordance with
p.(None): Article 79, and to obtain redress and, where appropriate, compensation for a breach of the binding corporate rules;
p.(None): (f) the acceptance by the controller or processor established on the territory of a Member State of liability for any breaches of the
p.(None): binding corporate rules by any member concerned not established in the Union; the controller or the processor shall be
p.(None): exempt from that liability, in whole or in part, only if it proves that that member is not responsible for the event giving rise to the
p.(None): damage;
p.(None): (g) how the information on the binding corporate rules, in particular on the provisions referred to in points (d), (e) and (f) of this
p.(None): paragraph is provided to the data subjects in addition to Articles 13 and 14;
p.(None): (h) the tasks of any data protection oﬃcer designated in accordance with Article 37 or any other person or entity in charge of the
p.(None): monitoring compliance with the binding corporate rules within the group of undertakings, or group of enterprises engaged in a
p.(None): joint economic activity, as well as monitoring training and complaint-handling;
p.(None): (i) the complaint procedures;
p.(None): (j) the mechanisms within the group of undertakings, or group of enterprises engaged in a joint economic activity for ensuring the
p.(None): veriﬁcation of compliance with the binding corporate rules. Such mechanisms shall include data protection audits and methods
p.(None): for ensuring corrective actions to protect the rights of the data subject. Results of such veriﬁcation should be communicated to
p.(None): the person or entity referred to in point (h) and to the board of the controlling undertaking of a group of undertakings, or of the
p.(None): group of enterprises engaged in a joint economic activity, and should be available upon request to the competent supervisory
p.(None): authority;
p.(None): (k) the mechanisms for reporting and recording changes to the rules and reporting those changes to the supervisory authority;
p.(None): (l) the cooperation mechanism with the supervisory authority to ensure compliance by any member of the group of undertakings,
p.(None): or group of enterprises engaged in a joint economic activity, in particular by making available to the supervisory authority the
p.(None): results of verifications of the measures referred to in point (j);
p.(None): (m) the mechanisms for reporting to the competent supervisory authority any legal requirements to which a member of the group
p.(None): of undertakings, or group of enterprises engaged in a joint economic activity is subject in a third country which are likely to
p.(None): have a substantial adverse effect on the guarantees provided by the binding corporate rules; and
p.(None): (n) the appropriate data protection training to personnel having permanent or regular access to personal data.
p.(None): 3. The Commission may specify the format and procedures for the exchange of information between controllers, processors and
p.(None): supervisory authorities for binding corporate rules within the meaning of this Article. Those implementing acts shall be adopted in
p.(None): accordance with the examination procedure set out in Article 93(2).
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 48
p.(None): Transfers or disclosures not authorised by Union law
p.(None): Any judgment of a court or tribunal and any decision of an administrative authority of a third country requiring a controller or
p.(None): processor to transfer or disclose personal data may only be recognised or enforceable in any manner if based on an international
p.(None): agreement, such as a mutual legal assistance treaty, in force between the requesting third country and the Union or a
p.(None): Member State, without prejudice to other grounds for transfer pursuant to this Chapter.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 49
p.(None): Derogations for specific situations
p.(None): 1. In the absence of an adequacy decision pursuant to Article 45(3), or of appropriate safeguards pursuant to Article 46, including
p.(None): binding corporate rules, a transfer or a set of transfers of personal data to a third country or an international organisation shall take
p.(None): place only on one of the following conditions:
p.(None): (a) the data subject has explicitly consented to the proposed transfer, after having been informed of the possible risks of such
p.(None): transfers for the data subject due to the absence of an adequacy decision and appropriate safeguards;
p.(None): (b) the transfer is necessary for the performance of a contract between the data subject and the controller or the implementation
p.(None): of pre-contractual measures taken at the data subject's request;
p.(None): (c) the transfer is necessary for the conclusion or performance of a contract concluded in the interest of the data subject between
p.(None): the controller and another natural or legal person;
p.(None): (d) the transfer is necessary for important reasons of public interest;
p.(None): (e) the transfer is necessary for the establishment, exercise or defence of legal claims;
p.(None): (f) the transfer is necessary in order to protect the vital interests of the data subject or of other persons, where the data subject is
p.(None): physically or legally incapable of giving consent;
p.(None): (g) the transfer is made from a register which according to Union or Member State law is intended to provide information to the
p.(None): public and which is open to consultation either by the public in general or by any person who can demonstrate a legitimate
p.(None): interest, but only to the extent that the conditions laid down by Union or Member State law for consultation are fulﬁlled in the
p.(None): particular case.
p.(None): Where a transfer could not be based on a provision in Article 45 or 46, including the provisions on binding corporate rules, and
p.(None): none of the derogations for a speciﬁc situation referred to in the ﬁrst subparagraph of this paragraph is applicable, a transfer to a
p.(None): third country or an international organisation may take place only if the transfer is not repetitive, concerns only a limited number of
p.(None): data subjects, is necessary for the purposes of compelling legitimate interests pursued by the controller which are not overridden by
p.(None): the interests or rights and freedoms of the data subject, and the controller has assessed all the circumstances surrounding the data
p.(None): transfer and has on the basis of that assessment provided suitable safeguards with regard to the protection of personal data. The
p.(None): controller shall inform the supervisory authority of the transfer. The controller shall, in addition to providing the information referred
p.(None): to in Articles 13 and 14, inform the data subject of the transfer and on the compelling legitimate interests pursued.
p.(None): 2. A transfer pursuant to point (g) of the ﬁrst subparagraph of paragraph 1 shall not involve the entirety of the personal data or
p.(None): entire categories of the personal data contained in the register. Where the register is intended for consultation by persons having a
p.(None): legitimate interest, the transfer shall be made only at the request of those persons or if they are to be the recipients.
p.(None): 3. Points (a), (b) and (c) of the ﬁrst subparagraph of paragraph 1 and the second subparagraph thereof shall not apply to activities
p.(None): carried out by public authorities in the exercise of their public powers.
p.(None): 4. The public interest referred to in point (d) of the ﬁrst subparagraph of paragraph 1 shall be recognised in Union law or in the law
p.(None): of the Member State to which the controller is subject.
p.(None): 5. In the absence of an adequacy decision, Union or Member State law may, for important reasons of public interest, expressly set
p.(None): limits to the transfer of speciﬁc categories of personal data to a third country or an international organisation. Member States shall
p.(None): notify such provisions to the Commission.
p.(None): 6. The controller or processor shall document the assessment as well as the suitable safeguards referred to in the second
p.(None): subparagraph of paragraph 1 of this Article in the records referred to in Article 30.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 50
p.(None): International cooperation for the protection of personal data
p.(None): In relation to third countries and international organisations, the Commission and supervisory authorities shall take appropriate
p.(None): steps to:
p.(None): (a) develop international cooperation mechanisms to facilitate the eﬀective enforcement of legislation for the protection of
p.(None): personal data;
p.(None): (b) provide international mutual assistance in the enforcement of legislation for the protection of personal data, including through
p.(None): notiﬁcation, complaint referral, investigative assistance and information exchange, subject to appropriate safeguards for the
p.(None): protection of personal data and other fundamental rights and freedoms;
p.(None): (c) engage relevant stakeholders in discussion and activities aimed at furthering international cooperation in the enforcement of
p.(None): legislation for the protection of personal data;
p.(None): (d) promote the exchange and documentation of personal data protection legislation and practice, including on jurisdictional
p.(None): conflicts with third countries.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): CHAPTER VI
p.(None): Independent supervisory authorities
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Section 1
p.(None): Independent status
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 51
p.(None): Supervisory authority
p.(None): 1. Each Member State shall provide for one or more independent public authorities to be responsible for monitoring the application
p.(None): of this Regulation, in order to protect the fundamental rights and freedoms of natural persons in relation to processing and to
p.(None): facilitate the free flow of personal data within the Union (‘supervisory authority’).
p.(None): 2. Each supervisory authority shall contribute to the consistent application of this Regulation throughout the Union. For that
p.(None): purpose, the supervisory authorities shall cooperate with each other and the Commission in accordance with Chapter VII.
p.(None): 3. Where more than one supervisory authority is established in a Member State, that Member State shall designate the
p.(None): supervisory authority which is to represent those authorities in the Board and shall set out the mechanism to ensure compliance by
p.(None): the other authorities with the rules relating to the consistency mechanism referred to in Article 63.
p.(None): 4. Each Member State shall notify to the Commission the provisions of its law which it adopts pursuant to this Chapter, by 25 May
p.(None): 2018 and, without delay, any subsequent amendment affecting them.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 52
p.(None): Independence
p.(None): 1. Each supervisory authority shall act with complete independence in performing its tasks and exercising its powers in
p.(None): accordance with this Regulation.
p.(None): 2. The member or members of each supervisory authority shall, in the performance of their tasks and exercise of their powers in
p.(None): accordance with this Regulation, remain free from external inﬂuence, whether direct or indirect, and shall neither seek nor take
p.(None): instructions from anybody.
p.(None): 3. Member or members of each supervisory authority shall refrain from any action incompatible with their duties and shall not,
p.(None): during their term of office, engage in any incompatible occupation, whether gainful or not.
p.(None): 4. Each Member State shall ensure that each supervisory authority is provided with the human, technical and ﬁnancial resources,
p.(None): premises and infrastructure necessary for the eﬀective performance of its tasks and exercise of its powers, including those to be
p.(None): carried out in the context of mutual assistance, cooperation and participation in the Board.
p.(None): 5. Each Member State shall ensure that each supervisory authority chooses and has its own staﬀ which shall be subject to the
p.(None): exclusive direction of the member or members of the supervisory authority concerned.
p.(None): 6. Each Member State shall ensure that each supervisory authority is subject to ﬁnancial control which does not aﬀect its
p.(None): independence and that it has separate, public annual budgets, which may be part of the overall state or national budget.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 53
p.(None): General conditions for the members of the supervisory authority
p.(None): 1. Member States shall provide for each member of their supervisory authorities to be appointed by means of a transparent
p.(None): procedure by:
p.(None): — their parliament;
p.(None): — their government;
p.(None): — their head of State; or
p.(None): — an independent body entrusted with the appointment under Member State law.
p.(None): 2. Each member shall have the qualiﬁcations, experience and skills, in particular in the area of the protection of personal data,
p.(None): required to perform its duties and exercise its powers.
p.(None): 3. The duties of a member shall end in the event of the expiry of the term of oﬃce, resignation or compulsory retirement, in
p.(None): accordance with the law of the Member State concerned.
p.(None): 4. A member shall be dismissed only in cases of serious misconduct or if the member no longer fulﬁls the conditions required for
p.(None): the performance of the duties.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 54
p.(None): Rules on the establishment of the supervisory authority
p.(None): 1. Each Member State shall provide by law for all of the following:
p.(None): (a) the establishment of each supervisory authority;
p.(None): (b) the qualifications and eligibility conditions required to be appointed as member of each supervisory authority;
p.(None): (c) the rules and procedures for the appointment of the member or members of each supervisory authority;
p.(None): (d) the duration of the term of the member or members of each supervisory authority of no less than four years, except for the ﬁrst
p.(None): appointment after 24 May 2016, part of which may take place for a shorter period where that is necessary to protect the
p.(None): independence of the supervisory authority by means of a staggered appointment procedure;
p.(None): (e) whether and, if so, for how many terms the member or members of each supervisory authority is eligible for reappointment;
p.(None): (f) the conditions governing the obligations of the member or members and staﬀ of each supervisory authority, prohibitions on
p.(None): actions, occupations and beneﬁts incompatible therewith during and after the term of oﬃce and rules governing the cessation
p.(None): of employment.
p.(None): 2. The member or members and the staﬀ of each supervisory authority shall, in accordance with Union or Member State law, be
p.(None): subject to a duty of professional secrecy both during and after their term of oﬃce, with regard to any conﬁdential information which
p.(None): has come to their knowledge in the course of the performance of their tasks or exercise of their powers. During their term of oﬃce,
p.(None): that duty of professional secrecy shall in particular apply to reporting by natural persons of infringements of this Regulation.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Section 2
p.(None): Competence, tasks and powers
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 55
p.(None): Competence
p.(None): 1. Each supervisory authority shall be competent for the performance of the tasks assigned to and the exercise of the powers
p.(None): conferred on it in accordance with this Regulation on the territory of its own Member State.
p.(None): 2. Where processing is carried out by public authorities or private bodies acting on the basis of point (c) or (e) of Article 6(1), the
p.(None): supervisory authority of the Member State concerned shall be competent. In such cases Article 56 does not apply.
p.(None): 3. Supervisory authorities shall not be competent to supervise processing operations of courts acting in their judicial capacity.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 56
p.(None): Competence of the lead supervisory authority
p.(None): 1. Without prejudice to Article 55, the supervisory authority of the main establishment or of the single establishment of the
p.(None): controller or processor shall be competent to act as lead supervisory authority for the cross-border processing carried out by that
p.(None): controller or processor in accordance with the procedure provided in Article 60.
p.(None): 2. By derogation from paragraph 1, each supervisory authority shall be competent to handle a complaint lodged with it or a
p.(None): possible infringement of this Regulation, if the subject matter relates only to an establishment in its Member State or substantially
p.(None): affects data subjects only in its Member State.
p.(None): 3. In the cases referred to in paragraph 2 of this Article, the supervisory authority shall inform the lead supervisory authority
p.(None): without delay on that matter. Within a period of three weeks after being informed the lead supervisory authority shall decide
p.(None): whether or not it will handle the case in accordance with the procedure provided in Article 60, taking into account whether or not
p.(None): there is an establishment of the controller or processor in the Member State of which the supervisory authority informed it.
p.(None): 4. Where the lead supervisory authority decides to handle the case, the procedure provided in Article 60 shall apply. The
p.(None): supervisory authority which informed the lead supervisory authority may submit to the lead supervisory authority a draft for a
p.(None): decision. The lead supervisory authority shall take utmost account of that draft when preparing the draft decision referred to in
p.(None): Article 60(3).
p.(None): 5. Where the lead supervisory authority decides not to handle the case, the supervisory authority which informed the lead
p.(None): supervisory authority shall handle it according to Articles 61 and 62.
p.(None): 6. The lead supervisory authority shall be the sole interlocutor of the controller or processor for the cross-border processing
p.(None): carried out by that controller or processor.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 57
p.(None): Tasks
p.(None): 1. Without prejudice to other tasks set out under this Regulation, each supervisory authority shall on its territory:
p.(None): (a) monitor and enforce the application of this Regulation;
p.(None): (b) promote public awareness and understanding of the risks, rules, safeguards and rights in relation to processing. Activities
p.(None): addressed specifically to children shall receive specific attention;
p.(None): (c) advise, in accordance with Member State law, the national parliament, the government, and other institutions and bodies on
p.(None): legislative and administrative measures relating to the protection of natural persons' rights and freedoms with regard to
p.(None): processing;
p.(None): (d) promote the awareness of controllers and processors of their obligations under this Regulation;
p.(None): (e) upon request, provide information to any data subject concerning the exercise of their rights under this Regulation and, if
p.(None): appropriate, cooperate with the supervisory authorities in other Member States to that end;
p.(None): (f) handle complaints lodged by a data subject, or by a body, organisation or association in accordance with Article 80, and
p.(None): investigate, to the extent appropriate, the subject matter of the complaint and inform the complainant of the progress and the
p.(None): outcome of the investigation within a reasonable period, in particular if further investigation or coordination with another
p.(None): supervisory authority is necessary;
p.(None): (g) cooperate with, including sharing information and provide mutual assistance to, other supervisory authorities with a view to
p.(None): ensuring the consistency of application and enforcement of this Regulation;
p.(None): (h) conduct investigations on the application of this Regulation, including on the basis of information received from another
p.(None): supervisory authority or other public authority;
p.(None): (i) monitor relevant developments, insofar as they have an impact on the protection of personal data, in particular the
p.(None): development of information and communication technologies and commercial practices;
p.(None): (j) adopt standard contractual clauses referred to in Article 28(8) and in point (d) of Article 46(2);
p.(None): (k) establish and maintain a list in relation to the requirement for data protection impact assessment pursuant to Article 35(4);
p.(None): (l) give advice on the processing operations referred to in Article 36(2);
p.(None): (m) encourage the drawing up of codes of conduct pursuant to Article 40(1) and provide an opinion and approve such codes of
p.(None): conduct which provide sufficient safeguards, pursuant to Article 40(5);
p.(None): (n) encourage the establishment of data protection certiﬁcation mechanisms and of data protection seals and marks pursuant to
p.(None): Article 42(1), and approve the criteria of certification pursuant to Article 42(5);
p.(None): (o) where applicable, carry out a periodic review of certifications issued in accordance with Article 42(7);
p.(None): (p) draft and publish the criteria for accreditation of a body for monitoring codes of conduct pursuant to Article 41 and of a
p.(None): certification body pursuant to Article 43;
p.(None): (q) conduct the accreditation of a body for monitoring codes of conduct pursuant to Article 41 and of a certiﬁcation body pursuant
p.(None): to Article 43;
p.(None): (r) authorise contractual clauses and provisions referred to in Article 46(3);
p.(None): (s) approve binding corporate rules pursuant to Article 47;
p.(None): (t) contribute to the activities of the Board;
p.(None): (u) keep internal records of infringements of this Regulation and of measures taken in accordance with Article 58(2); and
p.(None): (v) fulfil any other tasks related to the protection of personal data.
p.(None): 2. Each supervisory authority shall facilitate the submission of complaints referred to in point (f) of paragraph 1 by measures such
p.(None): as a complaint submission form which can also be completed electronically, without excluding other means of communication.
p.(None): 3. The performance of the tasks of each supervisory authority shall be free of charge for the data subject and, where applicable,
p.(None): for the data protection officer.
p.(None): 4. Where requests are manifestly unfounded or excessive, in particular because of their repetitive character, the supervisory
p.(None): authority may charge a reasonable fee based on administrative costs, or refuse to act on the request. The supervisory authority
p.(None): shall bear the burden of demonstrating the manifestly unfounded or excessive character of the request.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 58
p.(None): Powers
p.(None): 1. Each supervisory authority shall have all of the following investigative powers:
p.(None): (a) to order the controller and the processor, and, where applicable, the controller's or the processor's representative to provide
p.(None): any information it requires for the performance of its tasks;
p.(None): (b) to carry out investigations in the form of data protection audits;
p.(None): (c) to carry out a review on certifications issued pursuant to Article 42(7);
p.(None): (d) to notify the controller or the processor of an alleged infringement of this Regulation;
p.(None): (e) to obtain, from the controller and the processor, access to all personal data and to all information necessary for the
p.(None): performance of its tasks;
p.(None): (f) to obtain access to any premises of the controller and the processor, including to any data processing equipment and means,
p.(None): in accordance with Union or Member State procedural law.
p.(None): 2. Each supervisory authority shall have all of the following corrective powers:
p.(None): (a) to issue warnings to a controller or processor that intended processing operations are likely to infringe provisions of this
p.(None): Regulation;
p.(None): (b) to issue reprimands to a controller or a processor where processing operations have infringed provisions of this Regulation;
p.(None): (c) to order the controller or the processor to comply with the data subject's requests to exercise his or her rights pursuant to this
p.(None): Regulation;
p.(None): (d) to order the controller or processor to bring processing operations into compliance with the provisions of this Regulation,
p.(None): where appropriate, in a specified manner and within a specified period;
p.(None): (e) to order the controller to communicate a personal data breach to the data subject;
p.(None): (f) to impose a temporary or definitive limitation including a ban on processing;
p.(None): (g) to order the rectiﬁcation or erasure of personal data or restriction of processing pursuant to Articles 16, 17 and 18 and the
p.(None): notiﬁcation of such actions to recipients to whom the personal data have been disclosed pursuant to Article 17(2) and Article
p.(None): 19;
p.(None): (h) to withdraw a certiﬁcation or to order the certiﬁcation body to withdraw a certiﬁcation issued pursuant to Articles 42 and 43, or
p.(None): to order the certification body not to issue certification if the requirements for the certification are not or are no longer met;
p.(None): (i) to impose an administrative ﬁne pursuant to Article 83, in addition to, or instead of measures referred to in this paragraph,
p.(None): depending on the circumstances of each individual case;
p.(None): (j) to order the suspension of data flows to a recipient in a third country or to an international organisation.
p.(None): 3. Each supervisory authority shall have all of the following authorisation and advisory powers:
p.(None): (a) to advise the controller in accordance with the prior consultation procedure referred to in Article 36;
p.(None): (b) to issue, on its own initiative or on request, opinions to the national parliament, the Member State government or, in
p.(None): accordance with Member State law, to other institutions and bodies as well as to the public on any issue related to the
p.(None): protection of personal data;
p.(None): (c) to authorise processing referred to in Article 36(5), if the law of the Member State requires such prior authorisation;
p.(None): (d) to issue an opinion and approve draft codes of conduct pursuant to Article 40(5);
p.(None): (e) to accredit certification bodies pursuant to Article 43;
p.(None): (f) to issue certifications and approve criteria of certification in accordance with Article 42(5);
p.(None): (g) to adopt standard data protection clauses referred to in Article 28(8) and in point (d) of Article 46(2);
p.(None): (h) to authorise contractual clauses referred to in point (a) of Article 46(3);
p.(None): (i) to authorise administrative arrangements referred to in point (b) of Article 46(3);
p.(None): (j) to approve binding corporate rules pursuant to Article 47.
p.(None): 4. The exercise of the powers conferred on the supervisory authority pursuant to this Article shall be subject to appropriate
p.(None): safeguards, including eﬀective judicial remedy and due process, set out in Union and Member State law in accordance with the
p.(None): Charter.
p.(None): 5. Each Member State shall provide by law that its supervisory authority shall have the power to bring infringements of this
p.(None): Regulation to the attention of the judicial authorities and where appropriate, to commence or engage otherwise in legal
p.(None): proceedings, in order to enforce the provisions of this Regulation.
p.(None): 6. Each Member State may provide by law that its supervisory authority shall have additional powers to those referred to in
p.(None): paragraphs 1, 2 and 3. The exercise of those powers shall not impair the effective operation of Chapter VII.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 59
p.(None): Activity reports
p.(None): Each supervisory authority shall draw up an annual report on its activities, which may include a list of types of infringement notiﬁed
p.(None): and types of measures taken in accordance with Article 58(2). Those reports shall be transmitted to the national parliament, the
p.(None): government and other authorities as designated by Member State law. They shall be made available to the public, to the
p.(None): Commission and to the Board.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): CHAPTER VII
p.(None): Cooperation and consistency
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Section 1
p.(None): Cooperation
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 60
p.(None): Cooperation between the lead supervisory authority and the other supervisory authorities concerned
p.(None): 1. The lead supervisory authority shall cooperate with the other supervisory authorities concerned in accordance with this Article in
p.(None): an endeavour to reach consensus. The lead supervisory authority and the supervisory authorities concerned shall exchange all
p.(None): relevant information with each other.
p.(None): 2. The lead supervisory authority may request at any time other supervisory authorities concerned to provide mutual assistance
p.(None): pursuant to Article 61 and may conduct joint operations pursuant to Article 62, in particular for carrying out investigations or for
p.(None): monitoring the implementation of a measure concerning a controller or processor established in another Member State.
p.(None): 3. The lead supervisory authority shall, without delay, communicate the relevant information on the matter to the other supervisory
p.(None): authorities concerned. It shall without delay submit a draft decision to the other supervisory authorities concerned for their opinion
p.(None): and take due account of their views.
p.(None): 4. Where any of the other supervisory authorities concerned within a period of four weeks after having been consulted in
p.(None): accordance with paragraph 3 of this Article, expresses a relevant and reasoned objection to the draft decision, the lead supervisory
p.(None): authority shall, if it does not follow the relevant and reasoned objection or is of the opinion that the objection is not relevant or
p.(None): reasoned, submit the matter to the consistency mechanism referred to in Article 63.
p.(None): 5. Where the lead supervisory authority intends to follow the relevant and reasoned objection made, it shall submit to the other
p.(None): supervisory authorities concerned a revised draft decision for their opinion. That revised draft decision shall be subject to the
p.(None): procedure referred to in paragraph 4 within a period of two weeks.
p.(None): 6. Where none of the other supervisory authorities concerned has objected to the draft decision submitted by the lead supervisory
p.(None): authority within the period referred to in paragraphs 4 and 5, the lead supervisory authority and the supervisory authorities
p.(None): concerned shall be deemed to be in agreement with that draft decision and shall be bound by it.
p.(None): 7. The lead supervisory authority shall adopt and notify the decision to the main establishment or single establishment of the
p.(None): controller or processor, as the case may be and inform the other supervisory authorities concerned and the Board of the decision in
p.(None): question, including a summary of the relevant facts and grounds. The supervisory authority with which a complaint has been lodged
p.(None): shall inform the complainant on the decision.
p.(None): 8. By derogation from paragraph 7, where a complaint is dismissed or rejected, the supervisory authority with which the complaint
p.(None): was lodged shall adopt the decision and notify it to the complainant and shall inform the controller thereof.
p.(None): 9. Where the lead supervisory authority and the supervisory authorities concerned agree to dismiss or reject parts of a complaint
p.(None): and to act on other parts of that complaint, a separate decision shall be adopted for each of those parts of the matter. The lead
p.(None): supervisory authority shall adopt the decision for the part concerning actions in relation to the controller, shall notify it to the main
p.(None): establishment or single establishment of the controller or processor on the territory of its Member State and shall inform the
p.(None): complainant thereof, while the supervisory authority of the complainant shall adopt the decision for the part concerning dismissal or
p.(None): rejection of that complaint, and shall notify it to that complainant and shall inform the controller or processor thereof.
p.(None): 10. After being notiﬁed of the decision of the lead supervisory authority pursuant to paragraphs 7 and 9, the controller or
p.(None): processor shall take the necessary measures to ensure compliance with the decision as regards processing activities in the context
p.(None): of all its establishments in the Union. The controller or processor shall notify the measures taken for complying with the decision to
p.(None): the lead supervisory authority, which shall inform the other supervisory authorities concerned.
p.(None): 11. Where, in exceptional circumstances, a supervisory authority concerned has reasons to consider that there is an urgent need
p.(None): to act in order to protect the interests of data subjects, the urgency procedure referred to in Article 66 shall apply.
p.(None): 12. The lead supervisory authority and the other supervisory authorities concerned shall supply the information required under this
p.(None): Article to each other by electronic means, using a standardised format.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 61
p.(None): Mutual assistance
p.(None): 1. Supervisory authorities shall provide each other with relevant information and mutual assistance in order to implement and
p.(None): apply this Regulation in a consistent manner, and shall put in place measures for eﬀective cooperation with one another. Mutual
p.(None): assistance shall cover, in particular, information requests and supervisory measures, such as requests to carry out prior
p.(None): authorisations and consultations, inspections and investigations.
p.(None): 2. Each supervisory authority shall take all appropriate measures required to reply to a request of another supervisory authority
p.(None): without undue delay and no later than one month after receiving the request. Such measures may include, in particular, the
p.(None): transmission of relevant information on the conduct of an investigation.
p.(None): 3. Requests for assistance shall contain all the necessary information, including the purpose of and reasons for the request.
p.(None): Information exchanged shall be used only for the purpose for which it was requested.
p.(None): 4. The requested supervisory authority shall not refuse to comply with the request unless:
p.(None): (a) it is not competent for the subject-matter of the request or for the measures it is requested to execute; or
p.(None): (b) compliance with the request would infringe this Regulation or Union or Member State law to which the supervisory authority
p.(None): receiving the request is subject.
p.(None): 5. The requested supervisory authority shall inform the requesting supervisory authority of the results or, as the case may be, of
p.(None): the progress of the measures taken in order to respond to the request. The requested supervisory authority shall provide reasons
p.(None): for any refusal to comply with a request pursuant to paragraph 4.
p.(None): 6. Requested supervisory authorities shall, as a rule, supply the information requested by other supervisory authorities by
p.(None): electronic means, using a standardised format.
p.(None): 7. Requested supervisory authorities shall not charge a fee for any action taken by them pursuant to a request for mutual
p.(None): assistance. Supervisory authorities may agree on rules to indemnify each other for speciﬁc expenditure arising from the provision of
p.(None): mutual assistance in exceptional circumstances.
p.(None): 8. Where a supervisory authority does not provide the information referred to in paragraph 5 of this Article within one month of
p.(None): receiving the request of another supervisory authority, the requesting supervisory authority may adopt a provisional measure on the
p.(None): territory of its Member State in accordance with Article 55(1). In that case, the urgent need to act under Article 66(1) shall be
p.(None): presumed to be met and require an urgent binding decision from the Board pursuant to Article 66(2).
p.(None): 9. The Commission may, by means of implementing acts, specify the format and procedures for mutual assistance referred to in
p.(None): this Article and the arrangements for the exchange of information by electronic means between supervisory authorities, and
p.(None): between supervisory authorities and the Board, in particular the standardised format referred to in paragraph 6 of this Article. Those
p.(None): implementing acts shall be adopted in accordance with the examination procedure referred to in Article 93(2).
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 62
p.(None): Joint operations of supervisory authorities
p.(None): 1. The supervisory authorities shall, where appropriate, conduct joint operations including joint investigations and joint
p.(None): enforcement measures in which members or staff of the supervisory authorities of other Member States are involved.
p.(None): 2. Where the controller or processor has establishments in several Member States or where a signiﬁcant number of data subjects
p.(None): in more than one Member State are likely to be substantially aﬀected by processing operations, a supervisory authority of each of
p.(None): those Member States shall have the right to participate in joint operations. The supervisory authority which is competent pursuant to
p.(None): Article 56(1) or (4) shall invite the supervisory authority of each of those Member States to take part in the joint operations and shall
p.(None): respond without delay to the request of a supervisory authority to participate.
p.(None): 3. A supervisory authority may, in accordance with Member State law, and with the seconding supervisory authority's
p.(None): authorisation, confer powers, including investigative powers on the seconding supervisory authority's members or staﬀ involved in
p.(None): joint operations or, in so far as the law of the Member State of the host supervisory authority permits, allow the seconding
p.(None): supervisory authority's members or staﬀ to exercise their investigative powers in accordance with the law of the Member State of
p.(None): the seconding supervisory authority. Such investigative powers may be exercised only under the guidance and in the presence of
p.(None): members or staﬀ of the host supervisory authority. The seconding supervisory authority's members or staﬀ shall be subject to the
p.(None): Member State law of the host supervisory authority.
p.(None): 4. Where, in accordance with paragraph 1, staﬀ of a seconding supervisory authority operate in another Member State, the
p.(None): Member State of the host supervisory authority shall assume responsibility for their actions, including liability, for any damage
p.(None): caused by them during their operations, in accordance with the law of the Member State in whose territory they are operating.
p.(None): 5. The Member State in whose territory the damage was caused shall make good such damage under the conditions applicable to
p.(None): damage caused by its own staﬀ. The Member State of the seconding supervisory authority whose staﬀ has caused damage to any
p.(None): person in the territory of another Member State shall reimburse that other Member State in full any sums it has paid to the persons
p.(None): entitled on their behalf.
p.(None): 6. Without prejudice to the exercise of its rights vis-à-vis third parties and with the exception of paragraph 5, each Member State
p.(None): shall refrain, in the case provided for in paragraph 1, from requesting reimbursement from another Member State in relation to
p.(None): damage referred to in paragraph 4.
p.(None): 7. Where a joint operation is intended and a supervisory authority does not, within one month, comply with the obligation laid down
p.(None): in the second sentence of paragraph 2 of this Article, the other supervisory authorities may adopt a provisional measure on the
p.(None): territory of its Member State in accordance with Article 55. In that case, the urgent need to act under Article 66(1) shall be
p.(None): presumed to be met and require an opinion or an urgent binding decision from the Board pursuant to Article 66(2).
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Section 2
p.(None): Consistency
p.(None): Article 63
p.(None): Consistency mechanism
p.(None): In order to contribute to the consistent application of this Regulation throughout the Union, the supervisory authorities shall
p.(None): cooperate with each other and, where relevant, with the Commission, through the consistency mechanism as set out in this
p.(None): Section.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 64
p.(None): Opinion of the Board
p.(None): 1. The Board shall issue an opinion where a competent supervisory authority intends to adopt any of the measures below. To that
p.(None): end, the competent supervisory authority shall communicate the draft decision to the Board, when it:
p.(None): (a) aims to adopt a list of the processing operations subject to the requirement for a data protection impact assessment pursuant
p.(None): to Article 35(4);
p.(None): (b) concerns a matter pursuant to Article 40(7) whether a draft code of conduct or an amendment or extension to a code of
p.(None): conduct complies with this Regulation;
p.(None): (c) aims to approve the criteria for accreditation of a body pursuant to Article 41(3) or a certification body pursuant to Article 43(3);
p.(None): (d) aims to determine standard data protection clauses referred to in point (d) of Article 46(2) and in Article 28(8);
p.(None): (e) aims to authorise contractual clauses referred to in point (a) of Article 46(3); or
p.(None): (f) aims to approve binding corporate rules within the meaning of Article 47.
p.(None): 2. Any supervisory authority, the Chair of the Board or the Commission may request that any matter of general application or
p.(None): producing eﬀects in more than one Member State be examined by the Board with a view to obtaining an opinion, in particular where
p.(None): a competent supervisory authority does not comply with the obligations for mutual assistance in accordance with Article 61 or for
p.(None): joint operations in accordance with Article 62.
p.(None): 3. In the cases referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2, the Board shall issue an opinion on the matter submitted to it provided that it has
p.(None): not already issued an opinion on the same matter. That opinion shall be adopted within eight weeks by simple majority of the
p.(None): members of the Board. That period may be extended by a further six weeks, taking into account the complexity of the subject
p.(None): matter. Regarding the draft decision referred to in paragraph 1 circulated to the members of the Board in accordance with
p.(None): paragraph 5, a member which has not objected within a reasonable period indicated by the Chair, shall be deemed to be in
p.(None): agreement with the draft decision.
p.(None): 4. Supervisory authorities and the Commission shall, without undue delay, communicate by electronic means to the Board, using a
p.(None): standardised format any relevant information, including as the case may be a summary of the facts, the draft decision, the grounds
p.(None): which make the enactment of such measure necessary, and the views of other supervisory authorities concerned.
p.(None): 5. The Chair of the Board shall, without undue, delay inform by electronic means:
p.(None): (a) the members of the Board and the Commission of any relevant information which has been communicated to it using a
p.(None): standardised format. The secretariat of the Board shall, where necessary, provide translations of relevant information; and
p.(None): (b) the supervisory authority referred to, as the case may be, in paragraphs 1 and 2, and the Commission of the opinion and
p.(None): make it public.
p.(None): 6. The competent supervisory authority shall not adopt its draft decision referred to in paragraph 1 within the period referred to in
p.(None): paragraph 3.
p.(None): 7. The supervisory authority referred to in paragraph 1 shall take utmost account of the opinion of the Board and shall, within two
p.(None): weeks after receiving the opinion, communicate to the Chair of the Board by electronic means whether it will maintain or amend its
p.(None): draft decision and, if any, the amended draft decision, using a standardised format.
p.(None): 8. Where the supervisory authority concerned informs the Chair of the Board within the period referred to in paragraph 7 of this
p.(None): Article that it does not intend to follow the opinion of the Board, in whole or in part, providing the relevant grounds, Article 65(1) shall
p.(None): apply.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 65
p.(None): Dispute resolution by the Board
p.(None): 1. In order to ensure the correct and consistent application of this Regulation in individual cases, the Board shall adopt a binding
p.(None): decision in the following cases:
p.(None): (a) where, in a case referred to in Article 60(4), a supervisory authority concerned has raised a relevant and reasoned objection to
p.(None): a draft decision of the lead authority or the lead authority has rejected such an objection as being not relevant or reasoned.
p.(None): The binding decision shall concern all the matters which are the subject of the relevant and reasoned objection, in particular
p.(None): whether there is an infringement of this Regulation;
p.(None): (b) where there are conflicting views on which of the supervisory authorities concerned is competent for the main establishment;
p.(None): (c) where a competent supervisory authority does not request the opinion of the Board in the cases referred to in Article 64(1), or
p.(None): does not follow the opinion of the Board issued under Article 64. In that case, any supervisory authority concerned or the
p.(None): Commission may communicate the matter to the Board.
p.(None): 2. The decision referred to in paragraph 1 shall be adopted within one month from the referral of the subject-matter by a two-thirds
p.(None): majority of the members of the Board. That period may be extended by a further month on account of the complexity of the subject-
p.(None): matter. The decision referred to in paragraph 1 shall be reasoned and addressed to the lead supervisory authority and all the
p.(None): supervisory authorities concerned and binding on them.
p.(None): 3. Where the Board has been unable to adopt a decision within the periods referred to in paragraph 2, it shall adopt its decision
p.(None): within two weeks following the expiration of the second month referred to in paragraph 2 by a simple majority of the members of the
p.(None): Board. Where the members of the Board are split, the decision shall by adopted by the vote of its Chair.
p.(None): 4. The supervisory authorities concerned shall not adopt a decision on the subject matter submitted to the Board under paragraph
p.(None): 1 during the periods referred to in paragraphs 2 and 3.
p.(None): 5. The Chair of the Board shall notify, without undue delay, the decision referred to in paragraph 1 to the supervisory authorities
p.(None): concerned. It shall inform the Commission thereof. The decision shall be published on the website of the Board without delay after
p.(None): the supervisory authority has notified the final decision referred to in paragraph 6.
p.(None): 6. The lead supervisory authority or, as the case may be, the supervisory authority with which the complaint has been lodged shall
p.(None): adopt its ﬁnal decision on the basis of the decision referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article, without undue delay and at the latest by
p.(None): one month after the Board has notiﬁed its decision. The lead supervisory authority or, as the case may be, the supervisory authority
p.(None): with which the complaint has been lodged, shall inform the Board of the date when its ﬁnal decision is notiﬁed respectively to the
p.(None): controller or the processor and to the data subject. The ﬁnal decision of the supervisory authorities concerned shall be adopted
p.(None): under the terms of Article 60(7), (8) and (9). The ﬁnal decision shall refer to the decision referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article
p.(None): and shall specify that the decision referred to in that paragraph will be published on the website of the Board in accordance with
p.(None): paragraph 5 of this Article. The final decision shall attach the decision referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 66
p.(None): Urgency procedure
p.(None): 1. In exceptional circumstances, where a supervisory authority concerned considers that there is an urgent need to act in order to
p.(None): protect the rights and freedoms of data subjects, it may, by way of derogation from the consistency mechanism referred to in
p.(None): Articles 63, 64 and 65 or the procedure referred to in Article 60, immediately adopt provisional measures intended to produce legal
p.(None): eﬀects on its own territory with a speciﬁed period of validity which shall not exceed three months. The supervisory authority shall,
p.(None): without delay, communicate those measures and the reasons for adopting them to the other supervisory authorities concerned, to
p.(None): the Board and to the Commission.
p.(None): 2. Where a supervisory authority has taken a measure pursuant to paragraph 1 and considers that ﬁnal measures need urgently
p.(None): be adopted, it may request an urgent opinion or an urgent binding decision from the Board, giving reasons for requesting such
p.(None): opinion or decision.
p.(None): 3. Any supervisory authority may request an urgent opinion or an urgent binding decision, as the case may be, from the Board
p.(None): where a competent supervisory authority has not taken an appropriate measure in a situation where there is an urgent need to act,
p.(None): in order to protect the rights and freedoms of data subjects, giving reasons for requesting such opinion or decision, including for the
p.(None): urgent need to act.
p.(None): 4. By derogation from Article 64(3) and Article 65(2), an urgent opinion or an urgent binding decision referred to in paragraphs 2
p.(None): and 3 of this Article shall be adopted within two weeks by simple majority of the members of the Board.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 67
p.(None): Exchange of information
p.(None): The Commission may adopt implementing acts of general scope in order to specify the arrangements for the exchange of
p.(None): information by electronic means between supervisory authorities, and between supervisory authorities and the Board, in particular
p.(None): the standardised format referred to in Article 64.
p.(None): Those implementing acts shall be adopted in accordance with the examination procedure referred to in Article 93(2).
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): Section 3
p.(None): European data protection board
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 68
p.(None): European Data Protection Board
p.(None): 1. The European Data Protection Board (the ‘Board’) is hereby established as a body of the Union and shall have legal personality.
p.(None): 2. The Board shall be represented by its Chair.
p.(None): 3. The Board shall be composed of the head of one supervisory authority of each Member State and of the European Data
p.(None): Protection Supervisor, or their respective representatives.
p.(None): 4. Where in a Member State more than one supervisory authority is responsible for monitoring the application of the provisions
p.(None): pursuant to this Regulation, a joint representative shall be appointed in accordance with that Member State's law.
p.(None): 5. The Commission shall have the right to participate in the activities and meetings of the Board without voting right. The
p.(None): Commission shall designate a representative. The Chair of the Board shall communicate to the Commission the activities of the
p.(None): Board.
p.(None): 6. In the cases referred to in Article 65, the European Data Protection Supervisor shall have voting rights only on decisions which
p.(None): concern principles and rules applicable to the Union institutions, bodies, oﬃces and agencies which correspond in substance to
p.(None): those of this Regulation.
p.(None): Article 69
p.(None): Independence
p.(None): 1. The Board shall act independently when performing its tasks or exercising its powers pursuant to Articles 70 and 71.
p.(None): 2. Without prejudice to requests by the Commission referred to in point (b) of Article 70(1) and in Article 70(2), the Board shall, in
p.(None): the performance of its tasks or the exercise of its powers, neither seek nor take instructions from anybody.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 70
p.(None): Tasks of the Board
p.(None): 1. The Board shall ensure the consistent application of this Regulation. To that end, the Board shall, on its own initiative or, where
p.(None): relevant, at the request of the Commission, in particular:
p.(None): (a) monitor and ensure the correct application of this Regulation in the cases provided for in Articles 64 and 65 without prejudice
p.(None): to the tasks of national supervisory authorities;
...

p.(None): period. The Board shall, without prejudice to Article 76, make the results of the consultation procedure publicly available.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 71
p.(None): Reports
p.(None): 1. The Board shall draw up an annual report regarding the protection of natural persons with regard to processing in the Union
p.(None): and, where relevant, in third countries and international organisations. The report shall be made public and be transmitted to the
p.(None): European Parliament, to the Council and to the Commission.
p.(None): 2. The annual report shall include a review of the practical application of the guidelines, recommendations and best practices
p.(None): referred to in point (l) of Article 70(1) as well as of the binding decisions referred to in Article 65.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 72
p.(None): Procedure
p.(None): 1. The Board shall take decisions by a simple majority of its members, unless otherwise provided for in this Regulation.
p.(None): 2. The Board shall adopt its own rules of procedure by a two-thirds majority of its members and organise its own operational
p.(None): arrangements.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 73
p.(None): Chair
p.(None): 1. The Board shall elect a chair and two deputy chairs from amongst its members by simple majority.
p.(None): 2. The term of office of the Chair and of the deputy chairs shall be five years and be renewable once.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 74
p.(None): Tasks of the Chair
p.(None): 1. The Chair shall have the following tasks:
p.(None): (a) to convene the meetings of the Board and prepare its agenda;
p.(None): (b) to notify decisions adopted by the Board pursuant to Article 65 to the lead supervisory authority and the supervisory
p.(None): authorities concerned;
p.(None): (c) to ensure the timely performance of the tasks of the Board, in particular in relation to the consistency mechanism referred to in
p.(None): Article 63.
p.(None): 2. The Board shall lay down the allocation of tasks between the Chair and the deputy chairs in its rules of procedure.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 75
p.(None): Secretariat
p.(None): 1. The Board shall have a secretariat, which shall be provided by the European Data Protection Supervisor.
p.(None): 2. The secretariat shall perform its tasks exclusively under the instructions of the Chair of the Board.
p.(None): 3. The staﬀ of the European Data Protection Supervisor involved in carrying out the tasks conferred on the Board by this
p.(None): Regulation shall be subject to separate reporting lines from the staﬀ involved in carrying out tasks conferred on the European Data
p.(None): Protection Supervisor.
p.(None): 4. Where appropriate, the Board and the European Data Protection Supervisor shall establish and publish a Memorandum of
p.(None): Understanding implementing this Article, determining the terms of their cooperation, and applicable to the staﬀ of the European
p.(None): Data Protection Supervisor involved in carrying out the tasks conferred on the Board by this Regulation.
p.(None): 5. The secretariat shall provide analytical, administrative and logistical support to the Board.
p.(None): 6. The secretariat shall be responsible in particular for:
p.(None): (a) the day-to-day business of the Board;
p.(None): (b) communication between the members of the Board, its Chair and the Commission;
p.(None): (c) communication with other institutions and the public;
p.(None): (d) the use of electronic means for the internal and external communication;
p.(None): (e) the translation of relevant information;
p.(None): (f) the preparation and follow-up of the meetings of the Board;
p.(None): (g) the preparation, drafting and publication of opinions, decisions on the settlement of disputes between supervisory authorities
p.(None): and other texts adopted by the Board.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 76
p.(None): Confidentiality
p.(None): 1. The discussions of the Board shall be confidential where the Board deems it necessary, as provided for in its rules of procedure.
p.(None): 2. Access to documents submitted to members of the Board, experts and representatives of third parties shall be governed by
p.(None): Regulation (EC) No 1049/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council (21).
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): CHAPTER VIII
p.(None): Remedies, liability and penalties
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 77
p.(None): Right to lodge a complaint with a supervisory authority
p.(None): 1. Without prejudice to any other administrative or judicial remedy, every data subject shall have the right to lodge a complaint with
p.(None): a supervisory authority, in particular in the Member State of his or her habitual residence, place of work or place of the alleged
p.(None): infringement if the data subject considers that the processing of personal data relating to him or her infringes this Regulation.
p.(None): 2. The supervisory authority with which the complaint has been lodged shall inform the complainant on the progress and the
p.(None): outcome of the complaint including the possibility of a judicial remedy pursuant to Article 78.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 78
p.(None): Right to an effective judicial remedy against a supervisory authority
p.(None): 1. Without prejudice to any other administrative or non-judicial remedy, each natural or legal person shall have the right to an
p.(None): effective judicial remedy against a legally binding decision of a supervisory authority concerning them.
p.(None): 2. Without prejudice to any other administrative or non-judicial remedy, each data subject shall have the right to a an eﬀective
p.(None): judicial remedy where the supervisory authority which is competent pursuant to Articles 55 and 56 does not handle a complaint or
p.(None): does not inform the data subject within three months on the progress or outcome of the complaint lodged pursuant to Article 77.
p.(None): 3. Proceedings against a supervisory authority shall be brought before the courts of the Member State where the supervisory
p.(None): authority is established.
p.(None): 4. Where proceedings are brought against a decision of a supervisory authority which was preceded by an opinion or a decision of
p.(None): the Board in the consistency mechanism, the supervisory authority shall forward that opinion or decision to the court.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 79
p.(None): Right to an effective judicial remedy against a controller or processor
p.(None): 1. Without prejudice to any available administrative or non-judicial remedy, including the right to lodge a complaint with a
p.(None): supervisory authority pursuant to Article 77, each data subject shall have the right to an eﬀective judicial remedy where he or she
p.(None): considers that his or her rights under this Regulation have been infringed as a result of the processing of his or her personal data in
p.(None): non-compliance with this Regulation.
p.(None): 2. Proceedings against a controller or a processor shall be brought before the courts of the Member State where the controller or
p.(None): processor has an establishment. Alternatively, such proceedings may be brought before the courts of the Member State where the
p.(None): data subject has his or her habitual residence, unless the controller or processor is a public authority of a Member State acting in
p.(None): the exercise of its public powers.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 80
p.(None): Representation of data subjects
p.(None): 1. The data subject shall have the right to mandate a not-for-proﬁt body, organisation or association which has been properly
p.(None): constituted in accordance with the law of a Member State, has statutory objectives which are in the public interest, and is active in
p.(None): the ﬁeld of the protection of data subjects' rights and freedoms with regard to the protection of their personal data to lodge the
p.(None): complaint on his or her behalf, to exercise the rights referred to in Articles 77, 78 and 79 on his or her behalf, and to exercise the
p.(None): right to receive compensation referred to in Article 82 on his or her behalf where provided for by Member State law.
p.(None): 2. Member States may provide that any body, organisation or association referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article, independently
p.(None): of a data subject's mandate, has the right to lodge, in that Member State, a complaint with the supervisory authority which is
p.(None): competent pursuant to Article 77 and to exercise the rights referred to in Articles 78 and 79 if it considers that the rights of a data
p.(None): subject under this Regulation have been infringed as a result of the processing.
p.(None): Article 81
p.(None): Suspension of proceedings
p.(None): 1. Where a competent court of a Member State has information on proceedings, concerning the same subject matter as regards
p.(None): processing by the same controller or processor, that are pending in a court in another Member State, it shall contact that court in
p.(None): the other Member State to confirm the existence of such proceedings.
p.(None): 2. Where proceedings concerning the same subject matter as regards processing of the same controller or processor are pending
p.(None): in a court in another Member State, any competent court other than the court first seized may suspend its proceedings.
p.(None): 3. Where those proceedings are pending at ﬁrst instance, any court other than the court ﬁrst seized may also, on the application of
p.(None): one of the parties, decline jurisdiction if the court ﬁrst seized has jurisdiction over the actions in question and its law permits the
p.(None): consolidation thereof.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 82
p.(None): Right to compensation and liability
p.(None): 1. Any person who has suﬀered material or non-material damage as a result of an infringement of this Regulation shall have the
p.(None): right to receive compensation from the controller or processor for the damage suffered.
p.(None): 2. Any controller involved in processing shall be liable for the damage caused by processing which infringes this Regulation. A
p.(None): processor shall be liable for the damage caused by processing only where it has not complied with obligations of this Regulation
p.(None): specifically directed to processors or where it has acted outside or contrary to lawful instructions of the controller.
p.(None): 3. A controller or processor shall be exempt from liability under paragraph 2 if it proves that it is not in any way responsible for the
p.(None): event giving rise to the damage.
p.(None): 4. Where more than one controller or processor, or both a controller and a processor, are involved in the same processing and
p.(None): where they are, under paragraphs 2 and 3, responsible for any damage caused by processing, each controller or processor shall be
p.(None): held liable for the entire damage in order to ensure effective compensation of the data subject.
p.(None): 5. Where a controller or processor has, in accordance with paragraph 4, paid full compensation for the damage suﬀered, that
p.(None): controller or processor shall be entitled to claim back from the other controllers or processors involved in the same processing that
p.(None): part of the compensation corresponding to their part of responsibility for the damage, in accordance with the conditions set out in
p.(None): paragraph 2.
p.(None): 6. Court proceedings for exercising the right to receive compensation shall be brought before the courts competent under the law
p.(None): of the Member State referred to in Article 79(2).
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 83
p.(None): General conditions for imposing administrative fines
p.(None): 1. Each supervisory authority shall ensure that the imposition of administrative ﬁnes pursuant to this Article in respect of
p.(None): infringements of this Regulation referred to in paragraphs 4, 5 and 6 shall in each individual case be eﬀective, proportionate and
p.(None): dissuasive.
p.(None): 2. Administrative ﬁnes shall, depending on the circumstances of each individual case, be imposed in addition to, or instead of,
p.(None): measures referred to in points (a) to (h) and (j) of Article 58(2). When deciding whether to impose an administrative ﬁne and
p.(None): deciding on the amount of the administrative fine in each individual case due regard shall be given to the following:
p.(None): (a) the nature, gravity and duration of the infringement taking into account the nature scope or purpose of the processing
p.(None): concerned as well as the number of data subjects affected and the level of damage suffered by them;
p.(None): (b) the intentional or negligent character of the infringement;
p.(None): (c) any action taken by the controller or processor to mitigate the damage suffered by data subjects;
p.(None): (d) the degree of responsibility of the controller or processor taking into account technical and organisational measures
p.(None): implemented by them pursuant to Articles 25 and 32;
p.(None): (e) any relevant previous infringements by the controller or processor;
p.(None): (f) the degree of cooperation with the supervisory authority, in order to remedy the infringement and mitigate the possible
p.(None): adverse effects of the infringement;
p.(None): (g) the categories of personal data affected by the infringement;
p.(None): (h) the manner in which the infringement became known to the supervisory authority, in particular whether, and if so to what
p.(None): extent, the controller or processor notified the infringement;
p.(None): (i) where measures referred to in Article 58(2) have previously been ordered against the controller or processor concerned with
p.(None): regard to the same subject-matter, compliance with those measures;
p.(None): (j) adherence to approved codes of conduct pursuant to Article 40 or approved certiﬁcation mechanisms pursuant to Article 42;
p.(None): and
p.(None): (k) any other aggravating or mitigating factor applicable to the circumstances of the case, such as ﬁnancial beneﬁts gained, or
p.(None): losses avoided, directly or indirectly, from the infringement.
p.(None): 3. If a controller or processor intentionally or negligently, for the same or linked processing operations, infringes several provisions
p.(None): of this Regulation, the total amount of the administrative fine shall not exceed the amount specified for the gravest infringement.
p.(None): 4. Infringements of the following provisions shall, in accordance with paragraph 2, be subject to administrative ﬁnes up to
p.(None): 10 000 000 EUR, or in the case of an undertaking, up to 2 % of the total worldwide annual turnover of the preceding ﬁnancial year,
p.(None): whichever is higher:
p.(None): (a) the obligations of the controller and the processor pursuant to Articles 8, 11, 25 to 39 and 42 and 43;
p.(None): (b) the obligations of the certification body pursuant to Articles 42 and 43;
p.(None): (c) the obligations of the monitoring body pursuant to Article 41(4).
p.(None): 5. Infringements of the following provisions shall, in accordance with paragraph 2, be subject to administrative ﬁnes up to
p.(None): 20 000 000 EUR, or in the case of an undertaking, up to 4 % of the total worldwide annual turnover of the preceding ﬁnancial year,
p.(None): whichever is higher:
p.(None): (a) the basic principles for processing, including conditions for consent, pursuant to Articles 5, 6, 7 and 9;
p.(None): (b) the data subjects' rights pursuant to Articles 12 to 22;
p.(None): (c) the transfers of personal data to a recipient in a third country or an international organisation pursuant to Articles 44 to 49;
p.(None): (d) any obligations pursuant to Member State law adopted under Chapter IX;
p.(None): (e) non-compliance with an order or a temporary or deﬁnitive limitation on processing or the suspension of data ﬂows by the
p.(None): supervisory authority pursuant to Article 58(2) or failure to provide access in violation of Article 58(1).
p.(None): 6. Non-compliance with an order by the supervisory authority as referred to in Article 58(2) shall, in accordance with paragraph 2
p.(None): of this Article, be subject to administrative ﬁnes up to 20 000 000 EUR, or in the case of an undertaking, up to 4 % of the total
p.(None): worldwide annual turnover of the preceding financial year, whichever is higher.
p.(None): 7. Without prejudice to the corrective powers of supervisory authorities pursuant to Article 58(2), each Member State may lay
p.(None): down the rules on whether and to what extent administrative ﬁnes may be imposed on public authorities and bodies established in
p.(None): that Member State.
p.(None): 8. The exercise by the supervisory authority of its powers under this Article shall be subject to appropriate procedural safeguards
p.(None): in accordance with Union and Member State law, including effective judicial remedy and due process.
p.(None): 9. Where the legal system of the Member State does not provide for administrative ﬁnes, this Article may be applied in such a
p.(None): manner that the ﬁne is initiated by the competent supervisory authority and imposed by competent national courts, while ensuring
p.(None): that those legal remedies are eﬀective and have an equivalent eﬀect to the administrative ﬁnes imposed by supervisory authorities.
p.(None): In any event, the ﬁnes imposed shall be eﬀective, proportionate and dissuasive. Those Member States shall notify to the
p.(None): Commission the provisions of their laws which they adopt pursuant to this paragraph by 25 May 2018 and, without delay, any
p.(None): subsequent amendment law or amendment affecting them.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 84
p.(None): Penalties
p.(None): 1. Member States shall lay down the rules on other penalties applicable to infringements of this Regulation in particular for
p.(None): infringements which are not subject to administrative ﬁnes pursuant to Article 83, and shall take all measures necessary to ensure
p.(None): that they are implemented. Such penalties shall be effective, proportionate and dissuasive.
p.(None): 2. Each Member State shall notify to the Commission the provisions of its law which it adopts pursuant to paragraph 1, by 25 May
p.(None): 2018 and, without delay, any subsequent amendment affecting them.
p.(None):
p.(None):
p.(None): CHAPTER IX
p.(None): Provisions relating to specific processing situations
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 85
p.(None): Processing and freedom of expression and information
p.(None): 1. Member States shall by law reconcile the right to the protection of personal data pursuant to this Regulation with the right to
p.(None): freedom of expression and information, including processing for journalistic purposes and the purposes of academic, artistic or
p.(None): literary expression.
p.(None): 2. For processing carried out for journalistic purposes or the purpose of academic artistic or literary expression, Member States
p.(None): shall provide for exemptions or derogations from Chapter II (principles), Chapter III (rights of the data subject), Chapter IV
p.(None): (controller and processor), Chapter V (transfer of personal data to third countries or international organisations), Chapter VI
p.(None): (independent supervisory authorities), Chapter VII (cooperation and consistency) and Chapter IX (speciﬁc data processing
p.(None): situations) if they are necessary to reconcile the right to the protection of personal data with the freedom of expression and
p.(None): information.
p.(None): 3. Each Member State shall notify to the Commission the provisions of its law which it has adopted pursuant to paragraph 2 and,
p.(None): without delay, any subsequent amendment law or amendment affecting them.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 86
p.(None): Processing and public access to official documents
p.(None): Personal data in oﬃcial documents held by a public authority or a public body or a private body for the performance of a task
p.(None): carried out in the public interest may be disclosed by the authority or body in accordance with Union or Member State law to which
p.(None): the public authority or body is subject in order to reconcile public access to oﬃcial documents with the right to the protection of
p.(None): personal data pursuant to this Regulation.
p.(None): Article 87
p.(None): Processing of the national identification number
p.(None): Member States may further determine the speciﬁc conditions for the processing of a national identiﬁcation number or any other
p.(None): identiﬁer of general application. In that case the national identiﬁcation number or any other identiﬁer of general application shall be
p.(None): used only under appropriate safeguards for the rights and freedoms of the data subject pursuant to this Regulation.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 88
p.(None): Processing in the context of employment
p.(None): 1. Member States may, by law or by collective agreements, provide for more speciﬁc rules to ensure the protection of the rights
p.(None): and freedoms in respect of the processing of employees' personal data in the employment context, in particular for the purposes of
p.(None): the recruitment, the performance of the contract of employment, including discharge of obligations laid down by law or by collective
p.(None): agreements, management, planning and organisation of work, equality and diversity in the workplace, health and safety at work,
p.(None): protection of employer's or customer's property and for the purposes of the exercise and enjoyment, on an individual or collective
p.(None): basis, of rights and benefits related to employment, and for the purpose of the termination of the employment relationship.
...

p.(None): Article 58(1) in relation to controllers or processors that are subject, under Union or Member State law or rules established by
p.(None): national competent bodies, to an obligation of professional secrecy or other equivalent obligations of secrecy where this is
p.(None): necessary and proportionate to reconcile the right of the protection of personal data with the obligation of secrecy. Those rules
p.(None): shall apply only with regard to personal data which the controller or processor has received as a result of or has obtained in an
p.(None): activity covered by that obligation of secrecy.
p.(None): 2. Each Member State shall notify to the Commission the rules adopted pursuant to paragraph 1, by 25 May 2018 and, without
p.(None): delay, any subsequent amendment affecting them.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 91
p.(None): Existing data protection rules of churches and religious associations
p.(None): 1. Where in a Member State, churches and religious associations or communities apply, at the time of entry into force of this
p.(None): Regulation, comprehensive rules relating to the protection of natural persons with regard to processing, such rules may continue to
p.(None): apply, provided that they are brought into line with this Regulation.
p.(None): 2. Churches and religious associations which apply comprehensive rules in accordance with paragraph 1 of this Article shall be
p.(None): subject to the supervision of an independent supervisory authority, which may be speciﬁc, provided that it fulﬁls the conditions laid
p.(None): down in Chapter VI of this Regulation.
p.(None): CHAPTER X
p.(None): Delegated acts and implementing acts
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 92
p.(None): Exercise of the delegation
p.(None): 1. The power to adopt delegated acts is conferred on the Commission subject to the conditions laid down in this Article.
p.(None): 2. The delegation of power referred to in Article 12(8) and Article 43(8) shall be conferred on the Commission for an indeterminate
p.(None): period of time from 24 May 2016.
p.(None): 3. The delegation of power referred to in Article 12(8) and Article 43(8) may be revoked at any time by the European Parliament or
p.(None): by the Council. A decision of revocation shall put an end to the delegation of power speciﬁed in that decision. It shall take eﬀect the
p.(None): day following that of its publication in the Oﬃcial Journal of the European Union or at a later date speciﬁed therein. It shall not aﬀect
p.(None): the validity of any delegated acts already in force.
p.(None): 4. As soon as it adopts a delegated act, the Commission shall notify it simultaneously to the European Parliament and to the
p.(None): Council.
p.(None): 5. A delegated act adopted pursuant to Article 12(8) and Article 43(8) shall enter into force only if no objection has been expressed
p.(None): by either the European Parliament or the Council within a period of three months of notiﬁcation of that act to the European
p.(None): Parliament and the Council or if, before the expiry of that period, the European Parliament and the Council have both informed the
p.(None): Commission that they will not object. That period shall be extended by three months at the initiative of the European Parliament or
p.(None): of the Council.
p.(None):
p.(None): Article 93
p.(None): Committee procedure
...

Orphaned Trigger Words

p.(None): which it is established whether data processing operations involve a risk or a high risk.
p.(None): (77) Guidance on the implementation of appropriate measures and on the demonstration of compliance by the controller or the
p.(None): processor, especially as regards the identiﬁcation of the risk related to the processing, their assessment in terms of origin,
p.(None): nature, likelihood and severity, and the identiﬁcation of best practices to mitigate the risk, could be provided in particular by
p.(None): means of approved codes of conduct, approved certiﬁcations, guidelines provided by the Board or indications provided by a
p.(None): data protection oﬃcer. The Board may also issue guidelines on processing operations that are considered to be unlikely to
p.(None): result in a high risk to the rights and freedoms of natural persons and indicate what measures may be suﬃcient in such cases
p.(None): to address such risk.
p.(None): (78) The protection of the rights and freedoms of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data require that
p.(None): appropriate technical and organisational measures be taken to ensure that the requirements of this Regulation are met. In
p.(None): order to be able to demonstrate compliance with this Regulation, the controller should adopt internal policies and implement
p.(None): measures which meet in particular the principles of data protection by design and data protection by default. Such measures
p.(None): could consist, inter alia, of minimising the processing of personal data, pseudonymising personal data as soon as possible,
p.(None): transparency with regard to the functions and processing of personal data, enabling the data subject to monitor the data
p.(None): processing, enabling the controller to create and improve security features. When developing, designing, selecting and using
p.(None): applications, services and products that are based on the processing of personal data or process personal data to fulﬁl their
p.(None): task, producers of the products, services and applications should be encouraged to take into account the right to data
p.(None): protection when developing and designing such products, services and applications and, with due regard to the state of the
p.(None): art, to make sure that controllers and processors are able to fulﬁl their data protection obligations. The principles of data
p.(None): protection by design and by default should also be taken into consideration in the context of public tenders.
p.(None): (79) The protection of the rights and freedoms of data subjects as well as the responsibility and liability of controllers and
p.(None): processors, also in relation to the monitoring by and measures of supervisory authorities, requires a clear allocation of the
p.(None): responsibilities under this Regulation, including where a controller determines the purposes and means of the processing
p.(None): jointly with other controllers or where a processing operation is carried out on behalf of a controller. ...

p.(None): (88) In setting detailed rules concerning the format and procedures applicable to the notiﬁcation of personal data breaches, due
p.(None): consideration should be given to the circumstances of that breach, including whether or not personal data had been protected
p.(None): by appropriate technical protection measures, eﬀectively limiting the likelihood of identity fraud or other forms of misuse.
p.(None): Moreover, such rules and procedures should take into account the legitimate interests of law-enforcement authorities where
p.(None): early disclosure could unnecessarily hamper the investigation of the circumstances of a personal data breach.
p.(None): (89) Directive 95/46/EC provided for a general obligation to notify the processing of personal data to the supervisory authorities.
p.(None): While that obligation produces administrative and ﬁnancial burdens, it did not in all cases contribute to improving the
p.(None): protection of personal data. Such indiscriminate general notiﬁcation obligations should therefore be abolished, and replaced
p.(None): by eﬀective procedures and mechanisms which focus instead on those types of processing operations which are likely to
p.(None): result in a high risk to the rights and freedoms of natural persons by virtue of their nature, scope, context and purposes. Such
p.(None): types of processing operations may be those which in, particular, involve using new technologies, or are of a new kind and
p.(None): where no data protection impact assessment has been carried out before by the controller, or where they become necessary
p.(None): in the light of the time that has elapsed since the initial processing.
p.(None): (90) In such cases, a data protection impact assessment should be carried out by the controller prior to the processing in order to
p.(None): assess the particular likelihood and severity of the high risk, taking into account the nature, scope, context and purposes of
p.(None): the processing and the sources of the risk. That impact assessment should include, in particular, the measures, safeguards
p.(None): and mechanisms envisaged for mitigating that risk, ensuring the protection of personal data and demonstrating compliance
p.(None): with this Regulation.
p.(None): (91) This should in particular apply to large-scale processing operations which aim to process a considerable amount of personal
p.(None): data at regional, national or supranational level and which could aﬀect a large number of data subjects and which are likely to
p.(None): result in a high risk, for example, on account of their sensitivity, where in accordance with the achieved state of technological
p.(None): knowledge a new technology is used on a large scale as well as to other processing operations which result in a high risk to
p.(None): the rights and freedoms of data subjects, in particular where those operations render it more diﬃcult for data subjects to
p.(None): exercise their rights. A data protection impact assessment should also be made where personal data are processed for taking
p.(None): decisions regarding speciﬁc natural persons following any systematic and extensive evaluation of personal aspects relating to ...

Appendix

Indicator List

Indicator	Vulnerability
abuse	Victim of Abuse
access	Access to Social Goods
age	Age
authority	Relationship to Authority
child	Child
children	Child
criminal	criminal
dependent	Dependent
disability	Mentally Disabled
education	education
educational	education
emergencies	patients in emergency situations
emergency	Public Emergency
employees	employees
ethnic	Ethnicity
family	Motherhood/Family
home	Property Ownership
incapable	Mentally Incapacitated
language	Linguistic Proficiency
linguistic	Linguistic Proficiency
minor	Youth/Minors
occupation	Occupation
officer	Police Officer
opinion	philosophical differences/differences of opinion
party	political affiliation
physically	Physically Disabled
political	political affiliation
property	Property Ownership
racial	Racial Minority
religion	Religion
religious	Religion
restricted	Incarcerated
single	Marital Status
substance	Drug Usage
unemployment	Unemployment
union	Trade Union Membership
unlawful	Illegal Activity
vulnerable	vulnerable

Indicator Peers (Indicators in Same Vulnerability)

Indicator	Peers
child	['children']
children	['child']
education	['educational']
educational	['education']
home	['property']
language	['linguistic']
linguistic	['language']
party	['political']
political	['party']
property	['home']
religion	['religious']
religious	['religion']

Trigger Words

capacity

consent

cultural

developing

ethics

justice

protect

protection

risk

sensitive

Applicable Type / Vulnerability / Indicator Overlay for this Input

Vulnerability Type	Vulnerability	Indicator	# Matches
Political	Illegal Activity	unlawful	8
Political	criminal	criminal	35
Political	political affiliation	party	11
Political	political affiliation	political	8
Political	vulnerable	vulnerable	1
Health	Drug Usage	substance	2
Health	Mentally Disabled	disability	2
Health	Mentally Incapacitated	incapable	4
Health	Motherhood/Family	family	1
Health	Physically Disabled	physically	3
Health	patients in emergency situations	emergencies	1
Social	Access to Social Goods	access	46
Social	Age	age	4
Social	Child	child	17
Social	Child	children	8
Social	Ethnicity	ethnic	4
Social	Incarcerated	restricted	5
Social	Linguistic Proficiency	language	10
Social	Linguistic Proficiency	linguistic	1
Social	Marital Status	single	15
Social	Occupation	occupation	2
Social	Police Officer	officer	15
Social	Property Ownership	home	1
Social	Property Ownership	property	2
Social	Racial Minority	racial	5
Social	Religion	religion	3
Social	Religion	religious	8
Social	Trade Union Membership	union	221
Social	Unemployment	unemployment	1
Social	Victim of Abuse	abuse	1
Social	Youth/Minors	minor	1
Social	education	education	1
Social	education	educational	1
Social	employees	employees	7
Social	philosophical differences/differences of opinion	opinion	40
General/Other	Dependent	dependent	1
General/Other	Public Emergency	emergency	1
General/Other	Relationship to Authority	authority	383

EU General Data Protection Regulation (2016)

Applicable Type / Vulnerability / Indicator Overlay for this Input

Political / Illegal Activity

Political / criminal

Political / political affiliation

Political / vulnerable

Health / Drug Usage

Health / Mentally Disabled

Health / Mentally Incapacitated

Health / Motherhood/Family

Health / Physically Disabled

Health / patients in emergency situations

Social / Access to Social Goods

Social / Age

Social / Child

Social / Ethnicity

Social / Incarcerated

Social / Linguistic Proficiency

Social / Marital Status

Social / Occupation

Social / Police Officer

Social / Property Ownership

Social / Racial Minority

Social / Religion

Social / Trade Union Membership

Social / Unemployment

Social / Victim of Abuse

Social / Youth/Minors

Social / education

Social / employees

Social / philosophical differences/differences of opinion

General/Other / Dependent

General/Other / Public Emergency

General/Other / Relationship to Authority

Orphaned Trigger Words

Appendix

Indicator List

Indicator Peers (Indicators in Same Vulnerability)

Trigger Words

Applicable Type / Vulnerability / Indicator Overlay for this Input